Rod bipolar cells in the retina of the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella): Characterization and distribution

Rod bipolar cells in Cebus apella monkey retina were identified by an antibody against the alpha isoform of protein kinase C (PKC alpha). which has been shown to selectively identify rod bipolars in two other primates and various mammals. Vertical sections were used to confirm the identity of these cells by their characteristic morphology of dendrites and axons. Their topographic distribution was assessed in horizontal sections; counts taken along the dorsal, ventral, nasal, and temporal quadrants. The density of rod bipolar cells increased from 500 to 2900 cells/mm(2) at 1 mm from the fovea to reach a peak of 10,000-12,000 cellss/mm(2) at 4 mm, approximately 5 deg of eccentricity, and then gradually decreased toward retinal periphery to values of 5000 cells/mm(2) or less. Rod to rod bipolar density ratio remained between 10 and 20 across most of the retinal extension. The number of rod bipolar cells per retina was 6,360,000 +/- 387,433 (mean +/- S.D., n = 6). The anti-PKC alpha antibody has shown to be a good marker of rod bipolar cells of Cebus, and the cell distribution is similar to that described for other primates. In spite of the difference in the central retina, the density variation of rod bipolar cells in the Cebus and Macaca as well as the convergence from rod to rod bipolar cells are Generally similar, suggesting that both retinae stabilize similar sensitivity (as measured by rod density) and convergence.

Plasmodium falciparum Accompanied the Human Expansion out of Africa

Plasmodium falciparum is distributed throughout the tropics and is responsible for an estimated 230 million cases of malaria every year, with a further 1.4 billion people at risk of infection [1-3]. Little is known about the genetic makeup of P. falciparum populations, despite variation in genetic diversity being a key factor in morbidity, mortality, and the success of malaria control initiatives. Here we analyze a worldwide sample of 519 P. falciparum isolates sequenced for two housekeeping genes (63 single nucleotide polymorphisms from around 5000 nucleotides per isolate). We observe a strong negative correlation between within-population genetic diversity and geographic distance from sub-Saharan Africa (R(2) = 0.95) over Africa, Asia, and Oceania. In contrast, regional variation in transmission intensity seems to have had a negligible impact on the distribution of genetic diversity. The striking geographic patterns of isolation by distance observed in P. falciparum mirror the ones previously documented in humans [4-7] and point to a joint sub-Saharan African origin between the parasite and its host. Age estimates for the expansion of P. falciparum further support that anatomically modern humans were infected prior to their exit out of Africa and carried the parasite along during their colonization of the world.

Hyperbolicity of semigroup algebras

Let A be a finite-dimensional Q-algebra and Gamma subset of A a Z-order. We classify those A with the property that Z(2) negated right arrow U(Gamma) and refer to this as the hyperbolic property. We apply this in case A = K S is a semigroup algebra, with K = Q or K = Q(root-d). A complete classification is given when KS is semi-simple and also when S is a non-semi-simple semigroup. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Flow injection amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in household commercial products with a ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate modified electrode

Hydrogen peroxide was determined in oral antiseptic and bleach samples using a flow-injection system with amperometric detection. A glassy carbon electrode modified by electrochemical deposition of ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate was used as working electrode and a homemade Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl) electrode and a platinum wire were used as reference and counter electrodes, respectively. The electrocatalytic reduction process allowed the determination of hydrogen peroxide at 0.0 V. A linear relationship between the cathodic peak current and concentration of hydrogen peroxide was obtained in the range 10-5000 mu mol L(-1) with detection and quantification limits of 1.7 (S/N = 3) and 5.9 (S/N = 10) mu mol L(-1), respectively. The repeatability of the method was evaluated using a 500 mu mol L(-1) hydrogen peroxide solution, the value obtained being 1.6% (n = 14). A sampling rate of 112 samples h(-1) was achieved at optimised conditions. The method was employed for the quantification of hydrogen peroxide in two commercial samples and the results were in agreement with those obtained by using a recommended procedure.

