753 resultados para Autism


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Científics nord-americans creuen que aquesta hormona podria utilitzar-se durant les sessions de teràpia cognitiva per millorar-ne els resultats

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Introducción: La hipótesis psicológica de la disfunción ejecutiva desempeña un papel crucial para explicar el fenotipo conductual de las personas con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA), relacionada también con otras hipótesis como el déficit en teoría de la mente o la hipótesis de la coherencia central débil. Sin embargo, ninguna de estas hipótesis son mutuamente excluyentes y los comportamientos que tienen su origen en alguna de esas tres hipótesis están también moldeados y mantenidos por otros procesos y factores. Desarrollo: Este artículo revisa la manifestación conductual y el estado de la investigación sobre las funciones ejecutivas en personas con TEA y su impacto en las habilidades de planificación, de flexibilidad mental y cognitiva, generatividad, inhibición de respuesta, habilidades mentalistas y sentido de la actividad. Conclusión: Aunque la disfunción ejecutiva ha ido ganando peso como hipótesis explicativa en las personas con TEA, persisten algunas dificultades relevantes que precisan de mayor y más detallada investigación. Por otro lado, son muy escasos los programas de intervención con eficacia demostrada que minimicen los efectos de la disfunción ejecutiva en el autismo.

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Tenim davant un projecte on trobarem reflectits els resultats d'una investigació duta a terme en un col·legi públic sense aula CYL amb un model educatiu inclusiu. Desprès d'uns mesos de seguiment de dos nens autistes i l'avaluació d'un possible cas s'ha pogut concloure que la integració dels nens autistes és possible, però que segons el cas, la modalitat de matriculació canviarà. Al llarg d'aquesta memòria trobarem la descripció del centre, els diferents objectius, les diferents teories associades a aquest dèficit, els diferents materials validats utilitzats, el procés de seguiment i els resultats. També es trobarà des de quines teories s'ha treballat, sense deixar de costat les conclusions finals.

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Copy number variants (CNVs) are major contributors to genetic disorders. We have dissected a region of the 16p11.2 chromosome--which encompasses 29 genes--that confers susceptibility to neurocognitive defects when deleted or duplicated. Overexpression of each human transcript in zebrafish embryos identified KCTD13 as the sole message capable of inducing the microcephaly phenotype associated with the 16p11.2 duplication, whereas suppression of the same locus yielded the macrocephalic phenotype associated with the 16p11.2 deletion, capturing the mirror phenotypes of humans. Analyses of zebrafish and mouse embryos suggest that microcephaly is caused by decreased proliferation of neuronal progenitors with concomitant increase in apoptosis in the developing brain, whereas macrocephaly arises by increased proliferation and no changes in apoptosis. A role for KCTD13 dosage changes is consistent with autism in both a recently reported family with a reduced 16p11.2 deletion and a subject reported here with a complex 16p11.2 rearrangement involving de novo structural alteration of KCTD13. Our data suggest that KCTD13 is a major driver for the neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with the 16p11.2 CNV, reinforce the idea that one or a small number of transcripts within a CNV can underpin clinical phenotypes, and offer an efficient route to identifying dosage-sensitive loci.

