Estilo de Vida e Risco de Obesidade em Adolescentes na região de Lisboa

Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade juvenil numa amostra de população estudantil da região de Lisboa e relacioná-la com os seus determinantes (padrão alimentar e sedentarismo). Material e Métodos A população em estudo foi constituída por 1405 estudantes de escolas públicas da região de Lisboa. O peso e a altura foram registados e foi calculado o Índice de Massa Corporal. Através de um questionário auto-administrado foi obtida informação sobre o estilo de vida dos estudantes. A análise estatística teve por base o programa informático SPSS. Resultados Verificou-se que 11,8% de jovens tinham excesso de peso e 2,9% eram obesos. 23% dos inquiridos faz 3 ou menos refeições diárias, e este parâmetro está associado de forma significativa com o peso excessivo. 15% dos jovens frequenta semanalmente restaurantes de fast food, e a prevalência de obesos é maior neste grupo. 44,2% dos jovens pratica menos de 3 horas de actividade física por semana, e esta variável está estatisticamente associada ao aumento do IMC. Conclusão: O estilo de vida sedentário, com poucas refeições diárias e o frequente consumo de fast food, parecem estar associados ao risco de obesidade.

Sobre o projecto de mães e pais adolescentes

Resumo Exposição sobre dois projectos da Associação Solidariedade e Desenvolvimento do Laranjeiro: o «Tenho uma dúvida» e o «Pais e Mães Adolescentes», seguida da apresentação de um caso. Trata-se de um casal de adolescentes que têm que lidar com o facto serem «chamados» para serem pais.

O Projecto XL – Pensar em grande = A propos du projet XL

RESUMO: Este trabalho descreve pormenorizadamente as valências do projecto «XL» da Associação Solidariedade e Desenvolvimento do Laranjeiro direccionado para a população jovem, multiétnica e multicultural, bem como as diversas actividades e parcerias. Em forma de conclusão apresentamos o caso de sucesso de um jovem entrevistado por um dos técnicos do «XL». ABSTRACT:This work describes on details about the «XL» project of the Associação Solidariedade e Desenvolvimento do Laranjeiro, directed for multiethnic and multicultural teenagers. It’s about their activities and partnerships, followed with the interview conducted by a «XL» worker of a young man, a successful case of this project.

Adolescente e ato infracional : uma investigação acerca da medida socioeducativa de internação na cidade do Recife-PE

RESUMO: Este estudo procura avaliar a Medida Socioeducativa de Internação decretada a adolescentes autores de ato infracional na Cidade do Recife no ano de 2009. É um trabalho de grande importância para a sociedade brasileira, sobretudo, no que diz respeito ao combate à violência juvenil, à criminalidade em geral, e à construção de um mundo mais justo e solidário. Escolhemos a Cidade do Recife, Capital do Estado de Pernambuco, localizada na região Nordeste do Brasil, para ser o local da nossa pesquisa, por ser esta uma das mais violentas cidades do país. No decorrer desta pesquisa fizemos ainda uma breve análise do cenário sociológico da adolescência na Cidade do Recife. Em seguida estudamos o cenário jurídico dos adolescentes autores de ato infracional com base no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente – Lei nº 8.069/1990, analisando a evolução histórica do tratamento legal dispensado a estes jovens, abordando o conceito de adolescente e ato infracional, e investigando as Medidas Socioeducativas previstas na legislação brasileira, sobretudo, a Medida de Internação, pelo fato de ser a mais grave delas. Assim, além investigarmos através de dados estatísticos o quantitativo por gênero de adolescentes autores de ato infracional aos quais foram decretadas Medida de Internação, observamos os tipos de atos infracionais mais praticados. Intentamos, dessa forma, questionar a violência juvenil e o modo como a sociedade e as instituições envolvidas têm tratado a questão. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com servidores da Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo- FUNASE, entidade que trabalham diretamente com a reeducação de adolescentes autores de ato infracional submetidos à Internação na Cidade do Recife, para analisar como estão sendo aplicadas essas medidas. ABSTRACT: This study aims to evaluate the Socioeducational Measure of Internation decreed to transgressor teenagers in the City of Recife at the year 2009. This study has a big importance to Brazilian society, above all, because focalize the combat of the juvenile violence in Recife, Capital of the State of Pernambuco on the northwest of the Brazil, one of the most violent city of Brazil. During this investigation, was done a brief analysis of sociological scenery of teenage in this City. It was studied too, the juridical scenery of teenagers that committed any kind of transgression, based on the Statue of Child and the Adolescent- law n° 8.069/1990, analyzing the historical evolution of lawful treatment put into practice to this people, using the concept of adolescent and infracional act, and observing the social and educative punishment in the penal justice system of Brazil, and detaching the measure of internation, that is the gravest form of punishment. So, in this study it was investigated the quantity of transgressors adolescents based in gender and the kinds of transgression most practiced by them which results on internation measure decreed. This way, the purpose of this study is discuss about young violence and the way that society and institutions have faced this question. For this, it was realized interviews with Foundation of Socioeducative Attendance – FUNASE workers, that work directly with re-education of adolescents that committed any transgression and were submitted to internation punishment, in order to analyze how are being applied these measures.

