Familia contemporánea y televisión: recepción del talk show “Caso Cerrado”

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un estudio de recepción del talk show Caso Cerrado en tres familias de la ciudad de Quito. Dentro de esta búsqueda se trazaron los parámetros para definir la imagen de la familia que se crea en el espacio mediático en función de la recepción del talk show seleccionado. A partir de esta imagen, así como de la estructura que cada familia estudiada posee y de las características individuales de quienes la conforman, se estableció el grado de identificación o de rechazo que esta imagen mediática genera en la rutina de consumo y re-significación de los discursos emitidos. Por otro lado, se indagó en los usos que se hace de estos contenidos en el ámbito cotidiano-familiar. Para llegar a esta meta se elaboró una guía metodológica y conceptual que aborda la construcción de las mediaciones como la base de la relación entre las audiencias y la televisión. El glosario de conceptos claves, que incluye el melodrama, el talk show, la televerdad y las audiencias, permite consolidar un espacio de discusión en el que gira la investigación y el requerimiento de los datos que después se recopilaron. Además se realizó un análisis de contenido de Caso Cerrado. Fue necesario fragmentar la estructura del talk show para utilizar elementos puntuales el momento de generar la relación entre las familias y el producto mediático. El análisis comparativo fue el cierre de una investigación que recopiló datos que se construyeron en la rutina de consumo y recepción de estas tres familias, cuyos espacios son diferentes y cuyos integrantes configuran mediaciones en relación con su individualidad y las instituciones a las que pertenecen.

La teatralidad mediática: cartografías del reality show Ecuador tiene talento

Los reality shows están de moda en la televisión ecuatoriana, la que puede ser explicada desde la repetición de estos programas. Este “boom” mediático evidencia que es los reality shows son una industria saludable, donde las estéticas del espectáculo, el entretenimiento y la repetición se han instaurado como los discursos a seguir, los que reflejan varias aristas sociales, así desde la economía se han constituido en pilares donde se asienta el negocio televisivo, la antropología y la sociología permite delinear miradas para ubicarnos en una esfera del vacío social, es decir, denuncian lo que hoy es la época del no pensar, del no reflexionar, y desde la comunicación sirven para pensar a la sociedad como un entrenado de sensibilidades, una marca distintiva de los tiempos contemporáneos. Pero más allá de esto, los reality reflejan un tiempo social de pérdida del sentido de la crítica, los concursos de “talentos” han remplazado a los programas educativos, a la comedia basada en la denuncia social, o al periodismo de investigación. Se premia al melodrama que se ha convertido en el centro de la producción mediática, la telenovela dejó el primer lugar en la producción de nuevos imaginarios sociales, hoy los reality han ocupado su puesto. “Ecuador Tiene Talento”, ha conjugado las categorías citadas, la utilización de la dramaturgia y el melodrama como un discurso “oficial” se han conjugado para la construcción del mejor espectáculo destinado a construir una fama efímera de los participante y de un “gancho” televisivo para los espectadores, que tienden a recrear las historias de los participantes como propias. La ecuación del triunfador constituye en la narración más dramática, que se enmarca en una idea de superación personal y familiar. Todo este entramado discursivo y estético funciona como un espejo desde donde la sociedad se refleja, y donde una abundancia informativa llena de simulación y simulacro se ha instaurado en la televisión ecuatoriana. El juego mediático en “Ecuador Tiene Talento” es la tragicomedia de la producción televisiva nacional, donde el cruce de palabras entre el jurado y los concursantes es lo llamativo a ver.

Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks Show a Mixed Response to Cattle Grazing in the Intermountain Region of British Columbia

Livestock grazing in the shortgrass steppe of the Intermountain region of British Columbia is predicted to have significant effects on grassland habitats and their associated ground-nesting bird communities. We tested whether grazed and ungrazed sites could be discriminated on the basis of their vegetation communities, whether the abundance of two ground-nesting bird species, Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) and Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), differed between grazed and ungrazed sites, and whether vegetation variables found to differ between grazed and ungrazed plots could be used to predict the abundance of the two bird species at a fine scale. Grazed sites were easily distinguishable from a site that had been ungrazed for >30 years based on the structure and composition of their vegetation communities. However, more detailed grazing categories could not be distinguished on the basis of vegetation characteristics. Despite the existence of grazing effects on vegetation structure and composition, we found no consistent differences in abundance of Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks between the grazed and ungrazed sites. However, there was weak evidence that the abundance of both species was higher at fine-scale plots (100 m radius point count station) with less bare ground and taller vegetation. Bare ground cover was lower on grazed plots, but vegetation was taller on ungrazed plots. Combined, our results suggest that low intensity grazing leads to grassland habitat change with both negative and positive effects on Vesper Sparrows and Western Meadowlarks, resulting in no net change in their broad-scale abundance.

Does the North Atlantic Oscillation show unusual persistence on intraseasonal timescales?

Previous studies have argued that the autocorrelation of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index provides evidence of unusually persistent intraseasonal dynamics. We demonstrate that the autocorrelation on intraseasonal time-scales of 10–30 days is sensitive to the presence of interannual variability, part of which arises from the sampling of intraseasonal variability and the remainder of which we consider to be “externally forced”. Modelling the intraseasonal variability of the NAO as a red noise process we estimate, for winter, ~70% of the interannual variability is externally forced, whereas for summer sampling accounts for almost all of the interannual variability. Correcting for the externally forced interannual variability has a major impact on the autocorrelation function for winter. When externally forced interannual variability is taken into account the intrinsic persistence of the NAO is very similar in summer and winter (~5 days). This finding has implications for understanding the dynamics of the NAO.

Reading 'The Truman Show' inside out

This essay explores how The Truman Show, Peter Weir’s film about a television show, deserves more sustained analysis than it has received since its release in 1998. I will argue that The Truman Show problematizes the binary oppositions of cinema/television, disruption/stability, reality/simulation and outside/inside that structure it. The Truman Show proposes that binary oppositions such as outside/inside exist in a mutually implicating relationship. This deconstructionist strategy not only questions the film’s critical position, but also enables a reflection on the very status of film analysis itself.

Do designers show categorical perception of typefaces?

Readers need to easily discriminate between different letters, so typefaces are designed to make these differences distinctive. But there is also a uniformity of style within a typeface. These styles are recognised by typographic designers and may be categorised to enable more efficient discrimination among typefaces. The manner in which designers perceive typefaces is explored using the paradigm of Categorical Perception (CP). A continuum of fonts is created by interpolating between two typefaces and two tasks (identification and discrimination) are used to test for CP. As the application of CP to typefaces is a new approach, various methodological issues are pursued. The experiments reveal that the conditions required to demonstrate CP are quite specific and CP was only evident in Times and Helvetica and not Garamond and Bodoni. Possible reasons for this difference are the characteristics of the two typefaces and their context of use. Speculation as to the purpose of CP in non-designers raises the under-researched question of how we identify letters in different typefaces when reading.

Crystal structures of Λ-[Ru(phen)2dppz]2+ with oligonucleotides containing TA/TA and AT/AT steps show two intercalation modes

The ruthenium complex [Ru(phen)2(dppz)] (where phen is a phenanthroline and dppz a dipyridyl–phenazine ligand) is known as a ‘light switch’ complex because its luminescence in solution is significantly enhanced in the presence of DNA. This property is poised to serve in diagnostic and therapeutic applications, but its binding mode with DNA needs to be elucidated further. Here, we describe the crystal structures of the L enantiomer bound to two oligonucleotide duplexes. The dppz ligand intercalates symmetrically and perpendicularly from the minor groove of the d(CCGGTACCGG)2 duplex at the central TA/TA step, but not at the central AT/AT step of d(CCGGATCCGG)2. In both structures, however, a second ruthenium complex links the duplexes through the combination of a shallower angled intercalation into the C1C2/G9G10 step at the end of the duplex, and semi-intercalation into the G3G4 step of an adjacent duplex. The TA/TA specificity of the perpendicular intercalation arises from the packing of phenanthroline ligands against the adenosine residue.

