Laparoscope use and surgical site infections in digestive surgery

Rapport de synthèse : But: comparer les taux d'infections du site chirurgical (ISC) en fonction de la voie d'abord, ouverte ou laparoscopique, pour 3 procédures : l'appendicectomie, la cholécystectomie et la colectomie. Evaluer l'effet de la laparoscopie sur l'ISC pour ces trois interventions. Contexte : la laparoscopie est associée à de nombreux avantages par rapport à la chirurgie ouverte. Parmi ceux-ci, des taux inférieurs d'ISC ont été rapportés lors de laparoscopie. Ceci a été décrit en particulier lors de cholécystectomie. Mais des biais tels que le manque de suivi après la sortie de l'hôpital, et certains facteurs confondants, auraient pu contribuer à l'observation de différences entre ces deux techniques. Méthode : étude descriptive basée sur des données collectées entre mars 1998 et décembre 2004 de manière prospective dans le cadre d'un programme de surveillance des ISC dans 8 hôpitaux suisses. Ce programme comportait un suivi standardisé après le départ de l'hôpital. Les taux d'ISC ont été comparés après interventions faites par laparoscopie et chirurgie ouverte. Différents paramètres pouvant influencer la survenue d'une infection ont été identifiés en utilisant des modèles de régression logistiques. Résultats : les taux d'ISC après interventions par laparoscopie et par voie ouverte ont été respectivement de 59/1051 (5.6%) versus 117/1417 (8.3%) après appendicectomie (p = 0.01), 46/2606 (1.7%) versus 35/144 (7.9%) après cholécystectomie (p < 0.0001), et 35/311 (11.3%) versus 400/1781 (22.5%) après colectomie (p < 0,0001). Après ajustement, les interventions par laparoscopie étaient associées à un taux inférieur d'ISC : odds ratio = 0.61 (IC 95% : 0.43 - 0.87) pour l'appendicectomie, 0.27 (0.16 - 0.43) pour la cholécystectomie et 0.43 (0.29 - 0.63) pour la colectomie. Discussion et conclusion : bien que les patients aient quitté plus tôt l'hôpital après une intervention laparoscopique, leur suivi à un mois a été identique, ce qui a permis d'éviter une sous-estimation des ISC après chirurgie laparoscopique. De plus, l'analyse multivariée a inclus de nombreux facteurs potentiellement confondants, et l'utilisation de la laparoscopie était indépendamment et significativement liée à un effet protecteur à l'égard de l'ISC. La laparoscopie lors d'appendicectomie, cholécystectomie et colectomie semble diminuer le taux d'ISC en comparaison à la même chirurgie pratiquée par voie ouverte. Lorsqu'elle est faisable, cette voie d'abord minimalement invasive devrait être préférée à la chirurgie ouverte.

Mobile or fixed bearing for total knee arthroplasty? Ambulatory gait analysis results

Background: Mobile-bearing knee replacements have some theoretical advantages over fixed-bearing devices. However, very few randomized controlled clinical trials have been published to date, and studies showed little clinical and subjective advantages for the mobile-bearing using traditional systems of scoring. The choice of the ideal outcome measure to assess total joint replacement remains a complex issue. However, gait analysis provides objective and quantifying evidences of treatment evaluation. Significant methodological advances are currently made in gait analysis laboratories and ambulatory gait devices are now available. The goal of this study was to provide gait parameters as a new objective method to assess total knee arthroplasty outcome between patients with fixed- and mobile-bearing, using an ambulatory device with minimal sensor configuration. This randomized controlled double-blind study included to date 14 patients: the gait signatures of four patients with mobile-bearing were compared to the gait signatures of nine patients with fixed-bearing pre-operatively and post-operatively at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months. Each participant was asked to perform two walking trials of 30m long at his/her preferred speed and to complete a EQ-5D questionnaire, a WOMAC and Knee Society Score (KSS). Lower limbs rotations were measured by four miniature angular rate sensors mounted respectively, on each shank and thigh. A new method for a portable system for gait analysis has been developed with very encouraging results regarding the objective outcome of total knee arthroplasty using mobile- and fixed-bearings.