Desesperança e agressividade na adolescência e qualidade de vinculação aos pais

RESUMO: As relações que constituímos com aqueles que de mais perto nos rodeiam são uma das partes, senão a parte mais relevante da nossa vida (Canavarro, 1999). Assim, a teoria da vinculação coloca grande ênfase na natureza da relação de vinculação (Bowlby, 1979). No primeiro capítulo é elucidado o modelo de desenvolvimento da vinculação de Bowlby (1969/1982; 1988) e de Ainsworth e colaboradores (1978). No segundo capítulo são explicadas as mudanças que ocorrem na fase da adolescência. No terceiro capítulo, é destacado o padrão comportamental agressivo do adolescente, o qual se pode traduzir numa vinculação insegura (Almeida, 2000). Estas situações podem levar o sujeito a apresentar comportamentos de desesperança, conceito este que irá ser desenvolvido no quarto capítulo. Sendo o principal objectivo da investigação estudar em que medida a qualidade de vinculação aos pais e a estrutura familiar estão relacionadas com a desesperança e a agressividade nos adolescentes, conclui-se que o adolescente com uma história de vinculação insegura apresenta menos confiança, maior alienação e, consequentemente, maior desamparo e desesperança (Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973; Bretherton & Waters, 1985). Relativamente à estrutura familiar, o estudo reporta que a coesão e a adaptabilidade estão correlacionadas positivamente com a confiança e negativamente com a alienação. ABSTRACT: The relationships that we form of those who surround us are closer to one party, if not the most important part of our lives (Canavarro, 1999). Thus, attachment theory places great emphasis on the nature of the attachment relationship (Bowlby, 1979). In the first chapter, is elucidated development model of the binding of Bowlby (1969/1982, 1988) and Ainsworth and colleagues (1978). The second chapter explains the changes that occur during adolescence. The third chapter is highlighted the behavioral patterns of aggressive adolescents, which may result in insecure attachment (Almeida, 2000). These situations can cause the subject to present behavior of hopelessness, that this concept will be developed in the fourth chapter. Since the main aim of the research study to what extent the quality of attachment to parents and family structure are related to hopelessness and aggression in teenagers, it is concluded that the adolescent with a history of insecure attachment have less trust, increased alienation and, consequently, greater helplessness and hopelessness (Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973, Bretherton & Waters, 1985). With regard to family structure, the study reports that the cohesion and adaptability are positively correlated with the confidence and negatively with alienation.