Simple method for determination of cocaine and main metabolites in urine by CE coupled to MS

in this work, a simple method for the simultaneous determination of cocaine (COC) and five COC metabolites (benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene (CET), anhydroecgonine, anhydroecgonine methyl ester and ecgonine methyl ester) in human urine using CE coupled to MS via electrospray ionization (CE-ESI-MS) was developed and validated. Formic acid at 1 mol/L concentration was used as electrolyte whereas formic acid at 0.05 mol/L concentration in 1:1 methanol:water composed the coaxial sheath liquid at the ESI nozzle. The developed method presented good linearity in the dynamic range from 250 ng/mL to 5000 ng/mL (coefficient of determination greater than 0.98 for all compounds). LODs (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) were 100 ng/mL for COC and CET and 250 ng/mL for the other studied metabolites whereas LOQ`s (signal-to-noise ratio of 10) were 250 ng/mL for COC and CET and 500 ng/mL for all other compounds. Intra-day precision and recovery tests estimated at three different concentration levels (500, 1500 and 5000 ng/mL) provided RSD lower than 10% (except anhydroecgonine, 18% RSD) and recoveries from 83-109% for all analytes. The method was successfully applied to real cases. For the positive urine samples, the presence of COC and its` metabolites was further confirmed by MS/MS experiments.

Electronic synergism in [RuCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)(amine)] complexes differing the reactivity for ROMP of norbornene and norbornadiene

The reactivity of the new complex [RuCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)(3,5-Me(2)piperidine)], complex 1, was investigated for ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene (NBE) and norbornadiene (NBD) in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) in CHCl(3). The aim is to observe the combination of PPh(3) and an amine as ancillary ligands concerning the steric hindrance and the electronic perturbation in the properties of the N-bound site when replacing the amines. Thus, the results with 1 were compared to the results obtained when the amine is piperidine (complex 2). Reaction with 1 provides 70% yield of isolated polyNBE (M(n) =8.3 x 10(4) g/mol; PDI = 2.03), whereas 2 provides quantitative reaction (M(n) = 1.2 x 10(5) g/mol; PDI = 1.90) with [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000, [EDA]/[Ru] = 48 and 1.1 mu mol of Ru for 5 min at 25 degrees C. The resulting polymers showed c.a. 62% of trans-polyNBE, determined by (1)H NMR, and T(g) = 32 degrees C, determined by DSC and DMTA. For ROMP of NBD, 1 showed quantitative yield with PDI =2.62 when [NBD]/[Ru] = 5000 for 20 min at 25 degrees C, whereas the reaction with 2 reached 55% with PDI = 2.16 in the same conditions. It is concluded that the presence of the two methyl groups in the piperidine ring provides an increase in the induction period to produce the Ru-carbene species justifying better polyNBE results with 2, and a greater amine(sigma)-> Ru(pi)-> monomer synergism which contributed to the best activation of less tensioned olefin as NBD. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The influence of perhydroazepine and piperidine as further ancillary ligands on Ru-PPh(3)-based catalysts for ROMP of norbornene and norbornadiene

Polynorbornadiene and polynorbornene were synthesized via ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with [RuCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)(amine)] as catalyst precursors, amine = piperidine (1) or perhydroazepine (2) in the presence of 5 mu L of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) ([monomer]/[Ru] = 5000; 40 degrees C with 1; 25 degrees C with 2). The effects of the solvent volume (2-8 mL of CHCl(3)) reaction time (5-120 min) and atmosphere type (argon and air) on the yields were investigated to observe the behavior of the two different precursors. Quantitative yields were obtained for 60 or 120 min regardless of the starting volumes, either in argon or air, with both Ru species. However, low yields were obtained for short times (5-30 min) when the reactions are performed with large volumes (6-8 mL). In argon, the yields were larger with 2, associated to a faster propagation reaction controlled by the Ru active species. In air, the yields were larger with 1, associated to a higher resistance to O(2) of the starting and propagating Ru species. The different activities between 1 and 2 are discussed considering the steric hindrance and electronic characteristics of the amines such as ancillary ligands and their arrangements with PPh(3) and Cl(-) ions in the metal centers. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ability of Ru complexes for ROMP tuned through a combination of phosphines and amines