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INTRODUCTION: A significant proportion of prematurely born children encounter behavioral difficulties, such as attention deficit or hyperactivity, which could be due to executive function disorders. AIMS: To examine whether the standard neurodevelopmental assessment offered to premature children in Switzerland recognizes executive function disorders. METHODS: The study population consisted of 49 children born before 29 weeks of gestation who were examined between 5 and 6 years of age with a standard assessment, with additional items to assess executive functioning. Children with severe neurodevelopmental impairment were excluded (mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism). Standard assessment consisted in the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), which comprises three subscales: sequential processes (analysis of sequential information), simultaneous processes (global analysis of visual information), and composite mental processes (CMP) (result of the other two scales), as well as a behavioral evaluation using the standardized Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Executive functioning was assessed with tasks evaluating visual attention, divided attention, and digit memory as well as with a specialized questionnaire, the Behavior Rating Index of Executive Functions (BRIEF), which evaluates several aspects of executive function (regulation, attention, flexibility, working memory, etc). RESULTS: Children were divided according to their results on the three K-ABC scales (< or>85), and the different neuropsychological tasks assessing executive function were compared between the groups. The CMP did not differentiate children with executive difficulties, whereas a score<85 on the sequential processes was significantly associated with worse visual and divided attention. There was a strong correlation between the SDQ and the BRIEF questionnaires. For both questionnaires, children receiving psychotherapy had significantly higher results. Children who presented behavioral problems assessed with the SDQ presented significantly higher scores on the BRIEF. CONCLUSION: A detailed analysis of the standard neurodevelopmental assessment allows the identification of executive function disorders in premature children. Children who performed below 85 on the sequential processes of the K-ABC had significantly more attentional difficulties on the neuropsychological tasks and therefore have to be recognized and carefully followed. Emotional regulation had a strong correlation with behavioral difficulties, which were suitably assessed with the SDQ, recognized by the families, and treated.

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The 16p11.2 600 kb copy-number variants (CNVs) are associated with mirror phenotypes on BMI, head circumference, and brain volume and represent frequent genetic lesions in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia. Here we interrogated the transcriptome of individuals carrying reciprocal 16p11.2 CNVs. Transcript perturbations correlated with clinical endophenotypes and were enriched for genes associated with ASDs, abnormalities of head size, and ciliopathies. Ciliary gene expression was also perturbed in orthologous mouse models, raising the possibility that ciliary dysfunction contributes to 16p11.2 pathologies. In support of this hypothesis, we found structural ciliary defects in the CA1 hippocampal region of 16p11.2 duplication mice. Moreover, by using an established zebrafish model, we show genetic interaction between KCTD13, a key driver of the mirrored neuroanatomical phenotypes of the 16p11.2 CNV, and ciliopathy-associated genes. Overexpression of BBS7 rescues head size and neuroanatomical defects of kctd13 morphants, whereas suppression or overexpression of CEP290 rescues phenotypes induced by KCTD13 under- or overexpression, respectively. Our data suggest that dysregulation of ciliopathy genes contributes to the clinical phenotypes of these CNVs.

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Científics nord-americans creuen que aquesta hormona podria utilitzar-se durant les sessions de teràpia cognitiva per millorar-ne els resultats

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The last 2 years have seen exciting advances in the genetics of Landau-Kleffner syndrome and related disorders, encompassed within the epilepsy-aphasia spectrum (EAS). The striking finding of mutations in the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit gene GRIN2A as the first monogenic cause in up to 20 % of patients with EAS suggests that excitatory glutamate receptors play a key role in these disorders. Patients with GRIN2A mutations have a recognizable speech and language phenotype that may assist with diagnosis. Other molecules involved in RNA binding and cell adhesion have been implicated in EAS; copy number variations are also found. The emerging picture highlights the overlap between the genetic determinants of EAS with speech and language disorders, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and more complex developmental phenotypes.