Patterns of induced abortion in urban area of Southeastern region, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess the behavior of induced abortion as a function of certain demographic variables, for the population of fertile women (15 to 49 years old) residing in the Vila Madalena subdistrict S. Paulo (Brazil). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two population samples were selected. One sample, with 996 women, investigated the incidence of induced abortions during 1987, using the RRT. In the other, involving 1,004 women, the same information was detected through a conventional approach. In both samples, the induced abortion occurring during the reproductive life was recorded in direct fashion. Though this analysis refers only to information about past abortions, that is by 2,000 women -, it should be noted that it is exactly the RRT that lends credibility to the found or results given results. CONCLUSION: The analysis furnishes evidence showing that single women, young women between the ages of 15 and 19, women who have not had live births, women who have a number of children below the expected ideal, women who use contraceptive methods (especially inefficient ones) and women who do not have any restrictions as to abortion constitute the categories most inclined to resort to induced abortion. This grouping suggests the existence of interrelationships between categories, that is, each of these categories is probably composed primarily of the same women, those who are at the beginning of their reproductive lives.

Incidence rate and spatio-temporal clustering of type 1 diabetes in Santiago, Chile, from 1997 to 1998

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence rate of type 1 diabetes in the urban area of Santiago, Chile, from March 21, 1997 to March 20, 1998, and to assess the spatio-temporal clustering of cases during that period. METHODS: All sixty-one incident cases were located temporally (day of diagnosis) and spatially (place of residence) in the area of study. Knox's method was used to assess spatio-temporal clustering of incident cases. RESULTS: The overall incidence rate of type 1 diabetes was 4.11 cases per 100,000 children aged less than 15 years per year (95% confidence interval: 3.06--5.14). The incidence rate seems to have increased since the last estimate of the incidence calculated for the years 1986--1992 in the metropolitan region of Santiago. Different combinations of space-time intervals have been evaluated to assess spatio-temporal clustering. The smallest p-value was found for the combination of critical distances of 750 meters and 60 days (uncorrected p-value = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Although these are preliminary results regarding space-time clustering in Santiago, exploratory analysis of the data method would suggest a possible aggregation of incident cases in space-time coordinates.

Occupational accidents among middle and high school students of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of occupational injuries and identify their risk factors among students in two municipalities. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in public schools of the municipalities of Santo Antonio do Pinhal and Monteiro Lobato, Brazil. A stratified probabilistic sample was drawn from public middle and high schools of the study municipalities. A total of 781 students aged 11 to 19 years participated in the study. Students attending middle and high school answered a comprehensive questionnaire on living and working conditions, as well as aspects of work injuries, and health conditions. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to estimate risk factors of previous and present occupational injuries. RESULTS: Of 781 students, 604 previously had or currently have jobs and 47% reported previous injuries. Among current workers (n=555), 38% reported injuries on their current job. Risk factors for work injuries with statistically significant odds ratio >2.0 included attending evening school, working as a housekeeper, waiter or brickmaker, and with potentially dangerous machines. CONCLUSIONS: The study results reinforce the need of restricting adolescent work and support communities to implement social promotion programs.

Intergenerational interaction in health promotion: a qualitative study in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: In 1994 a pilot intergenerational project was started in the city of Taguatinga, Brazil, to promote the well-being of both elderly and adolescent populations using reminiscence processes as a means of interaction. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the project from the participants' viewpoint and to improve the contribution of those age groups in building up social capital. METHODS: From November 1999 to April 2000 a qualitative study using focus groups technique was conducted. Using a discussion guide, 9 groups of students, ranging in age from 13 to 19 years old, and 3 groups of elderly aged 60 years and over were interviewed to collect data regarding their interaction before and after an intergenerational program. RESULTS: The main findings suggested a change in attitude of young people toward old age and elderly people. Participating elderly people reported improvement in their health status. For both age groups the findings suggested a better understanding between generations. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that reminiscence intergenerational activity contributes to building up mutual trust and reciprocity. These results seem to indicate this is an alternative for investing in social capital and improving participants' well-being. However, further work is needed to support these findings.

