El piropo callejero: acción política y ciudadana

El piropo callejero ha dejado de ser visto exclusivamente como una práctica “positiva” para comprenderse como un problema social. Así, gobiernos, organismos internacionales y activistas han generado iniciativas que lo abordan como una forma de acoso basada en la desigualdad de género. Un boom de experiencias latinoamericanas de rechazo, la diferencia de sus propuestas y sus coincidencias en formatos que van desde leyes hasta expresiones artísticas, pasando por un agitado activismo, fueron el punto de partida de este trabajo. Preguntarse ¿cómo un piropo se convierte en un problema social?, y ¿cuáles son las estrategias que se usan para enfrentarlo?, permitió acercarse a un complejo objeto de estudio que da cuenta de varias relaciones de convivencia en las ciudades contemporáneas, surcadas situaciones de violencia y desigualdad de género. Este trabajo explora diversos escenarios del piropo callejero. Desde su historia, hasta sus principales rasgos culturales; la forma en la que entran a operar estas iniciativas que lo objetan en Suramérica y se detiene en dos experiencias concretas: Quito y Bogotá. La primera, “Quiero andar tranqula, calles sin acoso”, cuenta con una campaña estatal y la segunda, “¡Atrévete!”, con un proceso de tipo activista. En ambas la relación con la Internet y la comunicación es determinante para operar. Finalmente, este estudio se presenta como una propuesta para comprender las relaciones de “socialidad” a partir de prácticas de comunicación en la ciudad. El piropo callejero se asume como un asunto social que problematiza la relación de las mujeres con el espacio público. Transforma la experiencia de habitar el escenario indivisible de la comunicación determinada por la cultura e interpela los códigos de convivencia urbanos, en suma, la tradición.

Relaciones económicas bilaterales entre Ecuador y Brasil

Dentro de la dinámica mundial actual, resulta de especial interés para Ecuador el análisis de sus relaciones económicas bilaterales con Brasil, debido al papel protagónico que ha alcanzado este país tanto a nivel regional como mundial. A nivel regional, varios de los países vecinos han delineado, incluso, su política exterior en función de potenciar sus relaciones políticas y económicas con él, y a nivel internacional, su participación en la geopolítica mundial es cada vez mayor. En términos comerciales, las relaciones Ecuador- Brasil presentan una balanza históricamente deficitaria que entre otros factores, es el reflejo de las asimetrías entre las dos economías y de su poca convergencia. Analizar la evolución de la política comercial brasileña ofrece un panorama más real y claro sobre los procesos por los que atravesó Brasil para ser calificada como potencia emergente y entender su importancia geopolítica en la región y el mundo. Por otro lado, Ecuador es un país que posee una historia de limitado crecimiento económico, que no le han permitido desarrollar y aprovechar los mecanismos para incrementar sus flujos comerciales con los países vecinos. Los principales objetivos de la investigación son comprender las relaciones económicas bilaterales ecuatoriano-brasileñas, describir las etapas de la evolución económica y comercial de Ecuador y Brasil, analizar el comercio, inversión, financiamiento y cooperación para definir las perspectivas económicas ecuatorianas dentro de la emergencia de Brasil como un actor mundial. Este trabajo se estructura en dos capítulos descriptivos. En el primero, se abarcan temas como la evolución económica y comercial de Brasil y Ecuador. Respecto de Brasil se presentan los periodos de industrialización dirigida por el Estado, el apoyo estatal de Brasil a sus empresas y la crisis de los años noventa. En lo correspondiente a Ecuador, se abarcan temas como el boom petrolero, la crisis de deuda externa, el neoliberalismo, crisis y dolarización. Para finalmente, presentar series PIB, porcentajes FOB de exportaciones e importaciones y saldo de balanza comercial bilateral. En el segundo capítulo se exponen las relaciones económicas bilaterales a partir del estudio de la evolución y composición del comercio, inversiones, financiamiento, la cooperación bilateral más allá de los temas comerciales y una sección final sobre balance y perspectivas. En la última parte se encuentran las principales reflexiones de la investigación, que entre otras invitan a un mayor conocimiento del vecino país, un esfuerzo coordinado por crear política comercial, industrial y exterior que busquen incrementar la oferta de productos exportables y potenciar así, las relaciones económicas. Se menciona, además, la necesidad de un mayor compromiso del gobierno, de sus instituciones y de la empresa privada en buscar un acercamiento más eficiente en términos económicos.

