Dez passos para melhorar os serviços de polinização no meloeiro.

Esta cartilha traz orientações sobre a adoção de práticas agrícolas mais amigáveis a esses polinizadores. A linguagem simples e a ilustração didática e criativa fazem desse material um guia para valorizar o ambiente e a sustentabilidade da agricultura. O conjunto de informações é especialmente útil a produtores e apicultores que precisam estar atentos para o manejo e a colocação de colmeias nas áreas de plantio.

Viability of irrigation by porous capsule method in arid and semi-arid regions.

This paper presents the results of four field experiments carried out with the objetive of evaluating the feaibility of irrigation by porous capsule method, from 1979 to 1983, at Bebedouro Experiment Station, EMBRAPA-CPATSA, Petrolina, PE, Brazil. The irrigation system consisted of fulcrum of cone shaped porous capsules, interconnected with conduit pipe and installed in the soil at equidistance and 0.10 m deep along contour lines. The hydrostatic pressures studies did not significantly influence the crop yield, but influenced, at 0.10 level, the daily water release from porous unit. The mean yields for watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Shard), var. Charleston Gray, for muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) var. Valenciano Amarelo, and for maize (Zea mays L.), var. Centralmex, estimated in ton/2,500 units/ha or in cobs/2,500 units/ha, were 28.5, 10 and 17,500, respectively. The water consumption for watermelon, musk melon and maize was, respectively, 60 mm, 60 mm and 100 mm in a deep sandy yellow-red latosol. The cost of the system was US$ 1.677,41/ha.

Nitrate in soil solution with use of plant cocktails as green manure in diferent tillage systems in the brazilian semi-arid

Tillage systems strongly affect nutrient transformations and plant availability. The objective of this study was to assess the nitrate dynamic in soil solution in different tillage systems with use of plant cocktail as green manure in fertilized melon (Cucumis melon) in Brazilian semi-arid. The treatments were arranged in four blocks in a split-plot design and included three types of cover crops and two tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT). The data showed no strong effect of plant cocktails composition on NO3-N dynamic in the soil. Mean concentration of NO3-N ranged from 19.45 mg L-1 at 15 cm to 60.16 mg L-1 at 50 cm soil depth, indicating high leachability. No significant differences were observed between NT and CT treatments for 15 cm depth. The high soil moisture content at ~ 30 cm depth concentrated high NO3-N in all treatments, mean of 54.27 mg L-1 to NT and 54.62 mg L-1 to CT. The highest NO3-N concentration was observed at 50 cm depth in TC (60.16 mg L-1). High concentration of NO3-N in CT may be attributed to increase in decomposition of soil organic matter and crop residues incorporated into the soil.

Análise da carga polínica de Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em três tipos de meloeiro na região de Mossoró-RN.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi coletar espécimes de Apis melífera em três tipos de meloeiro em diferentes horários, buscando identificar os horários de coleta de pólen.

Tempo de visita e recurso floral forrageado por Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em flores de meloeiro Cucumis melo L. (Cucurbitaceae), em Mossoró, RN.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tempo de visita e o recurso forrageado por Apis mellifera nas flores do meloeiro.

Comparative study of the dissipation of triadimefon in greenhouse and field conditions

The dissipation of triadimefon, {1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butanone}, was studied after its application to melon leaves, glass and paper, both in greenhouse and field conditions. The dissipation rate of triadimefon in its commercial formulation Bayleton 5 was found to be lower in greenhouse than field. The results for different samples in the same conditions show that the dissipation of triadimefon was found to be biphasic. This result can be accounted by a semi-empirical model which assumes an initial fast decline of the dissipation rate, attributed to an exponential decay of the volatilization rates, followed by a second phase where the dissipation is due to a first order degradation processes.The dissipation of triadimefon, {1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1H- 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-one}, was studied after its application to melon leaves, glass and paper, both in greenhouse and field conditions. The dissipation rate of triadimefon in its commercial formulation Bayleton 5 was found to be lower in greenhouse than field. The results for different samples in the same conditions show that the dissipation of triadimefon was found to be biphasic. This result can be accounted by a semi-empirical model which assumes an initial fast decline of the dissipation rate, attributed to an exponential decay of the volatilization rates, followed by a second phase where the dissipation is due to a first order degradation processes.