Álcool e jovens em idade escolar: comportamentos e conhecimentos associados ao consumo - Intervenção do técnico de Anatomia Patológica na promoção da saúde em comunidades escolares

Qual é a relação entre a participação na ação de informação e esclarecimento e o nível de conhecimento, adquirido pelos alunos do 9º ano de escolaridade que pertencem a sub-região da Grande Lisboa sobre o álcool e patologias associadas ao seu consumo?

Influence of environmental temperature and humidity on the acute ventilatory response to exercise in asthmatic adolescents

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the respiratory airways affecting people of all ages, and constitutes a serious public health problem worldwide (6). Such a chronic inflammation is invariably associated with injury and repair of the bronchial epithelium known as remodelling (11). Inflammation, remodelling, and altered neural control of the airways are responsible for both recurrent exacerbations of asthma and increasingly permanent airflow obstruction (11, 29, 34). Excessive airway narrowing is caused by altered smooth muscle behaviour, in close interaction with swelling of the airway walls, parenchyma retractile forces, and enhanced intraluminal secretions (29, 38). All these functional and structural changes are associated with the characteristic symptoms of asthma – cough, chest tightness, and wheezing –and have a significant impact on patients’ daily lives, on their families and also on society (1, 24, 29). Recent epidemiological studies show an increase in the prevalence of asthma, mainly in industrial countries (12, 25, 37). The reasons for this increase may depend on host factors (e.g., genetic disposition) or on environmental factors like air pollution or contact with allergens (6, 22, 29). Physical exercise is probably the most common trigger for brief episodes of symptoms, and is assumed to induce airflow limitations in most asthmatic children and young adults (16, 24, 29, 33). Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is defined as an intermittent narrowing of the airways, generally associated with respiratory symptoms (chest tightness, cough, wheezing and dyspnoea), occurring after 3 to 10 minutes of vigorous exercise with a maximal severity during 5 to 15 minutes after the end of the exercise (9, 14, 16, 24, 33). The definitive diagnosis of EIA is confirmed by the measurement of pre- and post-exercise expiratory flows documenting either a 15% fall in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), or a ≥15 to 20% fall in peak expiratory flow (PEF) (9, 24, 29). Some types of physical exercise have been associated with the occurrence of bronchial symptoms and asthma (5, 15, 17). For instance, demanding activities such as basketball or soccer could cause more severe attacks than less vigorous ones such as baseball or jogging (33). The mechanisms of exercise-induced airflow limitations seem to be related to changes in the respiratory mucosa induced by hyperventilation (9, 29). The heat loss from the airways during exercise, and possibly its post-exercise rewarming may contribute to the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) (27). Additionally, the concomitant dehydration from the respiratory mucosa during exercise leads to an increased interstitial osmolarity, which may also contribute to bronchoconstriction (4, 36). So, the risk of EIB in asthmatically predisposed subjects seems to be higher with greater ventilation rates and the cooler and drier the inspired air is (23). The incidence of EIA in physically demanding coldweather sports like competitive figure skating and ice hockey has been found to occur in up to 30 to 35% of the participants (32). In contrast, swimming is often recommended to asthmatic individuals, because it improves the functionality of respiratory muscles and, moreover, it seems to have a concomitant beneficial effect on the prevalence of asthma exacerbations (14, 26), supporting the idea that the risk of EIB would be smaller in warm and humid environments. This topic, however, remains controversial since the chlorified water of swimming pools has been suspected as a potential trigger factor for some asthmatic patients (7, 8, 20, 21). In fact, the higher asthma incidence observed in industrialised countries has recently been linked to the exposition to chloride (7, 8, 30). Although clinical and epidemiological data suggest an influence of humidity and temperature of the inspired air on the bronchial response of asthmatic subjects during exercise, some of those studies did not accurately control the intensity of the exercise (2, 13), raising speculation of whether the experienced exercise overload was comparable for all subjects. Additionally, most of the studies did not include a control group (2, 10, 19, 39), which may lead to doubts about whether asthma per se has conditioned the observed results. Moreover, since the main targeted age group of these studies has been adults (10, 19, 39), any extrapolation to childhood/adolescence might be questionable regarding the different lung maturation. Considering the higher incidence of asthma in youngsters (30) and the fact that only the works of Amirav and coworkers (2, 3) have focused on this age group, a scarcity of scientific data can be identified. Additionally, since the main environmental trigger factors, i.e., temperature and humidity, were tested separately (10, 28, 39) it would be useful to analyse these two variables simultaneously because of their synergic effect on water and heat loss by the airways (31, 33). It also appears important to estimate the airway responsiveness to exercise within moderate environmental ranges of temperature and humidity, trying to avoid extreme temperatures and humidity conditions used by others (2, 3). So, the aim of this study was to analyse the influence of moderate changes in air temperature and humidity simultaneously on the acute ventilatory response to exercise in asthmatic children. To overcome the above referred to methodological limitations, we used a 15 minute progressive exercise trial on a cycle ergometer at 3 different workload intensities, and we collected data related to heart rate, respiratory quotient, minute ventilation and oxygen uptake in order to ensure that physiological exercise repercussions were the same in both environments. The tests were done in a “normal” climatic environment (in a gymnasium) and in a hot and humid environment (swimming pool); for the latter, direct chloride exposition was avoided.

