The effect of music listening maps on second grade music students' preference for and understanding of orchestral music

This study investigated the use of music listening maps to help learning and the preferences of second graders for orchestral music. Subjects were a population of four 2nd grade classes, and were randomly divided into two groups. The investigation was a counterbalanced, post-test only design, lasting for three consecutive classes. Two treatments/lessons were presented and a third lesson was a review. In Treatment 1 Group I used listening maps first, while Group II received instruction without listening maps. In Treatment 2, the order was reversed. Two post-tests and a comprehensive test were administered. An affective survey was administered after the treatments, measuring student preference and attitude. When listening maps were presented, scores were significantly higher. It did not matter whether the listening maps were presented first or not. Results of the survey show student preference will increase with music listening maps.

The influence of interhemispheric connections on ongoing and evoked orientation preference maps and spiking activity in the cat primary visual cortex

In the primary visual cortex, neurons with similar physiological features are clustered together in columns extending through all six cortical layers. These columns form modular orientation preference maps. Long-range lateral fibers are associated to the structure of orientation maps since they do not connect columns randomly; they rather cluster in regular intervals and interconnect predominantly columns of neurons responding to similar stimulus features. Single orientation preference maps – the joint activation of domains preferring the same orientation - were observed to emerge spontaneously and it was speculated whether this structured ongoing activation could be caused by the underlying patchy lateral connectivity. Since long-range lateral connections share many features, i.e. clustering, orientation selectivity, with visual inter-hemispheric connections (VIC) through the corpus callosum we used the latter as a model for long-range lateral connectivity. In order to address the question of how the lateral connectivity contributes to spontaneously generated maps of one hemisphere we investigated how these maps react to the deactivation of VICs originating from the contralateral hemisphere. To this end, we performed experiments in eight adult cats. We recorded voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging and electrophysiological spiking activity in one brain hemisphere while reversible deactivating the other hemisphere with a cooling technique. In order to compare ongoing activity with evoked activity patterns we first presented oriented gratings as visual stimuli. Gratings had 8 different orientations distributed equally between 0º and 180º. VSD imaged frames obtained during ongoing activity conditions were then compared to the averaged evoked single orientation maps in three different states: baseline, cooling and recovery. Kohonen self-organizing maps were also used as a means of analysis without prior assumption (like the averaged single condition maps) on ongoing activity. We also evaluated if cooling had a differential effect on evoked and ongoing spiking activity of single units. We found that deactivating VICs caused no spatial disruption on the structure of either evoked or ongoing activity maps. The frequency with which a cardinally preferring (0º or 90º) map would emerge, however, decreased significantly for ongoing but not for evoked activity. The same result was found by training self-organizing maps with recorded data as input. Spiking activity of cardinally preferring units also decreased significantly for ongoing when compared to evoked activity. Based on our results we came to the following conclusions: 1) VICs are not a determinant factor of ongoing map structure. Maps continued to be spontaneously generated with the same quality, probably by a combination of ongoing activity from local recurrent connections, thalamocortical loop and feedback connections. 2) VICs account for a cardinal bias in the temporal sequence of ongoing activity patterns, i.e. deactivating VIC decreases the probability of cardinal maps to emerge spontaneously. 3) Inter- and intrahemispheric long-range connections might serve as a grid preparing primary visual cortex for likely junctions in a larger visual environment encompassing the two hemifields.

The influence of interhemispheric connections on ongoing and evoked orientation preference maps and spiking activity in the cat primary visual cortex

In the primary visual cortex, neurons with similar physiological features are clustered together in columns extending through all six cortical layers. These columns form modular orientation preference maps. Long-range lateral fibers are associated to the structure of orientation maps since they do not connect columns randomly; they rather cluster in regular intervals and interconnect predominantly columns of neurons responding to similar stimulus features. Single orientation preference maps – the joint activation of domains preferring the same orientation - were observed to emerge spontaneously and it was speculated whether this structured ongoing activation could be caused by the underlying patchy lateral connectivity. Since long-range lateral connections share many features, i.e. clustering, orientation selectivity, with visual inter-hemispheric connections (VIC) through the corpus callosum we used the latter as a model for long-range lateral connectivity. In order to address the question of how the lateral connectivity contributes to spontaneously generated maps of one hemisphere we investigated how these maps react to the deactivation of VICs originating from the contralateral hemisphere. To this end, we performed experiments in eight adult cats. We recorded voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging and electrophysiological spiking activity in one brain hemisphere while reversible deactivating the other hemisphere with a cooling technique. In order to compare ongoing activity with evoked activity patterns we first presented oriented gratings as visual stimuli. Gratings had 8 different orientations distributed equally between 0º and 180º. VSD imaged frames obtained during ongoing activity conditions were then compared to the averaged evoked single orientation maps in three different states: baseline, cooling and recovery. Kohonen self-organizing maps were also used as a means of analysis without prior assumption (like the averaged single condition maps) on ongoing activity. We also evaluated if cooling had a differential effect on evoked and ongoing spiking activity of single units. We found that deactivating VICs caused no spatial disruption on the structure of either evoked or ongoing activity maps. The frequency with which a cardinally preferring (0º or 90º) map would emerge, however, decreased significantly for ongoing but not for evoked activity. The same result was found by training self-organizing maps with recorded data as input. Spiking activity of cardinally preferring units also decreased significantly for ongoing when compared to evoked activity. Based on our results we came to the following conclusions: 1) VICs are not a determinant factor of ongoing map structure. Maps continued to be spontaneously generated with the same quality, probably by a combination of ongoing activity from local recurrent connections, thalamocortical loop and feedback connections. 2) VICs account for a cardinal bias in the temporal sequence of ongoing activity patterns, i.e. deactivating VIC decreases the probability of cardinal maps to emerge spontaneously. 3) Inter- and intrahemispheric long-range connections might serve as a grid preparing primary visual cortex for likely junctions in a larger visual environment encompassing the two hemifields.

