Determinantes sociais da iniciação sexual precoce na coorte de nascimentos de 1982 a 2004-5, Pelotas, RS

OBJETIVO: Analisar determinantes sociais da iniciação sexual precoce de jovens pertencentes a uma coorte de nascimentos. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados em 2004-5 os indivíduos da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas (RS), em 1982 (N=4.297). A iniciação sexual precoce (<13 anos) foi o desfecho. Análises descritivas e estratificadas foram realizadas segundo o sexo. As variáveis analisadas foram renda familiar em 1982, cor da pele, escolaridade do jovem e mudança de renda (1982-2004-5). Usaram-se dados etnográficos para complementar a análise dos resultados. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de iniciação sexual precoce foi maior para homens com cor da pele preta/parda, baixa escolaridade, renda familiar baixa em 1982 e em 2004-5. As exigências para que os papéis sexuais masculinos mais tradicionais (virilidade, iniciativa sexual) mostraram ter maior repercussão e adesão desde cedo no grupo dos homens. Jovens mulheres de família com maior renda e de maior escolaridade tenderam a postergar a iniciação sexual. Os reflexos da imposição de valores culturais tradicionais mostraram-se importantes para a iniciação sexual precoce em homens e mulheres, ambos com menor escolaridade e renda. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados encontrados recolocam o fator econômico como determinante dos comportamentos ou dos usos da sexualidade para ambos os sexos. Concentrar esforços políticos que incentivem a população menos privilegiada economicamente a ter chances e perspectivas futuras igualitárias é uma estratégia importante para desfechos em saúde.

Maternidade e paternidade na coorte de nascimentos de 1982 a 2004-5, Pelotas, RS

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de maternidade e paternidade em adultos jovens e sua associação com variáveis perinatais, socioeconômicas e demográficas. MÉTODOS: Os participantes foram jovens com idade média de 23 anos, acompanhados em estudo de coorte desde o seu nascimento, em 1982, em Pelotas (RS) e entrevistados em 2004-5. Foram considerados elegíveis os jovens que referiram ter tido um ou mais filhos, nascidos vivos ou mortos. Dois questionários foram aplicados para coletar informações sobre saúde reprodutiva, dados socioeconômicos e demográficos. As variáveis independentes foram sexo e cor da pele, renda familiar em 1982 e 2004-5, mudança de renda, peso ao nascer do jovem e escolaridade aos 23 anos. Análises brutas e ajustadas foram realizadas por meio de regressão de Poisson para investigar os efeitos das variáveis independentes sobre a maternidade/paternidade na adolescência. RESULTADOS: De 4.297 jovens entrevistados, 1.373 (32%) eram mães ou pais, dos quais 842 (19,6%) haviam experimentado a maternidade/paternidade na adolescência. O planejamento da gravidez do primeiro filho mostrou relação direta com a idade do jovem. Relação inversa foi observada entre as variáveis socioeconômicas e a ocorrência de maternidade/paternidade na adolescência. A probabilidade de ser mãe na adolescência foi maior entre as mulheres pretas ou pardas, mas a cor da pele não esteve associada com a paternidade na adolescência. CONCLUSÕES: Houve forte relação entre a maternidade/paternidade na adolescência e condições socioeconômicas, a qual deve ser considerada no delineamento de ações preventivas no campo da saúde pública.

Utilização de serviços de saúde por adultos da coorte de nascimentos de 1982 a 2004-5, Pelotas, RS

OBJETIVO: Descrever o padrão de utilização de serviços de saúde por adultos jovens. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal em Pelotas (RS), em que os indivíduos foram localizados no seu nascimento em 1982 e acompanhados até os 23 anos. O desfecho foi definido por informações coletadas sobre consultas com profissionais de saúde realizadas no ano anterior à entrevista entre 2004 e 2005. Os locais de consulta foram categorizados como públicos, privados ou planos de saúde. Análises descritivas foram realizadas para utilização e tipo de serviço de saúde. Regressão de Poisson foi utilizada na análise ajustada. RESULTADOS: Dos entrevistados, 72,0% tiveram consulta com profissionais de saúde no ano anterior à entrevista; 86,2% (IC 95% 84,7;87,7) das mulheres e 59,3% (IC 95% 57,3;61,3) dos homens. Mesmo quando excluídas as consultas com ginecologista, as mulheres continuavam tendo mais consultas do que os homens, 68,4% (IC 95% 66,4;70,4). A utilização dos serviços de saúde foi mais freqüente entre os entrevistados de melhor nível socioeconômico. Diferença de menor uso em relação à cor da pele não branca foi observada somente entre os jovens do sexo masculino. Houve diferenças em relação ao tipo de profissional consultado por homens e mulheres e também conforme a renda familiar. Homens e mulheres consultaram mais freqüentemente o sistema público, os serviços conveniados e em menor proporção o sistema privado. CONCLUSÕES: A situação socioeconômica influenciou a utilização e o tipo de serviço de saúde, com homens e mulheres classificados como "pobres no momento", indicando menor utilização de serviços. Tais diferenças socioeconômicas podem ser indicativas de dificuldades de acesso ao sistema de saúde.