Polynorbonerne with high molecular weight was obtained via ring opening metathesis polymerization using catalysts derived from [RuCl(2)(PPh(2)Bz)(2) L] (1 for L = PPh(2) Bz; 2 for L = piperidine) type of complexes when in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate in CHCl(3). The polymer precipitated within a few minutes at 50 degrees C when using 1 with ca. 50% yield ([NBE]/[Ru] = 5000). Regarding 2, for either 30 min at 25 C or 5 min at 50 degrees C, more than 90% of yields are obtained; and at 50 C for 30 min a quantitative yield is obtained. The yield and PDI values are sensitive to the [NBE]/[Ru] ratio. The reaction of 1 with either isonicotinamide or nicotinamide produces six-coordinated complexes of [RuCl(2)(PPh(2)Bz)(2)(L)(2)] type, which are almost inactive and produce only small amounts of polymers at 50 C for 30 min. Thus, we Concluded that the novel complexes show very distinct reactivities for ROMP of NBE. This has been rationalized on account of a combination of synergistic effects of the phosphine-amine ancillary ligands. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Förutsättningar för specialiserade musikproduktioner för personer med cochleaimplantat

Denna studies syfte är att finna sätt att producera musikinspelningar som passar lyssnare med cochleaimplantat. Frågeställningen är: Vilka perceptuella egenskaper hos cochleaimplantat bör man som musikproducent tänka på för att kunna anpassa musikinspelningar för människor med CI?För att finna de perceptuella egenskaper som cochleaimplantat, CI, har vid musiklyssning gjordes en litteraturstudie av det som skrivits kopplat till musiklyssning med CI.Resultaten visar att inspelningarna bör mixas i mono och att melodierna i musiken bör innehålla toner med stora intervall. Grundtonen i komplexa toner bör höras, och övertonerna bör kontrolleras, så att övertonsserierna inte blir alltför långa och går för högt i frekvensspektrumet. Det dynamiska omfånget i inspelningen bör inte vara alltför stort, och frekvensomfånget bör hålla sig runt 200-5000 Hz. Syntetisk rumssimulering, som t.ex. reverb, bör inte heller användas. Vidare presenteras en idé till hur man skulle kunna styra implantaten direkt elektroniskt, för att skapa musik.

Fitting spatial models in the R package: hglm

We present a new version of the hglm package for fittinghierarchical generalized linear models (HGLM) with spatially correlated random effects. A CAR family for conditional autoregressive random effects was implemented. Eigen decomposition of the matrix describing the spatial structure (e.g. the neighborhood matrix) was used to transform the CAR random effectsinto an independent, but heteroscedastic, gaussian random effect. A linear predictor is fitted for the random effect variance to estimate the parameters in the CAR model.This gives a computationally efficient algorithm for moderately sized problems (e.g. n<5000).

The discourses on induced abortion in Ugandan daily newspapers : a discourse analysis

Background: Ugandan law prohibits abortion under all circumstances except where there is a risk for the woman's life. However, it has been estimated that over 250 000 illegal abortions are being performed in the country yearly. Many of these abortions are carried out under unsafe conditions, being one of the most common reasons behind the nearly 5000 maternal deaths per year in Uganda. Little research has been conducted in relation to societal views on abortion within the Ugandan society. This study aims to analyze the discourse on abortion as expressed in the two main daily Ugandan newspapers. Method: The conceptual content of 59 articles on abortion between years 2006-2012, from the two main daily English-speaking newspapers in Uganda, was studied using principles from critical discourse analysis. Results: A religious discourse and a human rights discourse, together with medical and legal sub discourses frame the subject of abortion in Uganda, with consequences for who is portrayed as a victim and who is to blame for abortions taking place. It shows the strong presence of the Catholic Church within the medial debate on abortion. The results also demonstrate the absence of medial statements related to abortion made by political stakeholders. Conclusions: The Catholic Church has a strong position within the Ugandan society and their stance on abortion tends to have great influence on the way other actors and their activities are presented within the media, as well as how stakeholders choose to convey their message, or choose not to publicly debate the issue in question at all. To decrease the number of maternal deaths, we highlight the need for a more inclusive and varied debate that problematizes the current situation, especially from a gender perspective.

Contribuição ao estudo da inibição da corrosão do aço comum por borato, em soluções diluídas