Estudio del efecto de la reducción del contenido de sales nitrificantes en la calidad microbiológica y aroma de los embutidos crudos curados

Entre las diferentes técnicas que se utilizan para la conservación de la carne se encuentra el curado, método tradicional basado en el empleo de cloruro sódico conjuntamente con sales nitrificantes (nitratos y/o nitritos). Estos compuestos ejercen un importante papel como antimicrobianos y antioxidantes, y participan en la formación del color y aroma típicos de los productos curados. A pesar de todos estos efectos beneficiosos, las sales nitrificantes pueden ser precursoras de la formación de nitrosaminas, compuestos con actividad carcinogénica, teratogénica y mutagénica demostrada. Por este motivo, en los últimos años se ha planteado la posibilidad de reducir la presencia de nitratos y nitritos o incluso evitar su utilización en los productos cárnicos. Para ello es necesario llevar a cabo estudios rigurosos sobre el impacto real de la concentración de nitrificantes en estos productos, a fin de evaluar la posibilidad de disminuir las cantidades permitidas, sin que ello afecte a su seguridad y calidad sensorial. Teniendo en cuenta estos antecedentes, esta Tesis Doctoral se planteó como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la reducción de la concentración de nitrato y nitrito (hasta en un 50% de la cantidad máxima permitida actualmente) en la evolución de la microbiota habitual de los embutidos crudos curados y en el control de los principales microorganismos patógenos asociados a su consumo, así como en el perfil de compuestos volátiles responsables de su aroma...

Dosage form preference consultation study in children and young adults:paving the way for patient-centred and patient-informed dosage form development

Objectives: The current study aims to evaluate dosage form preferences in children and young adults together with identifying the key pragmatic dosage form characteristics that would enable appropriate formulation of orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). Methods: International, multisite, cross-sectional questionnaire of children and young adults aged from 6 to 18 years. Eligibility was based on age, ability to communicate and previous experience in taking medications. The study was carried out at three locations: the UK, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. The questionnaire instrument was designed for participant self-completion under supervision of the study team.Results 104 questionnaires were completed by the study cohort (n=120, response rate 87%). Results: showed that ODTs were the most preferred oral dosage forms (58%) followed by liquids (20%), tablets (12%) and capsules (11%). The preferred colours were pink or white while the preferred size was small (<8 mm) with a round shape. With regard to flavour, strawberry was the most preferred (30.8%), while orange was the least preferred (5.8%). The results also showed that the most important physical characteristics of ODTs were disintegration time followed by taste, size and flavour, respectively. Conclusions: The results of our study support the WHO's claim for a shift of paradigm from liquid towards ODTs dosage forms for drug administration to young children older than 6 years. Data from this study will also equip formulators to prioritise development of key physical/performance attributes within the delivery system.

Alcoholic Beverage Preference and Dietary Habits in Elderly across Europe: Analyses within the Consortium on Health and Ageing: Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES) Project

INTRODUCTION: The differential associations of beer, wine, and spirit consumption on cardiovascular risk found in observational studies may be confounded by diet. We described and compared dietary intake and diet quality according to alcoholic beverage preference in European elderly.

METHODS: From the Consortium on Health and Ageing: Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES), seven European cohorts were included, i.e. four sub-cohorts from EPIC-Elderly, the SENECA Study, the Zutphen Elderly Study, and the Rotterdam Study. Harmonized data of 29,423 elderly participants from 14 European countries were analyzed. Baseline data on consumption of beer, wine, and spirits, and dietary intake were collected with questionnaires. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI). Intakes and scores across categories of alcoholic beverage preference (beer, wine, spirit, no preference, non-consumers) were adjusted for age, sex, socio-economic status, self-reported prevalent diseases, and lifestyle factors. Cohort-specific mean intakes and scores were calculated as well as weighted means combining all cohorts.

RESULTS: In 5 of 7 cohorts, persons with a wine preference formed the largest group. After multivariate adjustment, persons with a wine preference tended to have a higher HDI score and intake of healthy foods in most cohorts, but differences were small. The weighted estimates of all cohorts combined revealed that non-consumers had the highest fruit and vegetable intake, followed by wine consumers. Non-consumers and persons with no specific preference had a higher HDI score, spirit consumers the lowest. However, overall diet quality as measured by HDI did not differ greatly across alcoholic beverage preference categories.