Contrasting arbuscular mycorrhizal communities colonizing different host plants show a similar response to a soil phosphorus concentration gradient

High soil phosphorus (P) concentration is frequently shown to reduce root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but the influence of P on the diversity of colonizing AM fungi is uncertain. We used terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 18S rDNA and cloning to assess diversity of AM fungi colonizing maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycene max) and field violet (Viola arvensis) at three time points in one season along a P gradient of 10280mgl1 in the field. Percentage AM colonization changed between sampling time points but was not reduced by high soil P except in maize. There was no significant difference in AM diversity between sampling time points. Diversity was reduced at concentrations of P > 25mgl1, particularly in maize and soybean. Both cloning and T-RFLP indicated differences between AM communities in the different host species. Host species was more important than soil P in determining the AM community, except at the highest P concentration. Our results show that the impact of soil P on the diversity of AM fungi colonizing plants was broadly similar, despite the fact that different plants contained different communities. However, subtle differences in the response of the AM community in each host were evident.

Promoter analysis and immunolocalisation show that puroindoline genes are exclusively expressed in starchy endosperm cells of wheat grain

The purolindolines are small cysteine-rich proteins which are present in the grain of wheat. They have a major impact on the utilisation of the grain as they are the major determinants of grain texture, which affects both milling and baking properties. Bread and durum wheats were transformed with constructs comprising the promoter regions of the Puroindoline a (Pina) and Puroindoline b (Pinb) genes fused to the uidA (GUS) reporter gene. Nine lines showing 3:1 segregation for the transgene and comprising all transgene/species combinations were selected for detailed analysis of transgene expression during grain development. This showed that transgene expression occurred only in the starchy endosperm cells and was not observed in any other seed or vegetative tissues. The location of the puroindoline proteins in these cells was confirmed by tissue printing of developing grain, using a highly specific monoclonal antibody for detection and an antibody to the aleurone-localised 8S globulin as a control. This provides clear evidence that puroindolines are only synthesised and accumulated in the starchy endosperm cells of the wheat grain.

Candidate genes for obesity-susceptibility show enriched association within a large genome-wide association study for BMI

Before the advent of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), hundreds of candidate genes for obesity-susceptibility had been identified through a variety of approaches. We examined whether those obesity candidate genes are enriched for associations with body mass index (BMI) compared with non-candidate genes by using data from a large-scale GWAS. A thorough literature search identified 547 candidate genes for obesity-susceptibility based on evidence from animal studies, Mendelian syndromes, linkage studies, genetic association studies and expression studies. Genomic regions were defined to include the genes ±10 kb of flanking sequence around candidate and non-candidate genes. We used summary statistics publicly available from the discovery stage of the genome-wide meta-analysis for BMI performed by the genetic investigation of anthropometric traits consortium in 123 564 individuals. Hypergeometric, rank tail-strength and gene-set enrichment analysis tests were used to test for the enrichment of association in candidate compared with non-candidate genes. The hypergeometric test of enrichment was not significant at the 5% P-value quantile (P = 0.35), but was nominally significant at the 25% quantile (P = 0.015). The rank tail-strength and gene-set enrichment tests were nominally significant for the full set of genes and borderline significant for the subset without SNPs at P < 10(-7). Taken together, the observed evidence for enrichment suggests that the candidate gene approach retains some value. However, the degree of enrichment is small despite the extensive number of candidate genes and the large sample size. Studies that focus on candidate genes have only slightly increased chances of detecting associations, and are likely to miss many true effects in non-candidate genes, at least for obesity-related traits.