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Recent discoveries of recurrent and reciprocal Copy Number Variants (CNVs) using genome- wide studies have led to a new understanding of the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. CNVs represent loss (deletion) or gain (duplication) of genomic material. This thesis work is focused on CNVs at the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus, which are among the most frequent etiologies of neurodevelopmental disorders and have been associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, cognitive impairment, alterations of brain size as well as obesity and underweight. Because deletion and duplication of the 16p11.2 locus occur frequently and recurrently (with the same breakpoints), CNVs at this locus represent a powerful paradigm to understand how a genomic region may modulate cognitive and behavioral traits as well as the relationship and shared mechanisms between distinct psychiatric diagnoses such as ASD and schizophrenia. The present dissertation includes three studies: 1) The first project aims at identifying structural brain-imaging endophenotypes in 16p11.2 CNVs carriers at risk for ASD and schizophrenia. The results show that gene dosage at the 16p11.2 locus modulates global brain volumes and neural circuitry, including the reward system, language and social cognition circuits. 2) The second investigates the neuropsychological profile in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers. While deletion carriers show specific deficits in language and inhibition, the profile of duplication carriers is devoid of specific weaknesses and presents enhanced performance in a verbal memory task. 3) The third study on food-related behaviors in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers shows that alterations of the reponse to satiety are present in CNV carriers before the onset of obesity, pointing toward a potential mechanism driving the Body Mass Index increase in deletion carriers. Dysfunctions in the reward system and dopaminergic circuitries could represent a common mechanism playing a role in the phenotype and could be investigated in future studies. Our data strongly suggest that complex cognitive traits correlate to gene dosage in humans. Larger studies including expression data would allow elucidating the contribution of specific genes to these different gene dosage effects. In conclusion, a systematic and careful investigation of cognitive, behavioral and intermediate phenotypes using a gene dosage paradigm has allowed us to advance our understanding of the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus and its effects on neurodevelopment. -- La récente découverte de variations du nombre de copies (CNVs pour 'copy number variants') dans le génome humain a amélioré nos connaissances sur l'étiologie des troubles neuropsychiatriques. Un CNV représente une perte (délétion) ou un gain (duplication) de matériel génétique sur un segment chromosomique. Ce travail de thèse est focalisé sur les CNVs réciproques (délétion et duplication) dans la région 16p11.2 BP4-BP5. Ces CNVs sont une cause fréquente de troubles neurodéveloppementaux et ont été associés à des phénotypes « en miroir » tels que obésité/sous-poids ou macro/microcéphalie mais aussi aux troubles du spectre autistique (TSA), à la schizophrénie et au retard de développement/déficience intellectuelle. La fréquence et la récurrence de la délétion et de la duplication aux mêmes points de cassure font de ces CNVs un paradigme unique pour étudier la relation entre dosage génique et les traits cognitifs et comportementaux, ainsi que les mécanismes partagés par des troubles psychiatriques apparemment distincts tels que les TSA et la schizophrénie. Ce travail de thèse comporte trois études distinctes : 1) l'étude en neuroimagerie structurelle identifie les endophénotypes chez les porteurs de la délétion ou de la duplication. Les résultats montrent une influence du dosage génique sur le volume cérébral total et certaines structures dans les systèmes de récompense, du langage et de la cognition sociale. 2) L'étude des profils neuropsychologiques chez les porteurs de la délétion ou de la duplication montre que la délétion est associée à des troubles spécifiques du langage et de l'inhibition alors que les porteurs de la duplication ne montrent pas de faiblesse spécifique mais des performances mnésiques verbales supérieures à leur niveau cognitif global. 3) L'étude sur les comportements alimentaires met en évidence une altération de la réponse à la satiété qui est présente avant l'apparition de l'obésité. Un dysfonctionnement dans le système de récompense et les circuits dopaminergiques pourrait représenter un mécanisme commun aux différents phénotypes observés chez ces individus porteurs de CNVs au locus 16p11.2. En conclusion, l'utilisation du dosage génique comme outil d'investigation des phénotypes cliniques et endophénotypes nous a permis de mieux comprendre le rôle de la région 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 dans le neurodéveloppement.

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Very preterm infants are at risk of neurodevelopmental impairments, which may affect motor development, intelligence and behavior. Neurodevelopmental follow-up is offered to these children who represent 1% of Swiss births, and may show abnormal motor tone, which sometimes resolves spontaneously or evolves in cerebral palsy. Standardized tests explore intellectual functioning and may allow the diagnosis of specific learning impediments. Finally, behavior is assessed with standardized questionnaires which can reveal hyperactivity with or without attention deficit, impaired social relations, psychiatric troubles or autism, all more frequent amongst preterm children.