Wine phenolics: looking for a smooth mouthfeel

Each grape variety has its own phenolic profile. However, the concentration of the phenolic compounds present in wine mainly dependson winemaking processes. Phenolic compounds influence wine sensorial characteristics namely taste or mouthfeel, bitterness, astringency and color. Humans can perceive six basic tastes: sweet, salty; sour; umami; fat-taste and bitter taste. This last basic taste is considered as a defense mechanism against the ingestion of potential poisons. Some of the genes,encoding G-protein-coupled receptors - TAS2Rs, which translate for these distinct bitter compounds detectors have been identified. Different phenolic compounds activate distinguished combination of TAS2Rs. Astringency in wine is primarily driven by proanthocyanidins, soluble protein-proanthocyanidins complexes which diminish the protective salivary film and bind to the salivary pellicle; insoluble protein-proanthocyanidins complex and proanthocyanidins are rejected against salivary film and trigger astringency sensation via increasing friction. Thus, the aim of this review is to expand the knowledge about the role of wine phenolic compounds in wine sensorial properties, namely in bitterness and astringency phenomenon’s.

Engineering design of an integrated sustainable process system for cassava biobased materials

Cassava contributes significantly to biobased material development. Conventional approaches for its bio-derivative-production and application cause significant wastes, tailored material development challenges, with negative environmental impact and application limitations. Transforming cassava into sustainable value-added resources requires redesigning new approaches. Harnessing unexplored material source, and downstream process innovations can mitigate challenges. The ultimate goal proposed an integrated sustainable process system for cassava biomaterial development and potential application. An improved simultaneous release recovery cyanogenesis (SRRC) methodology, incorporating intact bitter cassava, was developed and standardized. Films were formulated, characterised, their mass transport behaviour, simulating real-distribution-chain conditions quantified, and optimised for desirable properties. Integrated process design system, for sustainable waste-elimination and biomaterial development, was developed. Films and bioderivatives for desired MAP, fast-delivery nutraceutical excipients and antifungal active coating applications were demonstrated. SRRC-processed intact bitter cassava produced significantly higher yield safe bio-derivatives than peeled, guaranteeing 16% waste-elimination. Process standardization transformed entire root into higher yield and clarified colour bio-derivatives and efficient material balance at optimal global desirability. Solvent mass through temperature-humidity-stressed films induced structural changes, and influenced water vapour and oxygen permeability. Sevenunit integrated-process design led to cost-effectiveness, energy-efficient and green cassava processing and biomaterials with zero-environment footprints. Desirable optimised bio-derivatives and films demonstrated application in desirable in-package O2/CO2, mouldgrowth inhibition, faster tablet excipient nutraceutical dissolutions and releases, and thymolencapsulated smooth antifungal coatings. Novel material resources, non-root peeling, zero-waste-elimination, and desirable standardised methodology present promising process integration tools for sustainable cassava biobased system development. Emerging design outcomes have potential applications to mitigate cyanide challenges and provide bio-derivative development pathways. Process system leads to zero-waste, with potential to reshape current style one-way processes into circular designs modelled on nature's effective approaches. Indigenous cassava components as natural material reinforcements, and SRRC processing approach has initiated a process with potential wider deployment in broad product research development. This research contributes to scientific knowledge in material science and engineering process design.

Oral food perception and polyphenol-rich foods acceptance - the importance of knowing individuals saliva characteristics for promoting consumption

Polyphenols are widely present in fruits, vegetables, cereals and beverages. Their study gained scientific interest because of their beneficial effects on health. Although there is currently no official dietary recommendation for polyphenol intake, health professionals recommend the consumption of 5-8 daily portions of fruits and vegetables. This is not always achieved and, despite possible causes associated to practical schedule difficulties, the aversive bitter and astringent sensations associated to polyphenols may also lead to avoidance. As such, a better understanding on mechanisms responsible for differences among people, in polyphenol oral perception, is needed for promoting healthier choices. Saliva has been linked to polyphenol consumption. We have previously observed, in animal models, changes in salivary proteome induced by tannin-enriched diets. Moreover, differences in astringency perception were attributed to differences in salivary protein composition. In a recent experiment, we observed differences among individuals with dissimilar tannic-acid perception: people with high sensitivity for the oral sensations elicited by tannins have higher amounts of salivary cystatins and lower capacity to maintain their levels after tannic-acid ingestion. Additionally, and similarly to previous studies, salivary amylase was observed to be involved in tannin perception. In this presentation, oral cavity characteristics influencing the perception of polyphenol-containing foods will be discussed.