Contribution of traffic and tobacco smoke in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on outdoor and indoor PM2.5

Traffic emissions and tobacco smoke are considered two main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air. In this study, the impact of these sources on the level of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and on the distribution of 15 PAHs regarded as priority pollutants by the US-EPA on PM2.5 were evaluated and compared. Outdoor and indoor PM2.5 samples were collected during winter 2008 in Oporto city in Portugal, for sampling periods of 12 and 24 hours, respectively. The outdoor PM2.5 were sampled at one site directly influenced by traffic emissions and the indoor PM2.5 samples were collected at one home directly influenced by tobacco smoke and another one without smoke. A methodology based on microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was applied for the efficient PAHs determination in indoor and outdoor PM2.5. PAHs in indoor PM2.5 concentrations were significantly influenced by the presence of traffic and tobacco smoking emissions. The mean of ΣPAHs in the outdoor traffic PM2.5 was not significantly different from the value attained in the indoor without smoking site. The tobacco smoke increased significantly PAHs concentrations on average about 1000 times more, when compared with the outdoor profile samples suggesting that tobacco smoking may be the most important source of indoor PAHs pollution.

Descalcificação em microondas com ácido nítrico a 5% e RDO

A descalcificação é um processo longo que requer dias ou mesmo meses, no entanto, com o recurso a microondas (MW), este processo pode ser dimínuido. O principal objectivo desta investigação foi diminuir a duração do processo de descalcificação recorrendo à utilização de MW, mantendo a qualidade morfológica do tecido. Efectuou-se a comparação do método convencional com o protocolo com recurso a MW. Foram testadas duas soluções descalcificadoras, RDO e ácido nítrico a 5%. Testou-se a acção destes descalcificadores em osso compacto e osso esponjoso de suíno, uma vez que estes se assemelham na sua constituição histológica às amostras humanas. As amostras foram fixadas em formalina tamponada a 10%, descalcificadas, processadas e incluídas em parafina. Foram efectuados cortes em micrótomo de corrediça e corados com Hematoxilina-Eosina. As lâminas histológicas obtidas foram avaliadas por 4 observadores independentes com recurso a uma grelha de avaliação de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros: preservação tecidular, intensidade de coloração e contraste. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram não haver diferenças significativas entre os protocolos em estudo, e que a utilização de MW acelera o processo de descalcificação. Verificou-se que a descalcificação em MW de osso esponjoso com RDO (30,167) possui o score mais elevado e que o menor score foi obtido na descalcificação de rotina de osso compacto com RDO (6,750). A descalcificação em MW permite a obtenção de lâminas histológicas de qualidade comparável às obtidas com o método convencional e permite reduzir a duração do processo de descalcificação, podendo ser aplicado à rotina do laboratório de anatomia patológica.

Influence of tobacco smoke on carcinogenic PAH composition in indoor PM10 and PM2.5