La teatralidad mediática: cartografías del reality show Ecuador tiene talento

Los reality shows están de moda en la televisión ecuatoriana, la que puede ser explicada desde la repetición de estos programas. Este “boom” mediático evidencia que es los reality shows son una industria saludable, donde las estéticas del espectáculo, el entretenimiento y la repetición se han instaurado como los discursos a seguir, los que reflejan varias aristas sociales, así desde la economía se han constituido en pilares donde se asienta el negocio televisivo, la antropología y la sociología permite delinear miradas para ubicarnos en una esfera del vacío social, es decir, denuncian lo que hoy es la época del no pensar, del no reflexionar, y desde la comunicación sirven para pensar a la sociedad como un entrenado de sensibilidades, una marca distintiva de los tiempos contemporáneos. Pero más allá de esto, los reality reflejan un tiempo social de pérdida del sentido de la crítica, los concursos de “talentos” han remplazado a los programas educativos, a la comedia basada en la denuncia social, o al periodismo de investigación. Se premia al melodrama que se ha convertido en el centro de la producción mediática, la telenovela dejó el primer lugar en la producción de nuevos imaginarios sociales, hoy los reality han ocupado su puesto. “Ecuador Tiene Talento”, ha conjugado las categorías citadas, la utilización de la dramaturgia y el melodrama como un discurso “oficial” se han conjugado para la construcción del mejor espectáculo destinado a construir una fama efímera de los participante y de un “gancho” televisivo para los espectadores, que tienden a recrear las historias de los participantes como propias. La ecuación del triunfador constituye en la narración más dramática, que se enmarca en una idea de superación personal y familiar. Todo este entramado discursivo y estético funciona como un espejo desde donde la sociedad se refleja, y donde una abundancia informativa llena de simulación y simulacro se ha instaurado en la televisión ecuatoriana. El juego mediático en “Ecuador Tiene Talento” es la tragicomedia de la producción televisiva nacional, donde el cruce de palabras entre el jurado y los concursantes es lo llamativo a ver.

This recovery is different. CEPS Commentary 6 September 2012

The misguided belief that “this time is different” led policy-makers to permit the credit boom of the early 2000s to continue for too long, thus preparing the ground for the biggest financial crisis in living memory. But when it comes to the recovery this around, CEPS Director Daniel Gros argues in this Commentary that the belief that this time should not be different might be equally dangerous.

How to deal with macroeconomic imbalances? CEPS Special Report No. 69, 23 November 2012

Lax financial conditions can foster credit booms. The global credit boom of the last decade led to large capital flows across the world, including large movements of resources from the northern countries of the euro area towards the southern part. Since the start of the crisis and more markedly after 2009, these flows have suddenly stopped, creating severe adjustment pressure. At this point the common monetary policy can only try to mitigate the unavoidable adjustment by maintaining overall financial stability. The challenge is to strike a delicate balance between providing liquidity for solvent institutions while keeping the overall pressure on for a rapid correction of the imbalances.