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a ação inibidora do íon borato na corrosão do aço-carbono, em soluções aquosas aproximadamente neutras, arejadas e desarejadas, na presença ou não de ions cloreto, à temperatura ambiente. Através do traçado de curvas de polarização potenciostáticas, de experimentos cronopotenciométricos e cronogalvanométricos, com ou sem riscagem do corpo de prova, e do comportamento do aço comum em ensaios de imersão a longo prazo, concluiu-se que o ion borato possui uma ação inibidora sobre a corrosão do aço, desde que o potencial não seja muito elevado. Observou-se também que o aço sofre corrosão por pites em soluções de borato, mesmo na ausência de íons agressivos e que os pites ocorrem em potenciais tanto mais baixos quanto mais diluídas forem as soluções de borato. Para soluções contendo 1000 ppm de bórax ou mais, o potencial de pite, determinado por técnicas cronopotenciométricas, está acima do potencial de corrosão. Para soluções com concentrações iguais ou superiores a 5000 ppm de bórax, não foi detectada corrosão por pites na faixa de potencial estudada, isto é, desde o potencial de evolução de H2 até o potencial de evolução de 02. A adição de 100 ppm de NaCl à solução contendo 2500 ppm de bórax reduz o potencial de pite de aço comum, em relação ao seu valor na ausência de íon cloreto.

Identificação de falhas em engrenagens na transmissão de trator agrícola por meio de análise de vibrações

Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um método de análise de falhas, por meio de análise de vibrações, para a bancada de final de linha das transmissões dos tratores linha 5000 da John Deere Brasil, o qual tem como finalidade diferenciar transmissões aprovadas de transmissões com defeito em engrenagens na caixa de marchas, e também auxiliar na identificação da engrenagem com defeito. Para o desenvolvimento deste método foram utilizados equipamentos de medição e aquisição de dados disponíveis na John Deere Brasil. Os testes foram realizados na bancada de final da linha de transmissões, possibilitando a aplicação do método sem a necessidade de alteração na bancada de testes. Os sinais padrões da transmissão em cada uma das quatro marchas foram levantados através da medição de quatro transmissões boas. De posse destes padrões, (assinatura em cada marcha), partiu-se para a identificação de como estes são alterados por diferentes defeitos em diversas engrenagens da caixa de marchas, sendo para isto induzidos defeitos em diferentes engrenagens da caixa de marchas de transmissões boas. Os sinais em todas as marchas nestas transmissões com defeito induzido foram medidos e analisado as alterações em relação aos padrões, resultando a conclusão de que a aplicação do método de análise de vibrações no final de linha de transmissões da John Deere Brasil é possível, tanto para a diferenciação entre transmissões boas e transmissões com defeito em engrenagens da caixa de marchas, quanto como auxiliar na identificação de qual engrenagem da caixa de marchas está com defeito.

Economia solidária, saúde mental e trabalho em uma cooperativa de confecção de Porto Alegre

A organização do trabalho apresenta-se como um elemento particular nos espaços de trabalho. No sistema capitalista, muitas pesquisas analisaram e descreveram a relação entre a organização do trabalho e os danos à saúde mental dos trabalhadores. No Brasil, atualmente, as transformações que o trabalho vem sofrendo impulsionaram novas propostas para gerar emprego e renda a um grande número de trabalhadores, desempregados, fora do mercado formal de trabalho. Esses trabalhadores encontraram a reinserção social através de experiências econômicas de caráter solidário. Mas o trabalho solidário somente é possível com novas formas de organização do trabalho e de relação com a produção. Essas formas, para tornarem-se uma organização econômica inovadora, devem construir também uma nova relação com a saúde e o trabalho, possibilitando uma organização autogestionável, controlada pelos trabalhadores. Esta pesquisa aborda as vinculações entre o prazer e/ou sofrimento e a organização do trabalho no cotidiano dos(as) trabalhadores(as) de uma cooperativa. Como proposta do estudo articulamos uma interpretação macrossocial com uma análise microssocial nas atividades de corte, costura e serigrafia desenvolvidas no empreendimento solidário. Obtivemos, como considerações finais, a identificação dos trabalhadores com o cooperativismo, bem como a possibilidade das relações solidárias e do gerenciamento transformando o sofrimento em prazer, favorecendo a saúde mental através da rediscussão constante da organização do trabalho e da criação de novos modos de viver o trabalho.

O conceito de satisfação do consumidor e sua influência sobre o comportamento de compra : uma investigação no mercado de bens industriais

Explora o conceito de satisfação do consumidor, abordando as principais teorias que tencionam caracteriza-lo através do estudo de seus prováveis antecedentes e da maneira com a qual eles interagem para influir sobre os julgamentos de satisfação. Formula alguns comentários a respeito destas teorias e faz uma retrospectiva dos instrumentos atualmente disponíveis para medi-lo com um máximo de propriedade. Procura comprovar na prática a influência que a satisfação exerce sobre o comportamento de compra utilizando-se para isto de uma investigação realizada no setor de bens industriais.