Because of the mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), have a direct impact on human population. Consequently, there is a widespread interest in analysing and evaluating the exposure to PAH in different indoor environments, influenced by different emission sources. The information on indoor PAH is still limited, mainly in terms of PAH distribution in indoor particles of different sizes; thus, this study evaluated the influence of tobacco smoke on PM10 and PM2.5 characteristics, namely on their PAH compositions, with further aim to understand the negative impact of tobacco smoke on human health. Samples were collected at one site influenced by tobacco smoke and at one reference (non-smoking) site using low-volume samplers; the analyses of 17 PAH were performed by Microwave Assisted Extraction combined with Liquid Chromatography (MAE–LC). At the site influenced by tobacco smoke PM concentrations were higher 650% for PM10, and 720% for PM2.5. When influenced by smoking, 4 ring PAH (fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene) were the most abundant PAH, with concentrations 4600–21 000% and 5100–20 800% higher than at the reference site for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, accounting for 49% of total PAH (SPAH). Higher molecular weight PAH (5–6 rings) reached concentrations 300–1300% and 140–1700% higher for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, at the site influenced by tobacco smoke. Considering 9 carcinogenic PAH this increase was 780% and 760% in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, indicating the strong potential risk for human health. As different composition profiles of PAH in indoor PM were obtained for reference and smoking sites, those 9 carcinogens represented at the reference site 84% and 86% of SPAH in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, and at the smoking site 56% and 55% of SPAH in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. All PAH (including the carcinogenic ones) were mainly present in fine particles, which corresponds to a strong risk for cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer; thus, these conclusions are relevant for the development of strategies to protect public health.

Factors associated with vaccination coverage in children < 5 years in Angola

OBJECTIVE To analyze vaccination coverage and factors associated with a complete immunization scheme in children < 5 years old. METHODS This cross-sectional household census survey evaluated 1,209 children < 5 years old living in Bom Jesus, Angola, in 2010. Data were obtained from interviews, questionnaires, child immunization histories, and maternal health histories. The statistical analysis used generalized linear models, in which the dependent variable followed a binary distribution (vaccinated, unvaccinated) and the association function was logarithmic and had the children’s individual, familial, and socioeconomic factors as independent variables. RESULTS Vaccination coverage was 37.0%, higher in children < 1 year (55.0%) and heterogeneous across neighborhoods; 52.0% of children of both sexes had no immunization records. The prevalence rate of vaccination significantly varied according to child age, mother’s level of education, family size, ownership of household appliances, and destination of domestic waste. CONCLUSIONS Vulnerable groups with vaccination coverage below recommended levels continue to be present. Some factors indicate inequalities that represent barriers to full immunization, indicating the need to implement more equitable policies. The knowledge of these factors contributes to planning immunization promotion measures that focus on the most vulnerable groups.

Copper-organic frameworks assembled from in situ generated 5-(4-pyridyl) tetrazole building blocks: synthesis, structural features, topological analysis and catalytic oxidation of alcohols

Two new metal- organic compounds {[Cu-3(mu(3)-4-(p)tz)(4)(mu(2)-N-3)(2)(DMF)(2)](DMF)(2)}(n) (1) and {[Cu(4ptz) (2)(H2O)(2)]}(n) (2) {4-ptz = 5-(4-pyridyl)tetrazolate} with 3D and 2D coordination networks, respectively, have been synthesized while studying the effect of reaction conditions on the coordination modes of 4-pytz by employing the [2 + 3] cycloaddition as a tool for generating in situ the 5-substituted tetrazole ligands from 4-pyridinecarbonitrile and NaN3 in the presence of a copper(II) salt. The obtained compounds have been structurally characterized and the topological analysis of 1 discloses a topologically unique trinodal 3,5,6-connected 3D network which, upon further simplification, results in a uninodal 8-connected underlying net with the bcu (body centred cubic) topology driven by the [Cu-3(mu(2)-N-3)(2)] cluster nodes and mu(3)-4-ptz linkers. In contrast, the 2D metal-organic network in 2 has been classified as a uninodal 4-connected underlying net with the sql [Shubnikov tetragonal plane net] topology assembled from the Cu nodes and mu(2)-4-ptz linkers. The catalytic investigations disclosed that 1 and 2 act as active catalyst precursors towards the microwave-assisted homogeneous oxidation of secondary alcohols (1-phenylethanol, cyclohexanol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 2-octanol and 3-octanol) with tert-butylhydroperoxide, leading to the yields of the corresponding ketones up to 86% (TOF = 430 h(-1)) and 58% (TOF = 290 h(-1)) in the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol and cyclohexanol, respectively, after 1 h under low power ( 10 W) microwave irradiation, and in the absence of any added solvent or additive.

