Síntesi de nous catecols amb aplicació en materials funcionals bioinspirats

Els catecols (compostos aromàtics amb dos hidroxils veïnals) són una unitat estructural present en la naturalesa de formes molt diverses. En el present treball es sintetitza el catecol amb una cadena alquílica saturada de 32 carbonis. L’objectiu és mimetitzar el comportament de les proteïnes segregades pels musclos que formen els filaments pels quals aquest mol·lusc pot adherir-se sobre diverses superfícies de manera hidrofòbica permanent i que li permet mantenir-se adherit tot i estar submergit en l’aigua del mar. Aquesta síntesi es realitza gràcies a l’obtenció d’un valuós intermedi tipus sal de fosfoni que permet introduïr la cadena hidrocarbonada a l’esquelet catecol.

Artificial Urinary Sphincter based on smart materials

Objective: There are only a few established artificial urinary sphincters for treatment of incontinence. We have developed a new device composed by three parts: the actuator, three contractile rings and a control unit. The actuator is made of Nitinol fibers, driven by microprocessor. The fibers are linked to the rings placed around the urethra. They function with alternance in their open and closed position. This concept is called piano concept. With this set-up, the constant compression on the urethra is strongly reduced. Methods: Six male sheep have been used for this study. The sphincter was open each hour for a period of 10 min., to guaranty urination. The bladder was filled with water while one cuff was closed and bladder pressure was monitored. The animals were sacrificed. Two biopsies around two cuffs of each explant and all three cuffs from each explant including urethra were analyzed. Urethra not surrounded by a cuff was taken as control. Results: The pressure exerted by the sphincter around the urethra provided continence. Simulated incontinence occurred at a pressure of 1bar measured on the bladder wall using a pressure probe. The closing force of the cuff was approx. 0·7N. No difference in tissue structure and organization of the urethra with and without artificial sphincter was observed. Conclusions: This device has several advantages compared to other urinary sphincters. It is easy to implant, has no hydraulic nature and reduces ischemic injury of the urethra by the alternance of urethral part compressed. Proof of concept in vivo has been demonstrated. Other studies are planned to determine long-term outcome.

Treball de selecció de materials

L’objectiu principal de l’activitat és desenvolupar l’aprenentatge autònom mitjançant eldesenvolupament d’un treball en grup relacionat amb l’àmbit dels materials.

Bateries de qüestions bàsiques de materials

Fomentar l’estudi i l’aprenentatge autònom de continguts bàsics de les assignatures troncals de materials (Fonaments de Ciència dels Materials, Tecnologia dels Materials i Materials Aeroespacials), de les titulacions d’Enginyeria Industrial i Enginyeria Aeronàutica.

Lateral condyle fracture of the humerus in children treated with bioabsorbable materials

Les fractures du condyle externe de l'enfant sont un traumatisme relativement fréquent qui survient le plus souvent chez l'enfant entre 5 et 15 ans. Elles sont classées en 3 grades : le grade 1 sans déplacement qui peuvent être traitées conservativement et les grades 2 (déplacées) et 3 (disloquées) qui nécessitent une prise en charge chirurgicale par réduction ouverte et embrochage. Le traitement traditionnel de ces fractures consistent en la mise en place de broches/vis métalliques qui doivent être retirées quelques semaines plus tard lors d'une seconde intervention. Depuis les années 90, des matériaux bio-résorbables à base d'acide polyglycoliques sont apparus en chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique. En raison de la survenue de complications telles que réactions inflammatoires, formation de séromes ou ostéolyse, l'utilisation du matériel conventionnel a été préférée. Cependant, depuis quelques années, de nouveaux matériaux en acide polylactique sont apparus sur le marché. La période de résorption étant beaucoup plus lente, ces matériaux induisent des réactions beaucoup plus faibles, sans conséquences cliniques relevées jusqu'à présent. Chez l'adulte, de récentes études ont prouvés l'efficacité et l'absence d'effets secondaires liés à ces matériaux. Par contre, chez l'enfant, peu d'études à moyen terme ont été réalisées et l'impact sur l'os en croissance est peu connu, même si pour l'heure aucune conséquence clinique n'a été relevée. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous avons comparé 2 groupes d'enfants traités pour des fractures du condyle externe du coude. Le premier groupe traité par du matériel conventionnel et le second par matériel résorbable. Les enfants ont tous étés suivis de manière très étroite durant la première année et la récupération clinique est similaire pour les 2 groupes. A 4 ans du traumatisme, les résultats fonctionnels sont identiques pour les 2 groupes et aucune complication liée au matériel résorbable n'a été mise en évidence. Par ailleurs, à 1 et 4 ans, les clichés radiologiques montrent l'absence de lésions liées au matériel résorbable. En conclusion, dans le cadre de notre travail nous avons pu montrer l'efficacité des matériaux résorbables dans la prise en charge des fractures du condyle externe du coude chez l'enfant. Ces matériaux permettent d'optimiser la prise en charge de ce type de fracture en prévenant un risque opératoire et anesthésique liés à une seconde intervention nécessaire au retrait du matériel d'ostéosynthèse conventionnel. Par ailleurs le coût lié à la prise en charge globale de ce type de fracture est moindre lors de l'utilisation de matériel résorbable.

Fact Sheet: Hazards Materials Accidents, 2009

A hazardous materials accident can occur anywhere. Communities located near chemical manufacturing plants are particularly at risk. However, hazardous materials are transported on our roadways, railways and waterways daily, so any area is considered vulnerable to an accident.