Atributos químicos de um Argissolo e rendimento de melão mediante o uso de adubos verdes, calagem e adubação.

Este experimento foi realizado no Campo Experimental de Bebedouro, da Embrapa Semi-Árido, em Petrolina-PE, de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2001, num Argissolo Amarelo eutrófico textura arenosa, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de adubos verdes associados à calagem e adubação mineral e orgânica nos atributos químicos do solo e na produtividade e qualidade do melão (Cucumis melo) irrigado. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos alocados nas parcelas constituíram-se dos adubos verdes: (1) milho (Zea mays) com retirada da palhada do local, como testemunha (MI); (2) mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima) (MP); (3) milho + caupi (Vigna unguiculata) (MC); e (4) adubos verdes diferentes em cada ano: dois cultivos sucessivos de crotalária (Crotalaria juncea) no primeiro ano, milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) + caupi no segundo e crotalária + caupi no terceiro (RA). Nas subparcelas, os tratamentos corresponderam a: dose completa de calagem e adubação mineral e orgânica conforme a análise do solo (DC); e metade da dose do tratamento anterior (MD). Os cultivos dos adubos verdes foram realizados no primeiro semestre, seguidos do cultivo do melão no segundo. Todos os adubos verdes proporcionaram aumentos nos valores de Ca e da CTC do solo nas camadas de 0?10 cm e 10?20 cm em relação à testemunha (MI), com exceção da MP para CTC na primeira profundidade. Na camada de 0?10 cm, houve aumento também nos teores de K e matéria orgânica do solo, exceto nos teores de K do MC. Em 2001, ano em que o meloeiro atingiu a maior produtividade, o adubo verde RA proporcionou maior rendimento de melão que o adubo MP e a testemunha. Da mesma forma, o tratamento DC promoveu maior produtividade que o MD. Nesse mesmo ano, os teores de sólidos solúveis totais dos frutos foram mais elevados no tratamento com MP que na testemunha.

Carbono total do solo em área de cultivo de meloeiro sob diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e coberturas vegetais.

O uso de coquetéis vegetais no manejo agrícola pode aumentar o teor de carbono e melhorar a qualidade do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo e do uso de coquetéis vegetais como cultura de cobertura sobre o teor de carbono total do mesmo. As amostras de solo foram coletadas, nas camadas de 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm e 20-40 cm, após o quarto ciclo de produção de melão, em um experimento de longa duração, instalado no Campo Experimental Bebedouro, na Embrapa Semiárido, com arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas dois sistemas de manejo de solo (com revolvimento e sem revolvimento) e nas subparcelas dois coquetéis vegetais (CV1- 75% leguminosas + 25% gramíneas e oleaginosas; CV2- 25% leguminosas + 75% gramíneas e oleaginosas) e uma vegetação espontânea (VE), com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Determinou-se o carbono total do solo por meio do analisador elementar modelo TruSpec CN Leco. Verificou-se que o uso de diferentes coberturas vegetais sob manejo do solo sem revolvimento promove aumento do teor de carbono total do mesmo na camada 0-5 cm.

Efeito direto de fosfitos de potássio a Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae.

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de doses (1,25; 2,5; 5,0 e 10 mL L-1) de fosfito de potássio no crescimento micelial e na germinação de conídios de Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae, agente causal da podridão-do-colo e raízes do meloeiro. Foram avaliadas as doses 1,25; 2,5; 5,0 e 10 mL L-1 dos fosfitos, uma testemunha apenas com água (dose ?0?) e o fungicida tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina (1,0 mL L-1). As formulações de fosfito de potássio avaliadas proporcionaram toxidez direta a F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae, apresentando efeito significativo de doses no crescimento micelial e germinação de conídios do fungo. Contudo, observou-se maior efeito das formulações de fosfitos na inibição da germinação (DL50 =1,7 e 1,1 mL-1) do que na inibição do crescimento micelial (DL50 >10 mL-1 para os dois fosfitos). Na maior dose avaliada (10 mL L-1), a inibição do crescimento micelial foi de 33% e 18%, na dose de 5 mL L-1 as formulações inibiram a germinação em 88% e 89%. O fungicida inibiu totalmente o crescimento micelial e em inibiu a germinação dos conídios em torno de 99%, diferindo dos demais tratamentos.