Halogen-bonded tris (2,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5,triazapentadienato)-M(III) [M = Mn, Fe, Co] complexes and their catalytic activity in the peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone

One-pot template condensation of CCl3C=N with ammonia on a metal source [MnCl2 center dot 4H(2)O, FeCl3 center dot 6H(2)O or Co(CH3COO)(2)center dot 4H(2)O] in DMSO led to the formation of tris(2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazapentadienato)-M(III) complexes, [M(NH=C(CCl3)NC(CCl3)=-NH}(3)]center dot n(CH3)(2)SO [M = Mn, n = 1 (1); M = Fe, n = 2 (2); M = Co, n = 2 (3)1, which were characterized using elemental analysis, and IR, ESI-MS and single-crystal X-ray analysis. The role of inter- and intramolecular non-covalent halogen and hydrogen bonds in the synthesis of 1-3 is discussed. It is shown that the crystal ionic radii of the metal ions [68.5 (Co) < 69 (Fe) < 72 (Mn), pm] are related to the corresponding Cl center dot center dot center dot Cl distances [3.178 (3) > 3.155 (2) > 3.133 (1) Al. Compounds 1-3 and the related di(triazapentadienato)-Cu(v) complex [Cu(NH=C(CCl3)NC(CCl3)=NH}2]center dot 2(CH3)(2)SO (4) act as catalyst precursors for the additive-free microwave (MW) assisted homogeneous oxidation of 1-phenylethanol with tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP), leading to the formation of acetophenone with yields up to 99% and TONs up to 5.0 x 10(3) after 1 h of low power (10 W) MW irradiation.

Insights into the mechanims underlyng the antiproliferative potential of a Co(II) coordination compound bearing 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-Dione: DNA and protein interaction studies

The very high antiproliferative activity of [Co(Cl)(H2O)(phendione)(2)][BF4] (phendione is 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) against three human tumor cell lines (half-maximal inhibitory concentration below 1 mu M) and its slight selectivity for the colorectal tumor cell line compared with healthy human fibroblasts led us to explore the mechanisms of action underlying this promising antitumor potential. As previously shown by our group, this complex induces cell cycle arrest in S phase and subsequent cell death by apoptosis and it also reduces the expression of proteins typically upregulated in tumors. In the present work, we demonstrate that [Co(Cl)(phendione)(2)(H2O)][BF4] (1) does not reduce the viability of nontumorigenic breast epithelial cells by more than 85 % at 1 mu M, (2) promotes the upregulation of proapoptotic Bax and cell-cycle-related p21, and (3) induces release of lactate dehydrogenase, which is partially reversed by ursodeoxycholic acid. DNA interaction studies were performed to uncover the genotoxicity of the complex and demonstrate that even though it displays K (b) (+/- A standard error of the mean) of (3.48 +/- A 0.03) x 10(5) M-1 and is able to produce double-strand breaks in a concentration-dependent manner, it does not exert any clastogenic effect ex vivo, ruling out DNA as a major cellular target for the complex. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy studies are indicative of a strong and specific interaction of the complex with human serum albumin, involving one binding site, at a distance of approximately 1.5 nm for the Trp214 indole side chain with log K (b) similar to 4.7, thus suggesting that this complex can be efficiently transported by albumin in the blood plasma.

Factors associated with the nutritional status of children less than 5 years of age

OBJECTIVE To analyze if the nutritional status of children aged less than five years is related to the biological conditions of their mothers, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and access to health services and social programs.METHODS This cross-sectional population-based study analyzed 664 mothers and 790 children using canonical correlation analysis. Dependent variables were characteristics of the children (weight/age, height/age, BMI/age, hemoglobin, and retinol serum levels). Independent variables were those related to the mothers’ nutritional status (BMI, hemoglobin, and retinol serum levels), age, environmental and socioeconomic factors and access to health service and social programs. A < 0.05 significance level was adopted to select the interpreted canonical functions (CF) and ± 0.40 as canonical load value of the analyzed variables.RESULTS Three canonical functions were selected, concentrating 89.9% of the variability of the relationship among the groups. In the first canonical function, weight/age (-0.73) and height/age (-0.99) of the children were directly related to the mother’s height (-0.82), prenatal appointments (-0.43), geographical area of the residence (-0.41), and household incomeper capita (-0.42). Inverse relationship between the variables related to the children and people/room (0.44) showed that the larger the number of people/room, the poorer their nutritional status. Rural residents were found to have the worse nutritional conditions. In the second canonical function, the BMI of the mother (-0.48) was related to BMI/age and retinol of the children, indicating that as women gained weight so did their children. Underweight women tended to have children with vitamin A deficiency. In the third canonical function, hemoglobin (-0.72) and retinol serum levels (-0.40) of the children were directly related to the mother’s hemoglobin levels (-0.43).CONCLUSIONS Mothers and children were associated concerning anemia, vitamin A deficiency and anthropometric markers. Living in rural areas is a determining factor for the families health status.