O impacto do excesso de gordura corporal sobre a remodelação óssea de adolescentes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Auto-medicação em adolescentes do Ensino Secundário de Vila Nova de Gaia

Este trabalho de investigação encontra-se estruturado em cinco capítulos. Na Introdução geral, é apresentado o estado de arte, sendo definido o tema da investigação. No segundo capítulo são apresentados os objectivos do trabalho: geral e específicos. No capítulo da Metodologia encontram-se definidos o tipo de estudo, a população em estudo e amostra, o instrumento de recolha de dados e sua validação, as considerações éticas e finalmente, os testes estatísticos utilizados. No quarto capítulo encontram-se os Artigos redigidos, tendo sido um deles submetido à "Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Pública', cujo factor de impacto em 2009 foi de 2,655 e o outro será submetido à posteriori à revista "Pharmaceutica/ Researcli', cujo factor de impacto em 2009 foi de 3,933. O último capítulo integra as Considerações Finais. Apresenta-se como objectivo geral determinar a prevalência da automedicação numa faixa etária específica- a adolescência, procedendo para tal, a uma recolha de dados perante questionário efectuado a alunos de 12° ano das Escolas Secundárias de Vila Nova de Gaia. Foram obtidas 699 respostas, tendo sido constatada uma prevalência de auto-medicação em 83,8% dos alunos inquiridos. Esta prevalência é considerada elevada, havendo uma necessidade de desenvolver programas educacionais, promovendo aos adolescentes uma utilização adequada dos medicamentos.

Is the offence the best defense? Influences of childhood experiences and paranoia in the aggression in Azorean youths

A ideação paranoide é um processo cognitivo e social que pode ser considerado normativo (e.g. sentimentos de desconfiança ocasionais) ou disfuncional, constituindo-se, neste ultimo caso, como um sintoma psicopatológico (e.g. delírios paranoides). Mesmo em níveis subclínicos, a ideação paranoide pode constituir um entrave para o bom funcionamento interpessoal, na medida em que o comportamento disruptivo que dela advém pode afetar todas as esferas de funcionamento do indivíduo (e.g. relações familiares, entre pares, profissionais e/ou académicas). O presente estudo explorará a influência dos estilos parentais e o papel mediador da ideação paranoide na agressividade durante a adolescência, bem como as implicações para a prevenção e intervenção em contextos clínicos e educacionais.