Linfonodos axilares em pacientes com câncer de mama: avaliação ultrassonográfica

O estadiamento axilar nas pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama inicial é fator essencial no planejamento terapêutico. Atualmente este é realizado durante o tratamento cirúrgico, mas há uma tendência em buscar técnicas pré-operatórias e de menor morbidade para avaliação dos linfonodos axilares. A ultrassonografia é um exame amplamente usado para esta finalidade e muitas vezes associado a punção aspirativa por agulha fina ou por agulha grossa. Entretanto, os critérios ultrassonográficos de suspeição para linfonodos axilares não apresentam valores preditivos significativos, gerando resultados discrepantes em estudos sobre sensibilidade e especificidade do método. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão na literatura médica sobre a ultrassonografia no estadiamento axilar e as principais alterações morfológicas do linfonodo metastático.

«Me quedaré con lo positivo»: Análisis de blogs de mujeres con cáncer de mama

En este artículo se analizan siete blogs escritos por mujeres con cáncer de mama. En primer lugar, se indaga sobre su forma de concebir el cuerpo en relación, por un lado, al impacto del cáncer en los órganos y procesos corporales ligados a la feminidad y, por el otro, a su carácter mortal. En segundo lugar, se analiza su atribución de agencia en relación a la enfermedad y su curación. Se observa que la responsabilidad en la curación se atribuye principalmente a los médicos, pero aparece con fuerza la idea que la mujer se puede sanar mediante cambios en su estilo de vida y a través del pensamiento positivo. Este establece un marco en el que las afectadas de cáncer encuentran dificultades para reconocer y expresar aspectos considerados negativos del proceso como la rabia, la desesperación o el miedo a la muerte, al mismo tiempo que marca una distinción entre pacientes con trayectorias de éxito en su curación y los que no lo consiguen, que son culpabilizados.

Compostos de platina em quimioterapia do câncer

The vast majority of clinically used antitumor drugs are either synthetic or natural product based organic compounds. In this review we describe different aspects, such as structure-activity relationships, mechanism of action, clinical uses and possible future prospects, of the platinum antitumor complexes, a distinct class of antitumor agents.

Apoderament juvenil: com i cap a on?

El treball que es presenta a continuació consisteix en una anàlisi teòrica sobre el concepte d'apoderament juvenil partint d'una aproximació al context actual i les relacions de poder que condicionen la construcció social de la joventut. L'anàlisi es basa en la relació del concepte d'apoderament amb els processos de transformació social així com de qüestionament de les estructures de poder existents avui. D'altra banda, es realitza una reflexió sobre l'ús del terme des de l'àmbit de les ciències socials, específicament des de les polítiques públiques de joventut

Multidrug resistance protein 1 localization in lipid raft domains and prostasomes in prostate cancer cell lines

Background: One of the problems in prostate cancer (CaP) treatment is the appearance of the multidrug resistance phenotype, in which ATP-binding cassette transporters such as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) play a role. Different localizations of the transporter have been reported, some of them related to the chemoresistant phenotype. Aim: This study aimed to compare the localization of MRP1 in three prostate cell lines (normal, androgen-sensitive, and androgen-independent) in order to understand its possible role in CaP chemoresistance. Methods: MRP1 and caveolae protein markers were detected using confocal microscopy, performing colocalization techniques. Lipid raft isolation made it possible to detect these proteins by Western blot analysis. Caveolae and prostasomes were identified by electron microscopy. Results: We show that MRP1 is found in lipid raft fractions of tumor cells and that the number of caveolae increases with malignancy acquisition. MRP1 is found not only in the plasma membrane associated with lipid rafts but also in cytoplasmic accumulations colocalizing with the prostasome markers Caveolin-1 and CD59, suggesting that in CaP cells, MRP1 is localized in prostasomes. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a reservoir of MRP1; thus, taking advantage of the release of their content, MRP1 could be translocated to the plasma membrane contributing to the chemoresistant phenotype. The presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a predictor of malignancy in CaP

Multidrug resistance protein 1 localization in lipid raft domains and prostasomes in prostate cancer cell lines

Background: One of the problems in prostate cancer (CaP) treatment is the appearance of the multidrug resistance phenotype, in which ATP-binding cassette transporters such as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) play a role. Different localizations of the transporter have been reported, some of them related to the chemoresistant phenotype. Aim: This study aimed to compare the localization of MRP1 in three prostate cell lines (normal, androgen-sensitive, and androgen-independent) in order to understand its possible role in CaP chemoresistance. Methods: MRP1 and caveolae protein markers were detected using confocal microscopy, performing colocalization techniques. Lipid raft isolation made it possible to detect these proteins by Western blot analysis. Caveolae and prostasomes were identified by electron microscopy. Results: We show that MRP1 is found in lipid raft fractions of tumor cells and that the number of caveolae increases with malignancy acquisition. MRP1 is found not only in the plasma membrane associated with lipid rafts but also in cytoplasmic accumulations colocalizing with the prostasome markers Caveolin-1 and CD59, suggesting that in CaP cells, MRP1 is localized in prostasomes. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a reservoir of MRP1; thus, taking advantage of the release of their content, MRP1 could be translocated to the plasma membrane contributing to the chemoresistant phenotype. The presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a predictor of malignancy in CaP