Mono(Eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) complexes with thienyl acetylide chromophores: synthesis, electrochemical studies, and first hyperpolarizabilities

A series of mono(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal-(II) complexes with nitro-substituted thienyl acetylide ligands of general formula [M(eta(5)-C5H5)(L)(C C{C4H2S}(n)NO2)] (M = Fe, L = kappa(2)-DPPE, n = 1,2; M = Ru, L = kappa(2)-DPPE, 2 PPh3, n = 1, 2; M = Ni, L = PPh3, n = 1, 2) has been synthesized and fully characterized by NMR, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the complexes was explored by cyclic voltammetry. Quadratic hyperpolarizabilities (beta) of the complexes have been determined by hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) measurements at 1500 nm. The effect of donor abilities of different organometallic fragments on the quadratic hyperpolarizabilities was studied and correlated with spectroscopic and electrochemical data. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations were employed to get a better understanding of the second-order nonlinear optical properties in these complexes. In this series, the complexity of the push pull systems is revealed; even so, several trends in the second-order hyperpolarizability can still be recognized. In particular, the overall data seem to indicate that the existence of other electronic transitions in addition to the main MLCT clearly controls the effectiveness of the organometallic donor ability on the second-order NLO properties of these push pull systems.

Synthesis of Sub-5 NM Co-Doped SnO2 nanoparticles and their structural microstructural, optical and photocatalytic properties

A swift chemical route to synthesize Co-doped SnO2 nanopowders is described. Pure and highly stable Sn1-xCoxO2-delta (0 <= x <= 0.15) crystalline nanoparticles were synthesized, with mean grain sizes <5 nm and the dopant element homogeneously distributed in the SnO2 matrix. The UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra of the Sn1-xCoxO2-delta samples reveal red shifts, the optical bandgap energies decreasing with increasing Co concentration. The samples' Urbach energies were calculated and correlated with their bandgap energies. The photocatalytic activity of the Sn1-xCoxO2-delta samples was investigated for the 4-hydroxylbenzoic acid (4-HBA) degradation process. A complete photodegradation of a 10 ppm 4-HBA solution was achieved using 0.02% (w/w) of Sn0.95Co0.05O2-delta nanoparticles in 60 min of irradiation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Representações: janelas para a compreensão do raciocínio estatístico de crianças de 5 e 6 anos

Este artigo apresenta parte de um estudo que se encontra a decorrer e que visa compreender como se caracteriza o raciocínio estatístico de crianças de 5 e 6 anos. O artigo apresenta a interpretação do raciocínio estatístico revelado pelas crianças através da análise das suas representações. Começamos por discutir teoricamente o conceito de raciocínio estatístico, os princípios inerentes a um ambiente de aprendizagem que favoreça o seu desenvolvimento e o papel das representações, especificando depois as características do trabalho em Organização e Tratamento de Dados na educação pré-escolar. O estudo segue uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa sob um paradigma interpretativo e a recolha de dados realizou-se em 2015 através da observação participante e da análise documental. Os resultados preliminares aqui apresentados sugerem que a maioria do grupo de crianças reconhece as diferentes formas de representação dos dados, identifica os seus nomes e sabe explicar as diferentes representações. No âmbito de um pequeno projeto de investigação estatística, as crianças atenderam às suas diferentes fases, mostrando-se capazes de representar e interpretar dados recolhidos por si. Algumas das crianças preocuparam-se em organizar os dados no momento da sua recolha, classificando-os, sendo que uma delas organizou os dados, de modo espontâneo, numa tabela de frequências. As crianças evidenciaram um raciocínio estatístico sobre os dados e sobre a sua representação.

Trypanosoma cruzi: expression of antigenic component 5 among 35 laboratory clones obtained from 18 different isozymic variants

Two monoclonal antibodies anti-component 5 of Trypanosoma cruzi (I-35/115 and II-190/30) were tested in IFA and ELISA respectively against 35 T. cruzi laboratory clones. Among the 35 clones tested, 18 different isozyme patterns were detected. All clones were recognized by both monoclonal antibodies except one clone which did not react with II-190/30. These results support the universal expression of specific component 5 within the taxon T. cruzi.