Under flow impedimetric measurements using magnetic particles for label-free detection affinity target

The necessity to adapt sensors based on electrochemical techniques for high throughput analysis control increases the interest to develop new analytical systems able to perform measurements under buffer now. In this report we explored the possibility of employing a new system to make impedimetric measurements to detect the interaction between proteins and small molecules. The well-known biotin-streptavidin interaction was adopted to evaluate the proposed assembly. This system allows us to perform experiments under flow. Magnetic beads functionalized with streptavidin were used and first characterized using AFM and FTIR. Non-faradic impedance spectroscopy allowed the detection of the biotin-streptavidin interaction. Using our new system and under a flow of PBS buffer, 5 10-5 M of biotin was detected with a stable signal. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A method for Ca, Fe, Ga, Na, Si and Zn determination in alumina by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after aluminum precipitation

In this present work a method for the determination of Ca, Fe, Ga, Na, Si and Zn in alumina (Al(2)O(3)) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) with axial viewing is presented. Preliminary studies revealed intense aluminum spectral interference over the majority of elements and reaction between aluminum and quartz to form aluminosilicate, reducing drastically the lifetime of the torch. To overcome these problems alumina samples (250 mg) were dissolved with 5 mL HCl + 1.5 mLH(2)SO(4) + 1.5 mL H(2)O in a microwave oven. After complete dissolution the volume was completed to 20 mL and aluminum was precipitated as Al(OH)(3) with NH(3) (by bubbling NH(3) into the solution up to a pH similar to 8, for 10 min). The use of internal standards (Fe/Be, Ga/Dy, Zn/In and Na/Sc) was essential to obtain precise and accurate results. The reliability of the proposed method was checked by analysis of alumina certified reference material (Alumina Reduction Grade-699, NIST). The found concentrations (0.037%w(-1) CaO, 0.013% w w(-1) Fe(2)O(3), 0.012%w w(-1)Ga(2)O(3), 0.49% w w(-1) Na(2)O, 0.014% w w(-1) SiO(2) and 0.013% w w(-1) ZnO) presented no statistical differences compared to the certified values at a 95% confidence level. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen purification for fuel cell using CuO/CeO(2)-Al(2)O(3) catalyst

CuO/CeO(2), CuO/Al(2)O(3) and CuO/CeO(2)-Al(2)O(3) catalysts, with CuO loading varying from 1 to 5 wt.%, were prepared by the citrate method and applied to the preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide in a reaction medium containing large amounts of hydrogen (PROX-CO). The compounds were characterized ex situ by X-ray diffraction, specific surface area measurements, temperature-programmed reduction and temperature-programmed reduction of oxidized surfaces; XANES-PROX in situ experiments were also carried out to study the copper oxidation state under PROX-CO conditions. These analyses showed that in the reaction medium the Cu(0) is present as dispersed particles. On the ceria, these metallic particles are smaller and more finely dispersed, resulting in a stronger metal-support interaction than in CuO/Al(2)O(3) or CuO/CeO(2)-Al(2)O(3) catalysts, providing higher PROX-CO activity and better selectivity in the conversion of CO to CO(2) despite the greater BET area presented by samples supported on alumina. It is also shown that the lower CuO content, the higher metal dispersion and consequently the catalytic activity. The redox properties of the ceria support also contributed to catalytic performance. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Microstructural, Mechanical and Tribological Characterisation of CVD and PVD Coatings for Metal Cutting Applications

The present thesis focuses on characterisation of microstructure and the resulting mechanical and tribological properties of CVD and PVD coatings used in metal cutting applications. These thin and hard coatings are designed to improve the tribological performance of cutting tools which in metal cutting operations may result in improved cutting performance, lower energy consumption, lower production costs and lower impact on the environment.  In order to increase the understanding of the tribological behaviour of the coating systems a number of friction and wear tests have been performed and evaluated by post-test microscopy and surface analysis. Much of the work has focused on coating cohesive and adhesive strength, surface fatigue resistance, abrasive wear resistance and friction and wear behaviour under sliding contact and metal cutting conditions. The results show that the CVD deposition of accurate crystallographic phases, e.g. α-Al2O3 rather than κ-Al2O3, textures and multilayer structures can increase the wear resistance of Al2O3. However, the characteristics of the interfaces, e.g. topography as well as interfacial porosity, have a strong impact on coating adhesion and consequently on the resulting properties.  Through the deposition of well designed bonding and template layer structures the above problems may be eliminated. Also, the presence of macro-particles in PVD coatings may have a significant impact on the interfacial adhesive strength, increasing the tendency to coating spalling and lowering the surface fatigue resistance, as well as increasing the friction in sliding contacts. Finally, the CVD-Al2O3 coating topography influences the contact conditions in sliding as well as in metal cutting. In summary, the work illuminates the importance of understanding the relationships between deposition process parameters, composition and microstructure, resulting properties and tribological performance of CVD and PVD coatings and how this knowledge can be used to develop the coating materials of tomorrow.