Multidrug resistance protein 1 localization in lipid raft domains and prostasomes in prostate cancer cell lines

Background: One of the problems in prostate cancer (CaP) treatment is the appearance of the multidrug resistance phenotype, in which ATP-binding cassette transporters such as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) play a role. Different localizations of the transporter have been reported, some of them related to the chemoresistant phenotype. Aim: This study aimed to compare the localization of MRP1 in three prostate cell lines (normal, androgen-sensitive, and androgen-independent) in order to understand its possible role in CaP chemoresistance. Methods: MRP1 and caveolae protein markers were detected using confocal microscopy, performing colocalization techniques. Lipid raft isolation made it possible to detect these proteins by Western blot analysis. Caveolae and prostasomes were identified by electron microscopy. Results: We show that MRP1 is found in lipid raft fractions of tumor cells and that the number of caveolae increases with malignancy acquisition. MRP1 is found not only in the plasma membrane associated with lipid rafts but also in cytoplasmic accumulations colocalizing with the prostasome markers Caveolin-1 and CD59, suggesting that in CaP cells, MRP1 is localized in prostasomes. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a reservoir of MRP1; thus, taking advantage of the release of their content, MRP1 could be translocated to the plasma membrane contributing to the chemoresistant phenotype. The presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a predictor of malignancy in CaP

L'aplicació de l'art teràpia amb nens hospitalitzats amb càncer, per tal de millorar el seu estat d'ànim, disminuir l'ansietat i l'estrès

Amb aquest projecte d'intervenció ens agradaria poder posar sobre la taula que l'art teràpia és una disciplina, una tècnica dins de la psicologia, que aporta beneficis psico-emocionals als usuaris que la reben; en el cas d'aquest projecte amb nens i adolescents amb càncer a l'Hospital Sant Joan de Déu.

Novos produtos naturais capazes de atuar na estabilização de microtúbulos, um importante alvo no combate ao câncer

Microtubules are involved in many aspects of cellular biology and represent an important target of anticancer chemotherapeutics. In the past five years, novel natural products such as epothilones, discodermolide, sarcodictyin, eleutherobin, and laulimalide, all of which have biological activities similar to those of paclitaxel (Taxolâ), have been discovered. Taxolâ is an important antitumor drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of ovarian, breast and non-small-cell lung carcinomas and became the first natural product described that stabilized microtubules avoiding the cellular replication. The present article reports new natural products that are able to act on the stabilization of microtubules.

Aplicació Actual de l’Aprenentatge Cooperatiu a la Universitat de Girona : passos cap a l’elaboració d’una guia sobre aprenentatge cooperatiu

The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the present state of thepractical application of cooperative learning methodologies at the University of Girona,to assess its strengths and weaknesses and to extract from that criteria, ideas andprinciples. These materials will be the basis upon which a guide or manual of use oncooperative learning will be drafted. The guide will be at the disposal of the UdGteaching staff and other people interested in it, with the aim of helping them with theirteaching and foster a higher degree of use of cooperative learning at the University. Thepaper presents the survey already conducted, as well as the methodology followed, thehypotheses of the study and the results obtained

Câncer e agentes antineoplásicos ciclo-celular específicos e ciclo-celular não específicos que interagem com o DNA: uma introdução

The chemotherapy agents against cancer may be classified as "cell cycle-specific" or "cell cycle-nonspecific". Nevertheless, several of them have their biological activity related to any kind of action on DNA such as: antimetabolic agents (DNA synthesis inhibition), inherently reactive agents (DNA alkylating electrophilic traps for macromolecular nucleophiles from DNA through inter-strand cross-linking - ISC - alkylation) and intercalating agents (drug-DNA interactions inherent to the binding made due to the agent penetration in to the minor groove of the double helix). The earliest and perhaps most extensively studied and most heavily employed clinical anticancer agents in use today are the DNA inter-strand cross-linking agents.