Alterações na estabilidade estrutural do solo após adubação verde.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade estrutural do solo cultivado com melão (Cucumis melo L.), após a utilização de diferentes adubos verdes e dois tipos de manejo do solo. O estudo foi realizado em solo de textura média/argilosa, classificado como Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico plíntico. O delineamento estatístico constituiu-se de blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as mesmas compostas por dois sistemas de manejo ? com revolvimento (CR) e sem revolvimento (SR), e as subparcelas por três tipos de adubos verdes (dois coquetéis vegetais (CV1 ? 75% leguminosas + 25% não-leguminosas; CV2 ? 75% não- leguminosas + 25% leguminosas) ? e vegetação espontânea (VE). O uso de coquetéis vegetais, por quatro ciclos de cultivo, aumentou a proporção de agregados nas clases de maior tamanho (2 mm a 0,25 mm). A incorporação da palhada aumentou a proporção de agregados com menor diâmetro (? 0,125 mm).

Intensity of bitterness of processed Yerba Mate leaves originated in two contrasted light environments.

The bitterness intensity of beverage prepared from the leaves produced on the males and females of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), grown in the forest understory and monoculture, was evaluated. The leaves were grouped by their position (in the crown and on the branch tips) and by the leaf age. The leaf gas exchange, leaf temperature and photosynthetic photon flux density were observed. Inter and intra-specific competition for light and self-shading showed the same effect on yerba mate beverage taste. All the shading types resulted in bitterer taste of the processed yerba mate leaves compared to the leaves originated under the direct sun exposure. The leaves from the plants grown in the monoculture showed less bitterness than those grown in the forest understory. This conclusion was completely opposite to the conventionally accepted paradigm of the yerba mate industries. The leaves from the tips (younger leaves) of the plants grown in the monoculture resulted a beverage of softer taste; the males produced less bitter leaves in any light environment (forest understory or in the crown in monoculture). The taste was related to the photosynthetic and transpiration rate, and leaf temperature. Stronger bitterness of the leaves provided from the shade conditions was related to the decreased leaf temperature and transpiration in the diurnal scale.

Efeito da aplicação de etefom na pré-colheita de maçãs "pink lady®" e suas implicações na pós-colheita dos frutos.

A produção brasileira de maçãs está inserida em 34.664 hectares na safra de 2016, sendo 17.028 hectares plantados em Santa Catarina, 15.716 hectares no Rio Grande do Sul e 1.490 hectares no Paraná (IBGE, 2016). A cultivar de maçã Pink Lady® foi obtida do cruzamento entre Golden Delicious e Lady Williams, buscando-se da cultivar Golden Delicious a boa qualidade organoléptica e a baixa ocorrência de escaldadura e da cultivar Lady Williams a boa firmeza de polpa, o bom potencial de armazenamento e a baixa suscetibilidade ao?bitter pit? (KELLERHALS; RAPILLARD, 2002). A utilização de etefom visa melhorar a coloração dos frutos bem como antecipar a colheita, apresentando efeitos benéficos sobre a qualidade do fruto, acidez titulável, teor de sólidos solúveis e firmeza da polpa (SEIBERT et al., 2000). Entretanto, o etefom acelera o processo de amadurecimento dos frutos, podendo reduzir o período de conservação da maçã (FAN et al., 1998). Em função disso, torna-se importante avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de etefom em pré-colheita e suas implicações em pós-colheita. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o uso de etefom em pré-colheita em frutos de ?PinkLady® ? e verificar as suas implicações na pós-colheita dos frutos na região de Vacaria/RS no ciclo produtivo de 2015/2016.