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Opinnäytetyössäni pohdin elokuvan edellytyksiä toimia voimaantumisprosessin välineenä. Voimaantuminen ymmärretään tässä ihmisen sisäisen voimantunteen kasvun prosessiksi. Se liittyy itsetunnon vahvistumiseen, oman identiteetin selkiytymiseen ja elämänmyönteisyyden lisääntymiseen. Tutkimuskohteenani on elokuvaprojekti, jonka tein yhdessä isoveljeni Ilkan kanssa. Ilkalla on aspergerin syndrooma, eräs autismin muoto. Projektin tavoitteena oli elokuvanteon kautta edesauttaa Ilkan kokemusta itsestään oman elämänsä päähenkilönä ja lisätä näin hänen vaikuttamismahdollisuuksiaan elämään. Projektin tuotteena syntyi lyhytelokuva Ukkometso on a Road to Town sekä sen valmistumista kuvaava dokumenttielokuva Hyvä tekosyy, joka heijastelee omaa voimaantumistani suhteessa veljeyteemme projektin kautta. Projektista saamiani kokemuksia vertaan voimaantumista, taidekasvatusta, elokuvatutkimusta ja psykologiaa käsittelevään teoreettiseen lähdeaineistoon. Asetan Ukkometso-projektin laajempaan tarinallisen identiteetin kontekstiin, jonka mukaan identiteetit rakentuvat paloista, osatarinoista aktiivisen ja sosiaalisen rakentamisen tuloksena. Vertauskuvallinen taide nähdään syvällisenä ja turvallisena tapana käsitellä minuuden palasia. Lähdeaineiston perusteella voimaantumisen edellytyksiksi elokuvaprojektissa nousevat osanottajien tasavertaisuus, keskinäinen avoimuus ja luottamus sekä voimaantuvan henkilön oikeus määritellä tavat, joilla hänestä kerrotaan ja hänet esitetään. Auttajan tehtävä on tukea halutun tarinan ja vaikutelman syntymistä, ei ajaa omia taiteellisia näkemyksiään. Elokuva voi edesauttaa voimaantumista kolmella tasolla. Elokuva on todellisuudesta etäännytetty, mutta se koetaan todellisena. Toden ja illuusion väliin jää tila elämänkokemusten uudelleentulkinnalle ja itsensä reflektiiviselle tarkastelulle. Toisaalta elokuva on sanoman välittämistä tunteen keinoin: se ylittää fyysisiä ja henkisiä välimatkoja, eikä edellytä yhtä yhteistä kieltä tekijän ja katsojan välillä. Kolmanneksi, luottamuksen kautta rakennettu kuvaustilanne tarjoaa mahdollisuuden toteuttaa ekshibitionistista tarvettaan, joka on vahvasti yhteydessä itsearvostuksen kokemukseen. Tällainen kuvaustilanne on myös otollinen kuvaajan ja kuvattavan ihmissuhteen kasvualusta.

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Introducción: La distinción nosológica entre espectro autista y espectro esquizofrénico está hoy en día claramente delimitada, a pesar de las evidencias científicas de la relación genética entre ambas condiciones. El solapamiento de síntomas negativos de la esquizofrenia con ciertas manifestaciones autistas y la atribución errónea de síntomas positivos de la esquizofrenia en el autismo por profesionales no familiarizados con los trastornos del espectro autista ponen de relieve la importancia de descifrar las claves que permitan el diagnóstico diferencial, o la valoración de la comorbilidad y coocurrencia entre ambos espectros cuando así sea. Desarrollo: El artículo analiza y desgrana las manifestaciones del autismo que pudieran ser erróneamente confundidas con la dimensión psicótica y la dimensión de desorganización correspondientes a los síntomas positivos del espectro de la esquizofrenia, así como esclarecer las explicaciones psicológicas que justifican la manifestación de ciertos síntomas negativos asociados con frecuencia al autismo. Conclusión: Las claves para determinar si las manifestaciones clínicas son propias del espectro autista, del espectro esquizofrénico o fruto de la comorbilidad radican en la valoración de la historia de desarrollo de la persona, el pródromo e inicio de la alteración, su evolución y la presencia o ausencia de síntomas positivos de la esquizofrenia. Su determinación será crucial para ayudar al profesional en la toma de decisiones tanto diagnóstica como de tratamiento.