Oxidação de propeno em catalisadores de CuO suportados em CeO2/y-alumina/cordierita

No presente trabalho, procedeu-se a preparação e caracterização de catalisadores ambientais à base de óxido de cobre suportado em -alumina (suporte)/cordierita (substrato) e que tinham como promotor o óxido de cério. A argila foi conformada via eletroforese na forma de monolitos. Após queima à 1100°C, estes foram triturados, selecionado-se partículas com diâmetro entre 0,297 < Dp < 0,590 mm. Para a obtenção de -alumina e óxidos de cério e cobre sobre as partículas, utilizou-se a técnica de impregnação a seco (umidade incipiente), usando soluções de Al(OH)3, Ce(NO)3.6H2O e Cu(NO)3.3H2O, respectivamente . Após cada impregnação, os catalisadores foram secos e calcinados. A caracterização dos catalisadores foi feita através de experimentos de TPR (Redução à Temperatura Programada), microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, tendo como reação teste a oxidação de propeno com excesso de oxigênio. A caracterização da argila precursora da cordierita foi realizada através da difratometria de raios X . Procurou-se determinar neste trabalho os tipos de sítios de óxido de cobre (através do ensaio de TPR) e valores de ordens de reação e energia de ativação para a reação de oxidação de propeno através de estudos de cinética aplicada, relacionando-se os resultados com valores da literatura. Os valores de energia de ativação obtidos neste trabalho, para a oxidação de propeno, variaram de 82 kJ/mol à 100 kJ/mol e as ordens parciais de reação do propeno de 0,73 à 1,11. Todos os resultados acima foram obtidos em reator diferencial . O efeito da adição de óxido de cério nestes catalisadores também foi abordado neste trabalho.

Aplicação de métodos de ultra-som para avaliação e caracterização da microestrutura de materiais cerâmicos à base de alumina e sua associação com propriedades mecânicas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a aplicação de métodos de ultra-som para avaliação e caracterização da microestrutura de materiais cerâmicos à base de alumina e sua associação com as propriedades mecânicas destes materiais. Para tanto, foram conformados por prensagem uniaxial corpos cerâmicos contendo 94,3% em peso de Al2O3. Os corpos cerâmicos foram sinterizados em forno de resistência elétrica em temperaturas que variaram entre 1100 e 1600 °C. A resistência mecânica e o KIc foram determinados por ensaios de flexão a quatro pontos. Para medir a resistência ao dano por choque térmico, os corpos cerâmicos foram colocados em um forno pré-aquecido na temperatura de teste e permaneceram nesta temperatura por 40 min, quando, então, foram resfriados bruscamente através da imersão dos corpos cerâmicos em água mantida a 0oC. A microestrutura dos corpos cerâmicos foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia óptica. Para os ensaios de ultra-som foram utilizados transdutores piezelétricos de 2 e 4 MHz de freqüência nominal. A imagem resultante foi tratada via software e utilizouse um osciloscópio para padronização. Foram utilizados como parâmetros a velocidade da onda ultra-sônica e a sua atenuação. Os resultados indicaram a correlação entre as propriedades acústicas do material com a sua microestrutura e com suas propriedades mecânicas, tais como, resistência mecânica, módulo de elasticidade e dano por choque térmico. Foi possível propor equações relacionando a resistência mecânica com a variação do coeficiente de atenuação e da velocidade de propagação das ondas ultra-sônicas. Sugere-se também a possibilidade de utilização do coeficiente de atenuação para a determinação da confiabilidade do material cerâmico e o seu uso para a estimativa de vida útil do material sob carga constante ou submetido a choque térmico.