Note méthodologique sur la collaboration entre praticiens dans le secteur ambulatoire. [Methodologic note on the collaboration between practitioners in the ambulatory care sector].

There are still few studies about the collaboration between ambulatory practitioners (physicians and paramedical services). Nevertheless, the interest seems to be growing for this aspect of health care; it involves indeed basic organisational problems as well as fundamental questions about quality of care and its economic implication. A basic problem is rooted in the inevitable contradiction of the efforts towards a highly qualified-i.e. specialised-care on the one hand and those towards continuity on the other hand.

Vitreoretinal surgery for complications of choroidal tumor biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery after choroidal tumor biopsy. DESIGN: Retrospective, single-center, consecutive case series. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 739 consecutive patients undergoing choroidal tumor biopsy. METHODS: All subjects who underwent transretinal or transscleral choroidal tumor biopsy for diagnostic or prognostic purposes between May 1993 and May 2013 were identified in our database. We then reviewed patients who subsequently required secondary vitreoretinal surgery for complications arising from such biopsies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reason for vitreoretinal surgery, association with biopsy procedure, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA; logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]), intraocular or extrascleral tumor dissemination, resolution of vitreous hemorrhage, reattachment of the retina with a single vitreoretinal procedure, number of additional vitrectomies undertaken, and number of enucleations. RESULTS: A total of 20 of 739 eyes (2.7%) underwent vitreoretinal surgery for complications arising from choroidal tumor biopsy. The tumors consisted of choroidal melanoma in all 20 eyes. The reasons for the secondary surgery included persistent vitreous hemorrhage in 1.9% (14/739), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in 0.7% (5/739), and endophthalmitis in 0.14% (1/739). Median BCVA improved from 2.0 logMAR (mean, 1.92 logMAR; range, 0.8-2.7 logMAR) before vitrectomy to 0.72 logMAR (mean, 0.88 logMAR; range, -0.14 to 2.7 logMAR) after vitrectomy and 0.76 logMAR (mean, 1.14 logMAR; range, 0.1-3.0 logMAR) at the final visit (P < 0.0001, t test). Permanent resolution of vitreous hemorrhage was achieved in 6 of 14 patients, and reattachment of the retina was achieved in 2 of 5 patients after the first vitrectomy. A median of 1 (mean, 1.5; range, 1-3) additional vitrectomy was performed. Enucleation was necessary in 3 of 20 eyes (15%). There were no cases of intraocular invasion or extrascleral extension after vitrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy for complications of choroidal tumor biopsy is rare. Such corrective surgery is complex and is best undertaken by specialized ocular oncologists or vitreoretinal surgeons with experience in managing this problem.

Use of non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to screen for high-risk hypertensive patients.

Blood pressures measured casually by a doctor often differ considerably from those recorded during everyday activities away from the medical environment. In the present study, we compared office and ambulatory recorded pressures in 475 consecutive untreated patients diagnosed hypertensive by physicians. Blood pressure monitored non-invasively during the day was, on average 15/7 mmHg lower than the corresponding office pressures. The difference between office and ambulatory recorded pressure tended to be greatest in those patients with the highest office blood pressure levels, although the relationship between the two types of measurement was too weak (r = 0.50 and 0.38 for systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively) to have any predictive value in the individual patient. Office blood pressures were at least 10 mmHg higher than ambulatory pressures in 62% of patients for systolic and 42% for diastolic pressure. Blood pressure levels recorded during ambulatory monitoring were higher than in the doctor's office for 18% of patients for systolic and 22% for diastolic pressure. Among patients with systolic pressures of between 161 and 180 mmHg or diastolic pressures between 96 and 105 mmHg when facing a doctor, 27 and 37% respectively, showed markedly lower systolic (less than 140 mmHg) or diastolic (less than 90 mmHg) ambulatory recorded pressures. These data therefore indicate that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may help to identify those truly hypertensive patients who are most likely to benefit from antihypertensive therapy.