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Introducción. La comorbilidad entre el síndrome de Asperger (SA) y los trastornos del estado de ánimo y de ansiedad parece ser altamente significativa. Por ello, se presenta una revisión de la bibliografía científica más actual que aporte evidencias empíricas a tal hipótesis con el objetivo de plantear una prospectiva de investigación. Desarrollo. La valoración y el diagnóstico del funcionamiento psicosocial analizado en personas con SA o autismo de alto funcionamiento (AAF) confirman una proporción significativa de casos con sintomatología depresiva y ansiosa, y en muchos de ellos se eleva a la categoría de trastornos comórbidos. Conclusión. Es necesaria una mejor formulación diagnóstica ya que las perturbaciones afectivo-emocionales y conductuales pueden aparecer enmascaradas como sintomatología asociada al SA/AAF. Identificar y reconocer dicha comorbilidad psiquiátrica mejorará el funcionamiento psicosocial de estas personas.

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Opinnäytetyöni on monimuototyö, joka koostuu kirjallisesta tutkielmasta ja teososasta, leikkaamastani ja tuottamastani puolituntisesta dokumentista Näytä mitä tarkoitat. Arvioin kirjallisessa osassa dokumentissani tekemiäni ratkaisuja ja niiden vaikutusta teokseni kokemiseen elokuvallisena. Pohdin elokuvallisuuden määritelmää, yhteiskunnallisen dokumenttielokuvan määritelmää sekä sitä, miten yhdistää nämä kaksi. Keskityn pääasiassa 2000-luvun kansainväliseen yhteiskunnalliseen dokumenttielokuvaan ja sen tarjoamiin esimerkkeihin. Etsin syitä siihen, miksi juuri nämä esimerkkinä olevat dokumenttielokuvat ovat menestyneet kaupallisesti ja keränneet miljoonia katsojia vakavistakin yhteiskunnallisista aiheistaan huolimatta. Kirjallisessa osassa tavoitteenani on tutkia niitä piirteitä ja ominaisuuksia, jotka koetaan elokuvallisuudeksi ja sitä, mikä määrittää sen minkälaista teosta voidaan nimittää dokumenttielokuvaksi. Esimerkkielokuvien ja tutkimusten pohjalta etsin niin ikään keinoja yhdistää yhteiskunnallisuus ja elokuvallisuus, sekä sitä, miten moodeja voi käyttää apuna dokumentin suunnittelussa. Pohdin myös katsojan kokemuksen ja viihteellisyyden merkitystä siinä, minkä määrittelemme dokumenttielokuvaksi.

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Deletions in the 2p16.3 region that includes the neurexin (NRXN1) gene are associated with intellectual disability and various psychiatric disorders, in particular, autism and schizophrenia. We present three unrelated patients, two adults and one child, in whom we identified an intragenic 2p16.3 deletion within the NRXN1 gene using an oligonucleotide comparative genomic hybridization array. The three patients presented dual diagnosis that consisted of mild intellectual disability and autism and bipolar disorder. Also, they all shared a dysmorphic phenotype characterized by a long face, deep set eyes, and prominent premaxilla. Genetic analysis of family members showed two inherited deletions. A comprehensive neuropsychological examination of the 2p16.3 deletion carriers revealed the same phenotype, characterized by anxiety disorder, borderline intelligence, and dysexecutive syndrome. The cognitive pattern of dysexecutive syndrome with poor working memory and reduced attention switching, mental flexibility, and verbal fluency was the same than those of the adult probands. We suggest that in addition to intellectual disability and psychiatric disease, NRXN1 deletion is a risk factor for a characteristic cognitive and dysmorphic profile. The new cognitive phenotype found in the 2p16.3 deletion carriers suggests that 2p16.3 deletions might have a wide variable expressivity instead of incomplete penetrance