Rangel: ciclos longos e dualidade

For Ignácio Rangel economic development is an intrinsically contradictory movement through which technological innovation, whose dynamics explains the long cycle, is permanently in conflict with the existing capitals that it depreciates. Development in Brazil is not just defined by the opposition between the capitalist and the pre-capitalist sector; there is also an external duality that does not just express the relation between its stages of economic growth and the development of the world economy, but also tells us how its modern and its backward sector change at each stage. The duality has a double character: through the coexistence of relations of productions that correspond to two sequential historical phases, and through the existence, in the domestic and in the external “pole” of such duality, a relation of dependency toward the more advanced societies.

Educação e investimentos externos como determinantes do crescimento a longo prazo

Combining forecast is characterized by an improvement in the accuracy of the prognoses due to the complementarity of the information contained in individual forecasts. This paper follows the seminal work of Bates and Granger (1969) with the objective of investigating whether room exists to improve the accuracy in price index forecasts. There is evidence that even though the gains in combining forecasts are limited, the risks incurred from combining forecasts are less than the benefits gained.

Fiscal adjustment, conditionality and politics in IMF programs

A common feature in programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the use of conditionalities, macroeconomic and structural measures that a requesting country should adopt to obtain an assistance package. The objective of this work is to conduct an empirical analysis of the economic and political determinants of such conditionalities. In particular, our main contribution consists in the development of a new measure of conditionality, fiscal adjustment, and its comparison with the most used in the literature, the number of conditions. We choose fiscal adjustment because it is an adequate proxy for program austerity, since its implementation carries economic and political costs. In the empirical exercise, we use data from 184 programs in the period of 1999 and 2012, and estimate how our two measures of conditionalities respond to the economic and political factors. Our results suggest that they are quite different. The main determinant of the number of conditions is the political proximity of the borrowing country to the Fund’s major shareholders, the members of G5. On the other hand, the main determinant of fiscal adjustment is the size of the government fiscal deficit. Finally, we did not find correlation between the size of fiscal adjustment and the number of conditions. These results suggest that the analysis of the content of IMF programs should take into account the different measures of agreed conditionality.

Uma questão de transparência

Uma das poucas boas evidências que as crises políticas e econômicas recentes têm trazido é a de que as instituições públicas brasileiras alcançaram um grau de maturidade democrática de improvável reversão. Independentemente das soluções a que se chegue na crise atual, nada indica que passem pela supressão da legitimidade do voto, o acobertamento de poderosos ou a distorção das instituições representativas – temos aí a constatação de uma conquista inestimável da democracia brasileira.

Duros Desafios à Frente

Fundação Getulio Vargas. Escola de Pós-Graduação em Economia

A trajédia do Cruzado: do congelamento à ameaça de hiperinflação, dia após dia, nas páginas da Folha de S. Paulo

Reúne textos da redação e editoriais do jornal Folha de São Paulo, além de artigos de renomados economistas a respeito do Plano Cruzado. É exposta a situação da economia brasileira em 1985, onde é tratado aspectos referentes a inflação inercial e estratégias para combatê-la. Textos avaliam as medidas implementadas em 1986 com destaque para a polêmica sobre os salário. A questão fiscal e as emissões de moeda são abordadas em várias passagens como os nós da economia. A necessidade de ajustes e o esgotamento do política econômica e a discussão a respeito de um novo choque com o fim do Cruzado são abordados.