Effects of artisanal fisheries on the scorpaenids (Scorpaena spp.) reproduction in the marine protected area of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean)

Rockfish species are considered important to the ecology of rocky-reef communities which constitute a key habitat in many coastal marine protected areas (MPAs). These species, which are commercially valuable for artisanal fisheries in the Mediterranean, display particular biological traits that could render them vulnerable to fishing. In this study we monitored the artisanal fisheries of scorpaenids (Scorpaena spp.) in the MPA of Cap de Creus (northwestern Mediterranean) in order to estimate the status of their populations, to link captures with the reproduction of these species, and to evaluate the potential impact that artisanal fishing may have on them. Data from onboard sampling with artisanal fishermen and from fisheries statistics (total landings) were used. Total landings and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) follow a clearly seasonal cycle, with a prominent peak during the summer months coinciding with their spawning season, which may be due to mating behavior prior to fertilization. Although maximum sizes are bigger inside the MPA than in non-protected areas situated close by, a significant percentage of individuals caught inside the MPA are below their size at sexual maturity. Although rockfish seem to be favored by the partial protection of the MPA, the allowed artisanal fisheries are probably impacting the reproduction of these species

Desigualdades geográficas en mortalidad e incidencia por cáncer de laringe en varones: factores socioeconómicos y ambientales

Diversos estudios sugieren la relación entre menor nivel socioeconómico y factores ambientales con mayor riesgo de cáncer. El objetivo del trabajo es identificar desigualdades geográficas en mortalidad e incidencia por cáncer de laringe (CL) en varones y su asociación con factores de privación y ambientales en el marco del proyecto MEDEA. Métodos: Estudio ecológico cuya población de referencia fueron loshombres residentes en el municipio de Zaragoza. El periodo de estudio fue1996-2003. Las defunciones fueron obtenidas del Registro de Mortalidad de Aragón, los casos incidentes del Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Zaragoza y los datos socioeconómicos del Censo de 2001. Se utilizó la base de datos del Registro Europeo de Emisiones Contaminantes en lalocalización de posibles industrias contaminantes. Para cada sección censal(SC) se obtuvo un índice de privación mediante análisis de componentesprincipales. Se obtuvieron las Razones de Mortalidad e Incidencia Estandarizadas suavizadas aplicando metodología bayesiana.Resultados: Se analizaron 211 defunciones y 569 casos incidentes, con SC conocida, que correspondieron al 95% del total de casos registrados de mortalidad y el 97,8% de incidencia. Las SC que se encontraban enel cuartil superior, mayor índice de privación, tuvieron significativamentemayor riesgo, tanto de mortalidad (2,74 veces) como de incidencia (1,66 veces). Sin embargo no se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa con los indicadores ambientales utilizados. Conclusiones: Las SC con menor nivel económico presentan mayor riesgo de mortalidad e incidencia por CL. La posible exposición a focos industriales contaminantes no explica la variabilidad geográfica observada

El secret del càncer més resistent

En la lluita contra el càncer, la recerca de nous fàrmacs cada cop més efectius i específics sovint troba un escull important: en molts tumors hi ha una petita fracció de cèl·lules resistents, que no es poden eliminar fàcilment. Tanmateix, el principal problema no és aquest, sinó que, a més, acostumen a respondre als fàrmacs incrementant la taxa de proliferació i la capacitat de fer metàstasi. Això fa que alguns tractaments no acabin de ser del tot efectius a llarg termini, per la presència cada cop més nombrosa i dispersa d'aquestes cèl·lules canceroses resistents. L'equip de recerca de Joan Massagué, al Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center de Nova York, ha demostrat que aquest efecte a llarg termini induït pels mateixos fàrmacs és perquè les cèl·lules sensibles, abans de morir, preparen un ambient molt favorable per a les resistents.

Anàlisi de les imminents reformes processals i la seva aplicació a Catalunya. Problemàtica pròpia i riscos detectats. Propostes de millora. Cap a un nou model de justícia

Per diferents motius, l'acció de la justícia es troba permanentment d'actualitat. Una de les causes és la contínua novetat que prové de les propostes de modernització en els diversos àmbits, que tracten de pal·liar els dèficits amb els quals s'enfronta cada dia l'acció judicial. El debat és ja antic i permanent, sent que, simultàniament un ventall de projectes ha aparegut amb la intenció de dur a terme un canvi profund i determinant en la visió de l'estructura del Poder Judicial i dels serveis associats. En particular, la proposta de reforma de Llei Orgànica del Poder Judicial i de Demarcació i Planta, suposa la concentració de tots els jutjats a les capitals de província, amb el risc d'allunyament enfront dels ciutadans i problemes associats. L'esborrany de Codi Processal Penal aposta per un nou sistema de recerca a càrrec del Ministeri Fiscal, amb curts terminis taxats per a la finalització del procediment, promoció de la mediació i augment de les possibilitats de no continuació de la causa, a més una concentració i simplificació de totes les fases del procediment penal. D'altra banda, el Registre Civil ha estat retirat dels jutjats però, malgrat el transcurs del temps, no s'és capaç d'identificar a quin col·lectiu li correspondrà aquesta funció, amb la conseqüent generació d'una important inquietud social. Aquestes i altres novetats seran analitzades en profunditat, amb especial perspectiva des de l'àmbit de Catalunya, tractant d'aportar solucions i propostes de millora.