DISCUSSION: This study using harmonized data from ~30,000 elderly from 14 European countries showed that, after multivariate adjustment, dietary habits and diet quality did not differ greatly according to alcoholic beverage preference.

Effetto di composti d'aroma sulla risposta fisiologica di Listeria monocytgenes

La citofluorimetria è una tecnica applicata per misurare le caratteristiche fisiche, morfologiche e fisiologiche di cellule microbiche ed ha il pregio di generare un dato per ogni singola particella (cellula) analizzata. Poiché è noto che l’assenza di sviluppo in piastra non implica necessariamente l’assenza di forme microbiche vitali, questa tecnica ha un grande potenziale nello studio dei trattamenti termici che mirano alla stabilizzazione ed alla sicurezza igienico-sanitaria dei prodotti alimentari. Infatti, nel contesto industriale la tendenza è quella di ridurre l’entità di questi trattamenti (tempi/temperature). Ciò può avvenire anche grazie all’utilizzo di composti d’aroma, la cui attività antimicrobica è ben documentata, poiché il trattamento termico, incrementando la tensione di vapore di queste sostanze, ne potenzia l’attività antimicrobica. Questa tesi è incentrata su due aspetti: da una parte, l’effetto dell’esposizione di L. monocytogenes a diverse concentrazioni di timolo e carvacrolo (terpenoidi prevalenti in oli essenziali di Labiatae tra cui timo e origano), dall’altra la valutazione degli effetti di trattamenti termici subletali (45, 50, 55°C), anche in presenza di composti d’aroma, sulla disattivazione e sul successivo recupero di L. monocytogenes. I risultati hanno confermato la forte sinergia tra trattamento termico e presenza di sostanze terpeniche. È stato inoltre dimostrato che la presenza di tali composti incide drasticamente sulle potenzialità di recupero degli eventuali sopravvissuti dopo il trattamento termico. I risultati a volte discordanti tra l’analisi citofluorimetrica (focalizzata sull’integrità della membrana) e i conteggi in piastra hanno evidenziato come i due approcci debbano essere utilizzanti in modo complementare. L’utilizzo di altri coloranti legati ad altre funzioni biologiche e metaboliche permetterà l’ottenimento di informazioni aggiuntive circa la risposta fisiologica di questo microrganismo.

Utilizzo di composti d'aroma per aumentare la sicurezza igienico-sanitaria di germogli di ravanello

Questo elaborato ha come obiettivo valutare l’efficacia di alcuni composti d’aroma, ossia componenti di oli essenziali la cui attività antimicrobica è nota in letteratura, nell’aumentare la sicurezza igienico-sanitaria di germogli di ravanello Daikon. In particolare sono stati utilizzati timolo e carvacrolo, costituenti di oli di piante tra cui timo e origano. Vista la grande espansione nel mercato alimentare di semi germogliati pronti all’uso, matrice veicolante numerosi casi di tossinfezione alimentare, sono state effettuate prove per valutare il rischio di sviluppo di Listeria. Si è lavorato simulando un processo casalingo, facendo germinare i semi in acqua addizionata o meno di diverse concentrazioni dei due terpeni fenolici. I semi utilizzati venivano precedentemente inoculati con Listeria innocua, utilizzata come surrogato del patogeno Listeria monocytogenes. Il ricambio dell’acqua di ammollo avveniva ogni 24 ore, e dopo 6/24/32/48 ore venivano prelevate quantità note di semi e acqua, al fine di valutarne il contenuto in L. innocua, carica microbica totale ed enterobatteri. La prima prova, che ha previsto l’uso di timolo come unico composto antimicrobico, ha mostrato una riduzione di un ciclo logaritmico di L. innocua ed enterobatteri nei semi, mentre nell’acqua essi erano presenti solo dopo 24 e 48 ore. Risultati analoghi sono stati ottenuti utilizzando solo carvacrolo. Infine è stato testato l’eventuale effetto sinergico di timolo e carvacrolo, che però non ha dato differenze particolari rispetto a campioni trattati coi singoli composti. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato l’elevato rischio microbiologico associato ai semi germogliati con produzione domestica, poiché le condizioni adottate favoriscono lo sviluppo di specie patogene. L’utilizzo dei composti di aroma, se pure in grado di ridurre sia le cinetiche di crescita che la quantità di Listeria, non è tuttavia in grado di controllare in maniera significativa il rischio associato a tali prodotti.

On the Incorporation of Psychologically-Driven 'Music' Preference Models for Music Recommendation

There are hundreds of millions of songs available to the public, necessitating the use of music recommendation systems to discover new music. Currently, such systems account for only the quantitative musical elements of songs, failing to consider aspects of human perception of music and alienating the listener’s individual preferences from recommendations. Our research investigated the relationships between perceptual elements of music, represented by the MUSIC model, with computational musical features generated through The Echo Nest, to determine how a psychological representation of music preference can be incorporated into recommendation systems to embody an individual’s music preferences. Our resultant model facilitates computation of MUSIC factors using The Echo Nest features, and can potentially be integrated into recommendation systems for improved performance.