Production of fungal volatile organic compounds in bedding materials

Selostus: Haihtuvien orgaanisten yhdisteiden muodostuminen kuivikkeissa

Domain Adaptation in remote sensing: increasing the portability of land-cover classifiers

Among the types of remote sensing acquisitions, optical images are certainly one of the most widely relied upon data sources for Earth observation. They provide detailed measurements of the electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted by each pixel in the scene. Through a process termed supervised land-cover classification, this allows to automatically yet accurately distinguish objects at the surface of our planet. In this respect, when producing a land-cover map of the surveyed area, the availability of training examples representative of each thematic class is crucial for the success of the classification procedure. However, in real applications, due to several constraints on the sample collection process, labeled pixels are usually scarce. When analyzing an image for which those key samples are unavailable, a viable solution consists in resorting to the ground truth data of other previously acquired images. This option is attractive but several factors such as atmospheric, ground and acquisition conditions can cause radiometric differences between the images, hindering therefore the transfer of knowledge from one image to another. The goal of this Thesis is to supply remote sensing image analysts with suitable processing techniques to ensure a robust portability of the classification models across different images. The ultimate purpose is to map the land-cover classes over large spatial and temporal extents with minimal ground information. To overcome, or simply quantify, the observed shifts in the statistical distribution of the spectra of the materials, we study four approaches issued from the field of machine learning. First, we propose a strategy to intelligently sample the image of interest to collect the labels only in correspondence of the most useful pixels. This iterative routine is based on a constant evaluation of the pertinence to the new image of the initial training data actually belonging to a different image. Second, an approach to reduce the radiometric differences among the images by projecting the respective pixels in a common new data space is presented. We analyze a kernel-based feature extraction framework suited for such problems, showing that, after this relative normalization, the cross-image generalization abilities of a classifier are highly increased. Third, we test a new data-driven measure of distance between probability distributions to assess the distortions caused by differences in the acquisition geometry affecting series of multi-angle images. Also, we gauge the portability of classification models through the sequences. In both exercises, the efficacy of classic physically- and statistically-based normalization methods is discussed. Finally, we explore a new family of approaches based on sparse representations of the samples to reciprocally convert the data space of two images. The projection function bridging the images allows a synthesis of new pixels with more similar characteristics ultimately facilitating the land-cover mapping across images.

Biofilm formation on bone grafts and bone graft substitutes: comparison of different materials by a standard in vitro test and microcalorimetry.

We analyzed the initial adhesion and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and S. epidermidis RP62A (ATCC 35984) on various bone grafts and bone graft substitutes under standardized in vitro conditions. In parallel, microcalorimetry was evaluated as a real-time microbiological assay in the investigation of biofilm formation and material science research. The materials beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), processed human spongiosa (Tutoplast) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were investigated and compared with polyethylene (PE). Bacterial counts (log(10) cfu per sample) were highest on beta-TCP (S. aureus 7.67 +/- 0.17; S. epidermidis 8.14 +/- 0.05) while bacterial density (log(10) cfu per surface) was highest on PMMA (S. aureus 6.12 +/- 0.2, S. epidermidis 7.65 +/- 0.13). Detection time for S. aureus biofilms was shorter for the porous materials (beta-TCP and processed human spongiosa, p < 0.001) compared to the smooth materials (PMMA and PE), with no differences between beta-TCP and processed human spongiosa (p > 0.05) or PMMA and PE (p > 0.05). In contrast, for S. epidermidis biofilms the detection time was different (p < 0.001) between all materials except between processed human spongiosa and PE (p > 0.05). The quantitative analysis by quantitative culture after washing and sonication of the material demonstrated the importance of monitoring factors like specific surface or porosity of the test materials. Isothermal microcalorimetry proved to be a suitable tool for an accurate, non-invasive and real-time microbiological assay, allowing the detection of bacterial biomass without removing the biofilm from the surface.

A method for using random parameters in analyzing permanent sample plots

Summary

Replication of an ivg protocol to estimate bioaccessible arsenic in materials from a gold mining area in Brazil

Tests for bioaccessibility are useful in human health risk assessment. No research data with the objective of determining bioaccessible arsenic (As) in areas affected by gold mining and smelting activities have been published so far in Brazil. Samples were collected from four areas: a private natural land reserve of Cerrado; mine tailings; overburden; and refuse from gold smelting of a mining company in Paracatu, Minas Gerais. The total, bioaccessible and Mehlich-1-extractable As levels were determined. Based on the reproducibility and the accuracy/precision of the in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) determination method of bioaccessible As in the reference material NIST 2710, it was concluded that this procedure is adequate to determine bioaccessible As in soil and tailing samples from gold mining areas in Brazil. All samples from the studied mining area contained low percentages of bioaccessible As.

Properties of debris flow deposits and source materials compared: implications for debris flow characterization

In the Alps, debris flow deposits generally contain < 5% clay-size particles, and the role of the surface-charged < 2 mu m particles is often neglected, although these particles may have a significant impact on the rheological properties of the interstitial fluid. The objective of this study was to compare debris flow deposits and parent materials from two neighbouring catchments of the Swiss Alps, with special emphasis on the colloidal constituents. The catchments are small in area (4 km(2)), 2.5 km long, similar in morphology, but different in geology. The average slopes are 35-40%. The catchments were monitored for debris flow events and mapped for surface aspect and erosion activity. Debris flow deposits and parent materials were sampled, the clay and silt fractions extracted and the bulk density, < 2 mm fraction bulk density, particle size distribution, chemical composition, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and mineralogy analysed. The results show that the deposits are similar to the parent screes in terms of chemical composition, but differ in terms of: (i) particle size distribution; and (ii) mineralogy, reactivity and density of the < 2 mm fraction. In this fraction, compared with the parent materials the deposits show dense materials enriched in coarse monocrystalline particles, of which the smallest and more reactive particles were leached. The results suggest that deposit samples should not be considered as representative of source or flow materials, particularly with respect to their physical properties.