Penetrating or Stricturing Diseases are the Major Determinants of Time to First and Repeat Resection Surgery in Crohn's Disease.

Background: About 80% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) require bowel resection and up to 65% will undergo a second resection within 10 years. This study reports clinical risk factors for resection surgery (RS) and repeat RS. Methods: Retrospective cohort study, using data from patients included in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort. Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate rates of initial and repeated RS. Results: Out of 1,138 CD cohort patients, 417 (36.6%) had already undergone RS at the time of inclusion. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the probability of being free of RS was 65% after 10 years, 42% after 20 years, and 23% after 40 years. Perianal involvement (PA) did not modify this probability to a significant extent. The main adjusted risk factors for RS were smoking at diagnosis (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.33; p = 0.006), stricturing with vs. without PA (HR = 4.91 vs. 4.11; p < 0.001) or penetrating disease with vs. without PA (HR = 3.53 vs. 4.58; p < 0.001). The risk factor for repeat RS was penetrating disease with vs. without PA (HR = 3.17 vs. 2.24; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The risk of RS was confirmed to be very high for CD in our cohort. Smoking status at diagnosis, but mostly penetrating and stricturing diseases increase the risk of RS.

Treatment of advanced ovarian cancer with surgery, chemotherapy, and consolidation of response by whole-abdominal radiotherapy.

Between April 1981 and June 1985, 195 patients with ovarian cancer, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stages IIB, IIC, III, and IV, entered a trial that consisted of surgery and chemotherapy with cisplatin (P) and melphalan (PAM) with or without hexamethylmelamine (HexaPAMP or PAMP regimens) every 4 weeks for 6 cycles. Because the intent was to study the outcome by treatment after evaluation of first-line chemotherapy, patients were evaluable only if the response was assessed by a second-look operation or if measurable disease progression was documented. One hundred fifty-eight patients (81%) were evaluable for response. Forty-five (28%) achieved pathologically confirmed complete remissions (pCR), and 24 of these patients received whole-abdominal radiation (WAR) for consolidation of response. Five patients with complete remission after WAR relapsed, as did nine of the 21 with complete remission who had not undergone WAR. The 3-year time to progression percentage (TTP +/- SE) from second-look operation was 70% +/- 7% for all patients who achieved pCR, 83% +/- 8% for those who received WAR, and 49% +/- 15% for those who did not receive WAR (this was not a randomized comparison). The 3-year TTP percentage for the 49 partial responders was 21% +/- 6%, identical for the 19 who had WAR and the 30 who had no radiation therapy. Additional or alternative methods for consolidation of pCR are needed since patients continue to relapse despite optimal initial response to therapy.

L'analyse des renvois régionaux et interrégionaux en pratique médicale ambulatoire. [Analysis of regional and interregional referrals in ambulatory medical practice].

This article examines, in two Swiss cantons, the interdependence from a medical care point of view of various regions (health planning zones in one canton, political districts in the other). The volume and the destination of patient referrals prescribed by physicians in ambulatory practice are analyzed. The available data (on 1609 referrals) were gathered by the practitioners themselves, during a National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey type study in February-March 1981, in which 203 physicians participated. Several indicators are proposed (including an integration coefficient and an attraction coefficient for each zone); they show marked differences among the regions. This dynamic approach, based on the effective behavior of physicians, appears to be of major interest for health planning purposes (as compared with the frequent practice to use mainly parameters in relation with the availability of care services--the "supply"--numbers of professionals and/or health facilities).

Role of vitreoretinal surgery in maximizing treatment outcome following complications after proton therapy for uveal melanoma.