Proof of concept of automated mapping of weeds in arable fields

The project investigated whether it would be possible to remove the main technical hindrance to precision application of herbicides to arable crops in the UK, namely creating geo-referenced weed maps for each field. The ultimate goal is an information system so that agronomists and farmers can plan precision weed control and create spraying maps. The project focussed on black-grass in wheat, but research was also carried out on barley and beans and on wild-oats, barren brome, rye-grass, cleavers and thistles which form stable patches in arable fields. Farmers may also make special efforts to control them. Using cameras mounted on farm machinery, the project explored the feasibility of automating the process of mapping black-grass in fields. Geo-referenced images were captured from June to December 2009, using sprayers, a tractor, combine harvesters and on foot. Cameras were mounted on the sprayer boom, on windows or on top of tractor and combine cabs and images were captured with a range of vibration levels and at speeds up to 20 km h-1. For acceptability to farmers, it was important that every image containing black-grass was classified as containing black-grass; false negatives are highly undesirable. The software algorithms recorded no false negatives in sample images analysed to date, although some black-grass heads were unclassified and there were also false positives. The density of black-grass heads per unit area estimated by machine vision increased as a linear function of the actual density with a mean detection rate of 47% of black-grass heads in sample images at T3 within a density range of 13 to 1230 heads m-2. A final part of the project was to create geo-referenced weed maps using software written in previous HGCA-funded projects and two examples show that geo-location by machine vision compares well with manually-mapped weed patches. The consortium therefore demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of using a GPS-linked computer-controlled camera system mounted on farm machinery (tractor, sprayer or combine) to geo-reference black-grass in winter wheat between black-grass head emergence and seed shedding.

Globalisation and the evolution of international retailing: a comment on Alexander's 'British overseas retailing, 1900-1960'

Nicholas Alexander's (2011. British overseas retailing, 1900–60: International firm characteristics, market selections and entry modes. Business History, 53, 530–556) survey of British overseas retailers from 1900 to 1960 provides pathbreaking new evidence of international retailing activity during the first globalisation boom. The article surveys this and other recent evidence, and confirms that international retailing was far more significant up to 1929 than previously thought. This activity was overwhelmingly undertaken by non-retailers, however, and hence by multinationals whose advantages in retailing were fundamentally unsustainable over the long run. Even the department store format, the principal retail innovation of the period, was not internationalised primarily by multinationals. Rather it was diffused via indigenous entrepreneurs, driven by a rapidly growing global demand for western style fashion and dress.

Contributory negligence involving overseas European banks in property valuation negligence cases in the UK

This paper examines the phenomenon of cross-border property lending and examines a number of issues regarding lending procedures and decision making processes in the context of the relationship between lender and professional advisor. It commences by placing these procedures and processes in the context of the development of cross border European property investment and finance. The UK has been a popular destination for overseas investors and lenders over the last decade and is therefore used as a case study to examine the additional institutional risk that overseas lenders may face when operating outside of their own country and obtaining advice from home professionals. The UK market was the subject of a boom period during the late 1980s, followed by a recession in the early 1990s. The losses triggered a number of professional negligence actions by lenders against valuers. These include a number of overseas lenders mainly from Europe and these cases have been examined for any particular features which, coupled with other data gained from overseas lenders as part of an interview survey, could be used to isolate any significant problems for European lenders in overseas markets. The research identified a lack of clarity in roles and relationships between lender and advisor, difficulties in communications both internally and between overseas branches and headquarters and failures in provision and interpretation of advice. The paper concludes by identifying the issues which may need to be addressed generally by lenders and their advisors, when the lenders are operating in overseas markets.

Asymmetric response of demand-supply mismatch to investor's sentiment

We look through both the demand and supply side information to understand dynamics of price determination in the real estate market and examine how accurately investors’ attitudes predict the market returns and thereby flagging off extent of any demand-supply mismatch. Our hypothesis is based on the possibility that investors’ call for action in terms of their buy/sell decision and adjustment in reservation/offer prices may indicate impending demand-supply imbalances in the market. In the process, we study several real estate sectors to inform our analysis. The timeframe of our analysis (1995-2010) allows us to observe market dynamics over several economic cycles and in various stages of those cycles. Additionally, we also seek to understand how investors’ attitude or the sentiment affects the market activity over the cycles through asymmetric responses. We test our hypothesis variously using a number of measures of market activity and attitude indicators within several model specifications. The empirical models are estimated using Vector Error Correction framework. Our analysis suggests that investors’ attitude exert strong and statistically significant feedback effects in price determination. Moreover, these effects do reveal heterogeneous responses across the real estate sectors. Interestingly, our results indicate the asymmetric responses during boom, normal and recessionary periods. These results are consistent with the theoretical underpinnings.

Futures basis, inventory and commodity price volatility: an empirical analysis

We employ a large dataset of physical inventory data on 21 different commodities for the period 1993–2011 to empirically analyze the behavior of commodity prices and their volatility as predicted by the theory of storage. We examine two main issues. First, we analyze the relationship between inventory and the shape of the forward curve. Low (high) inventory is associated with forward curves in backwardation (contango), as the theory of storage predicts. Second, we show that price volatility is a decreasing function of inventory for the majority of commodities in our sample. This effect is more pronounced in backwardated markets. Our findings are robust with respect to alternative inventory measures and over the recent commodity price boom.

Isolation and characterization of an AINTEGUMENTA-like gene in different coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties from Sri Lanka

Development of an efficient tissue culture protocol in coconut is hampered by numerous technical constraints. Thus a greater understanding of the fundamental aspects of embryogenesis is essential. The role of AINTEGUMENTA-like genes in embryogenesis has been elucidated not only in model plants but also in economically important crops. A coconut gene, CnANT, that encodes two APETALA2 (AP2) domains and a conserved linker region similar to those of the BABY BOOM transcription factor was cloned, characterized, and its tissue specific expression was examined. The full-length cDNA of 1,780 bp contains a 1,425-bp open reading frame that encodes a putative peptide of 474 amino acids. The genomic DNA sequence includes 2,317 bp and consists of nine exons interrupted by eight introns. The exon/intron organization of CnANT is similar to that of homologous genes in other plant species. Analysis of differential tissue expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated that CnANT is expressed more highly in in vitro grown tissues than in other vegetative tissues. Sequence comparison of the genomic sequence of CnANT in different coconut varieties revealed one single nucleotide polymorphism and one indel in the first exon and first intron, respectively, which differentiate the Tall group of trees from Dwarfs. The indel sequence, which can be considered a simple sequence repeats marker, was successfully used to distinguish the Tall and Dwarf groups as well as to develop a marker system, which may be of value in the identification of parental varieties that are used in coconut breeding programs in Sri Lanka.

House price dynamics and their reaction to macroeconomic changes

This article applies a three-regime Markov switching model to investigate the impact of the macroeconomy on the dynamics of the residential real estate market in the US. Focusing on the period between 1960 and 2011, the methodology implemented allows for a clearer understanding of the drivers of the real estate market in “boom”, “steady-state” and “crash” regimes. Our results show that the sensitivity of the real estate market to economic changes is regime-dependent. The paper then proceeds to examine whether policymakers are able to influence a regime switch away from the crash regime. We find that a decrease in interest rate spreads could be an effective catalyst to precipitate such a change of state.

The new Brazilian cinema

In the second half of the 1990s, Brazil experienced a cinematic boom. Many of the new films were received enthusiastically by audiences and critics and released worldwide. This passionately argued and illuminating book provides the first comprehensive critical account of what is known as the 'Renaissance of Brazilian cinema' and demonstrates just how thought-provoking and inspiring Brazilian cinema has become. Contributors: José Carlos Avellar - Ivana Bentes - Stephanie Dennison - Verônica Ferreira Dias - Carlos Diegues - Amir Labaki - Maria Esther Maciel - José Álvaro Moisés - Laura Mulvey - Lúcia Nagib - Luiz Zanin Oricchio - Fernão Pessoa Ramos - Lisa Shaw - Robert Stam - João Luiz Vieira - Ismail Xavier.