Síntese de pós de alumina nanocristalina por combustão em solução

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo o estudo e desenvolvimento da técnica de síntese por combustão em solução para obtenção de nanocristais de alumina, e a caracterização desse material por diferentes técnicas. O estudo da obtenção incluiu o modelamento termodinâmico das reações investigadas e a influência da razão combustíveloxidante no tamanho de partícula. A síntese da alumina por combustão foi realizada a partir do par precursor químico glicina-nitrato de alumínio em água, para diferentes razões combustível-oxidante, temperaturas de chama e número total de moles gasosos, relacionando esses parâmetros com tamanho de cristalito no pó, deformação de rede, área superficial e porosidade total. As reações químicas de combustão em solução resultaram na formação in situ de fases metaestáveis de Al2O3 para o pó como-sintetizado. A fase Al2O3-α, cuja formação não ocorreu nem na presença de um extra-oxidante, somente foi obtida após um tratamento térmico a 1100°C do pó como-sintetizado. O modelamento termodinâmico da reação de combustão em solução mostrou que quando a razão combustível-oxidante aumenta, obtém-se uma elevação da temperatura de chama adiabática e da quantidade de gás produzida, definindo características do particulado como morfologia, tamanho de cristalito, área superficial e nível de aglomeração. A caracterização do pó utilizou técnicas como análise termodiferencial (ATD) e termogravimétrica (ATG), granulometria por dispersão de laser (GDL), BET para análise de área superficial e porosidade total, difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Os pós de alumina alfa obtidos apresentaram-se como constituídos de cristalitos nanométricos, dispostos na forma de agregados de tamanho micrométrico. O tamanho de cristalito médio, calculado pelo método de Williamson-Hall, a partir de dados de análises por DRX, foi de 97 nm, e deformação média calculada de 5x10-3 % A análise granulométrica dos pós como-sintetizados verificou um tamanho de aglomerado de 40 µm, com distribuição monomodal. As análises por MEV e MET confirmaram a aglomeração das partículas do pó como-sintetizado, a partir de partículas com morfologia irregular.

Interface microstructure of alumina mechanically metallized with Ti brazed to Fe–Ni–Co using different fillers

NASCIMENTO,R.M. et al.Interface microstructure of alumina mechanically metallized with Ti brazed to Fe–Ni–Co using different fillers. Materials Science and Engineering A, v.466, n.1/2, p. 195-200, 2007.

Infiltração de sal de alumínio em fibras de sisal para obtenção de fibras de alumina

ANDRADE JR., T. E. et al. Infiltração de sal de alumínio em fibras de sisal para obtenção de fibras de alumina. Cerâmica, v.51, n.317, p.37-41.ISSN 0366-6913. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 06 out. 2010.

Estudo de sistemas vítreos para infiltração em alumina

The system in-Ceram Alumina, produced by VITA, consists in a technique of prepare of a substructure of ceramics to dental crowns. First burning is made in the alumina decanted by slip casting process under a stone die that reproduces the tooth prepared to receive a crown. In a second burning, alumina is infiltrated by vitreous system, giving to this set a high mechanic resistance. In this work, it s made a study of the composition of a new infiltrating material more used nowadays, giving to alumina desirable mechanics proprieties to its using like substructure of support to ceramic s crown used in the market today. The addition of Lanthanum oxide (frit A) and calcium oxide (frit B) was made in attempt to increase the viscosity of LZSA and to reduce fusion temperature. The frits were put over samples of alumina and took to the tubular oven to 1400ºC under vacuum for two groups (groups 1 and 2). For another two groups (groups 3 and 4) it was made a second infiltration, following the same parameters of the first. A fifth group was utilized like group of control where the samples of pure alumina were not submitted to any infiltrating process. Glasses manifested efficient both in quality and results of analysis of mechanic resistance, being perfectly compatible with oral environment in this technical requisite. The groups that made a second infiltration had he best results of fracture toughness, qualify the use in the oral cavity in this technical question. The average of results achieved for mechanic resistance to groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were respectively 98 MPa, 90 MPa, 144 MPa, 236 MPa and 23 MPa

Estudo da zircônia reforçado com alumina

Ceramics materials have good properties including chemical stability, high hardness and wear resistance. Moreover, due to its fragility, can suffer failure under relatively low levels of tension. Actually zirconia is the material of choice in metal free dental prostheses used in dentistry due its inertia in physiological environment, good bending strength, hardness and fracture toughness. The alumina and mixed tungsten and titanium carbides additions, acting as reinforcement elements in the zirconia matrix, have as their main objective the improvement of mechanical properties of this material. In this work, samples of zirconia, zirconia with 30% wt of alumina and zirconia with 30% wt mixed carbides were analyzed. The samples were sintered by uniaxial hot pressing on 30 MPa pressure, for 1 hour in an argon atmosphere. They were physically characterized by porosity and density measurements, and mechanically by 3-points bending strength and Vickers microhardness. The X-ray diffraction was used for the phase identifications and microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of mixed carbides as reinforcement elements in zirconia matrix provides improvements in all properties analyzed in this work. The alumina addition has dropped the zirconia strength, although it caused improvement in other properties

Estruturas cerâmicas a base de zircônia e alumina utilizadas na confecção de infra - estruturas para coroas e pontes fixas

The continuous advances in ceramic systems for crowns and bridges infrastructure getting researchers and manufacturers looking for a material that has good mechanical properties and aesthetic. The purpose of this study was to verify in which composition and sintering temperature the ceramic system for infrastructure composed of alumina and zirconia would have the best mechanical properties. With this objective we made in UFRN laboratories 45 test bodies in the form of rectangular bars with the following dimensions: 30mm x 8mm x 3mm, where we separated by the sintering temperature: 1200°C, 1300ºC and 1400ºC, and by comp osition: 33% Zirconia + 67% Alumina; 50% Zirconia + 50% Alumina and 25% Zirconia + 75% Alumina, these test bodies were not infiltrated with glass. Also, were made nine test bodies by a technical from a laboratory with a commercial ceramic system: in the Ceram Zircônia (Vita - Zahnfabrik) with the following dimensions: 20mm x 10mm x 0.5mm, these test bodies following all recommendations of the manufacturer and were infiltrated with glass. Were realized optical and electronic microscopy analyses, hardness testing, resistance to bending in three points, porosity and bulk density. After analysis of the results we verified that with the increasing of sintering temperature, increased the value of resistance to bending, but with the same temperature there was no significant difference between the different compositions, samples made with the commercial ceramic that were infiltrated, presented a resistance to bending six times greater than the samples sintered to 1400°C and which have not been infiltra ted. There was no significant difference between the values of apparent porosity for the samples made in UFRN laboratories, but the samples of commercial ceramic obtained 0% in porosity apparent value. In tests of Rockwell Hardness there is an increase in the value of Hardness, with the increase of sintering temperature for the samples not infiltrated. Samples infiltrated showed similar values as the samples sintered in 1400°C. There was no significant difference between the values of apparent density among samples manufactured in UFRN laboratories and samples made with a commercial ceramic

Obtenção de óxidos a base de níquel e cobalto para reação de oxidação parcial do metano

Nickel-based catalysts supported on alumina have been widely used in various reactions to obtain synthesis gas or hydrogen. Usually, higher conversion levels are obtained by these catalysts, however, the deactivation by coke formation and sintering of metal particles are still problems to be solved. Several approaches have been employed in order to minimize these problems, among which stands out in recent years the use of additives such as oxides of alkali metals and rare earths. Similarly, the use of methodologies for the synthesis faster, easier, applicable on an industrial scale and to allow control of the microstructural characteristics of these catalysts, can together provide the solution to this problem. In this work, oxides with spinel type structure AB2O4, where A represents divalent cation and B represents trivalent cations are an important class of ceramic materials investigated worldwide in different fields of applications. The nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) was oxides of spinel type which has attracted considerable interest due to its applicability in several areas, such as chemical sensors, flat panel displays, optical limiters, electrode materials, pigments, electrocatalysis, electronic ceramics, among others. The catalyst precursor NiCo2O4 was prepared by a new chemical synthesis route using gelatine as directing agent. The polymer resin obtained was calcined at 350°C. The samples were calcined at different temperatures (550, 750 and 950°C) and characterized by X ray diffraction, measurements of specific surface area, temperature programmed reduction and scanning electron microscopy. The materials heat treated at 550 and 750°C were tested in the partial oxidation of methane. The set of techniques revealed, for solid preparations, the presence of the phase of spinel-type structure with the NiCo2O4 NixCo1-xO solid solution. This solid solution was identified by Rietveld refinement at all temperatures of heat treatment. The catalyst precursors calcined at 550 and 750°C showed conversion levels around 25 and 75%, respectively. The reason H2/CO was around 2 to the precursor treated at 750°C, proposed reason for the reaction of partial oxidation of methane, one can conclude that this material can be shown to produce synthesis gas suitable for use in the synthesis Fischer-Tropsch process