L'utilisation de faisceaux de protons accélérés dans le traitement des mélanomes de l'uvée a été utilisée pour la première fois en Suisse (et par ailleurs en Europe) en 1984. Depuis, la protonthérapie a constamment évolué avec des logiciels toujours plus performants et précis pour devenir à l'heure actuelle le traitement de référence pour ce type de tumeurs. Ainsi, jusqu'à ce jour, l'Institut Paul Scherrer à Villigen a traité plus de 7000 cas de tumeurs oculaires. Mais la protonthérapie, aussi efficace soit-elle avec un taux de guérison de plus de 98%, comporte malheureusement un certain nom bre d'effets secondaires et indésirables pouvant parfois mener le patient jusqu'à l'énucléation secondai re. De la simple dermatite actinique à l'hémorragie intravitréenne massive, les complications induites sont pour la plupart bien connues et documentées mais leurs prises en charge, notamment sur un organe préalablement irradié diffèrent. Alors que nous avons beaucoup de recul sur la protonthérapie, la gestion de ses complications reste propre à chaque centre de soin et n'est que très peu documentée. Les complications majeures de la protonthérapie qui ont nécessité une prise en charge par le chirurgien vitrorétinien représentent souvent un défi majeur. Bien que rares, puisqu'elles ne représentent que 2% de notre collectif, celles-ci peuvent avoir de lourdes conséquences. Pa r exemple, une hémorragie intravitréenne massive, complication la plus fréquente dans notre série, compromet l'observation de la tumeur au fond d'oeil et empêche le bon suivi oncologique. La chirurgie vitrorétinienne a alors pour mission, de restaurer la transparence des milieux, élément indispensable à l'ophtalmologue pour le suivi clinique, iconographique et radiologique des mélanomes de l'uvée. Secondairement, cette chirurgie permet parfois d'augmenter l'acuité visuelle de l'oeil malade. La chirurgie vitrorétinienne est un précieux atout pour l'oncologue et permet d'éviter une énucléation secondaire. Elle participe ainsi à la prise en charge globale du patient atteint de mélanome de l'uvée.

The Smartcanula: a new tool for remote access perfusion in limited access cardiac surgery.

Devices for venous cannulation have seen significant progress over time: the original, rigid steel cannulas have evolved toward flexible plastic cannulas with wire support that prevents kinking, very thin walled wire wound cannulas allowing for percutaneous application, and all sorts of combinations. In contrast to all these rectilinear venous cannula designs, which present the same cross-sectional area over their entire intravascular path, the smartcanula concept of "collapsed insertion and expansion in situ" is the logical next step for venous access. Automatically adjusting cross-sectional area up to a pre-determined diameter or the vessel lumen provides optimal flow and ease of use for both, insertion and removal. Smartcanula performance was assessed in a small series of patients (76 +/- 17 kg) undergoing redo procedures. The calculated target pump flow (2.4 L/min/m2) was 4.42 +/- 61 L/ min. Mean pump flow achieved during cardiopulmonary bypass was 4.84 +/- 87 L/min or 110% of the target. Reduced atrial chatter, kink resistance in situ, and improved blood drainage despite smaller access orifice size, are the most striking advantages of this new device. The benefits of smart cannulation are obvious in remote cannulation for limited access cardiac surgery, but there are many other cannula applications where space is an issue, and that is where smart cannulation is most effective.

The results of surgery, with or without radiotherapy, for primary spinal myxopapillary ependymoma: a retrospective study from the rare cancer network.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of patients with primary spinal myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from a series of 85 (35 females, 50 males) patients with spinal MPE were collected in this retrospective multicenter study. Thirty-eight (45%) underwent surgery only and 47 (55%) received postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Median administered radiation dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 22.2-59.4). Median follow-up of the surviving patients was 60.0 months (range, 0.2-316.6). RESULTS: The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 50.4% and 74.8% for surgery only and surgery with postoperative low- (<50.4 Gy) or high-dose (>or=50.4 Gy) RT, respectively. Treatment failure was observed in 24 (28%) patients. Fifteen patients presented treatment failure at the primary site only, whereas 2 and 1 patients presented with brain and distant spinal failure only. Three and 2 patients with local failure presented with concomitant spinal distant seeding and brain failure, respectively. One patient failed simultaneously in the brain and spine. Age greater than 36 years (p = 0.01), absence of neurologic symptoms at diagnosis (p = 0.01), tumor size >or=25 mm (p = 0.04), and postoperative high-dose RT (p = 0.05) were variables predictive of improved PFS on univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, only postoperative high-dose RT was independent predictors of PFS (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The observed pattern of failure was mainly local, but one fifth of the patients presented with a concomitant spinal or brain component. Postoperative high-dose RT appears to significantly reduce the rate of tumor progression.

Medicine and Science in a New Medical-surgical Context: The Royal College of Surgery of Barcelona (1760–1843)

Taking the Royal College of Barcelona (1760 -1843) as a case study this paper shows the development of modern surgery in Spain initiated by Bourbon Monarchy founding new kinds of institutions through their academic activities of spreading scientific knowledge. Antoni Gimbernat was the most famousinternationally recognised Spanish surgeon. He was trained as a surgeon at the Royal College of Surgery in Cadiz and was later appointed as professor of theAnatomy in the College of Barcelona. He then became Royal Surgeon of King Carlos IV and with that esteemed position in Madrid he worked resiliently to improve the quality of the Royal colleges in Spain. Learning human bodystructure by performing hands-on dissections in the anatomical theatre has become a fundamental element of modern medical education. Gimbernat favoured the study of natural sciences, the new chemistry of Lavoisier and experimental physics in the academic programs of surgery. According to the study of a very relevant set of documents preserved in the library, the so-called “juntas literarias”, among the main subjects debated in the clinical sessions was the concept of human beings and diseases in relation to the development of the new experimental sciences. These documents showed that chemistry andexperimental physics were considered crucial tools to understand the unexplained processes that occurred in the diseased and healthy human bodyand in a medico-surgical context. It is important to stress that through these manuscripts we can examine the role and the reception of the new sciences applied to healing arts.

Pseudophakic Retinal Detachment Surgery by 23 G Vitrectomy using Slit-Lamp and Non-Contact 90 D Lens.

Background: The purpose of this study is to report the anatomic and functional results of primary 23 G vitrectomy using slit-lamp and non-contact 90 D lens for the treatment of pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Patients and Methods: Pseudophakic eyes were operated by 23 G vitrectomy using slit-lamp and non-contact 90 D lens, internal subretinal fluid drainage, cryopexy and internal gas tamponade. The preoperative and postoperative characteristics were analysed. Main outcome measures were anatomic success rates after initial surgical intervention and after reoperation for primary failures, visual outcome at the last follow-up visit, and complications. Results: 46 pseudophakic eyes were included in this retrospective study (October 2013- January 2014). In 40 cases, sulfur hexafluoride 23 % gastamponade was used, silicone oil in 6 cases (13 %). The retina was reattached successfully after a single surgery in 44 eyes (96 %). Recurrence of retinal detachment occurred in 2 eyes. Final anatomic reattachment was obtained in 100 % after a second operation. Silicone oil was removed in all eyes. Visual acuity improved significantly from logMAR 0 (IQR 0 - 0.9) to logMAR 0 (IQR 0 - 0.2) (p < 0.005). Conclusions: Primary 23 G vitrectomy using slit-lamp and non contact 90 D lens for the treatment of pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment provides a high anatomic and functional success rate and is associated with few complications.

Correction of pectus excavatum combined with open heart surgery in a patient with Marfan's syndrome.

We report a patient with Marfan's syndrome and pectus excavatum who underwent open heart surgery with simultaneous correction of the sternal malformation. Permanent internal stabilization, achieved by bilateral overlapping of the bevelled ends of the lowest ribs and reinforced with sternal closure wires offered a maintained postoperative chest wall stability, avoided the potential postoperative complications of cardiac compression, and improved the aesthetic appearance of the anterior chest wall. The increased risk of bleeding due to extensive dissection was minimized by postponing the repair of pectus excavatum to when protamin is administered after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass.