中旬红山矽卡岩铜矿稳定同位素特征及其对成矿过程的指示

红山铜矿床位于三江地区义敦岛弧南端的中甸弧，是在晚三叠世甘孜-理塘洋盆向西俯冲过程中形成的一个中型规模的矽卡岩矿床。通常，矽卡岩体就是铜矿体或铜矿化体，主要呈似层状、层状、脉状及透镜体状产于大理岩与角岩接触带或局部在角岩中，未见其与侵入岩直接接触。通过对不同成矿阶段所形成的石榴石、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方解石等典型矿物以及大理岩的稳定同位素特征研究，发现矽卡岩的最主要组成矿物石榴石的δ^18OSMOW范围为6．2—8．3‰，反映了矽卡岩可能直接继承隐伏斑岩体的氧同位素组成。根据磁铁矿的氧同位素组成（5．5—7．1‰）所计算的磁铁矿化阶段成矿流体的δ^18OSMOW为13．1—14．7‰（400℃）或12．5—14．1％。（500℃），暗示有富集δ^18O的CO2溶入到成矿流体中。硫化物的δ^34SCDT范围4．45—6．20‰，说明矿床具有高度均一的硫源，并且在硫化物的结晶沉淀过程中，流体中硫同位素分馏很弱。由此推测主成矿期成矿流体的δ^34S∑S为5．6±0．6‰。矿床中的大理岩的δ^13CPDB为2．0—2．2‰，δ^18OSMOW为24．0—24．8‰，说明大理岩是由海相碳酸盐岩经重结晶作用而成。成矿晚期阶段形成的方解石脉的δ^13CPDB范围是-2．4—1．7‰，δ^18OSMOW范围是16．3—22．4‰，表明其C和O主要来源于大理岩。总之，我们推测红山矽卡岩很可能主要是由中酸性岩浆浅成侵位时局部同化碳酸盐围岩所形成的一种富含钙质成分的次生岩浆就位于碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩之间的构造薄弱带冷凝固结而成，矽卡岩型矿化与深部斑岩型矿化具有共同的成矿物质和成矿流体来源。

滇黔桂湘地区中生代复合大陆动力成矿系统特征

通过大陆构造地质研究和分析认为：在印支期SW→NE挤压构造应力场的驱动下，本区沉积盆地内可能形成白SW→NE向的盆地流体大规模流动（滇东南→桂西北）。在燕山早期，环太平洋板块白SE→NW挤压构造应力场驱动下，本区可能形成白SE→NW向的盆地流体大规模流动（桂东南→黔西北→滇东北），且可能被限定在康滇断块隆升区西边界的以东地区。在燕山晚期，伴随大陆构造进入伸展-走滑体制和山间断陷盆地的形成，幔源热物质侵位形成盆地流体的垂向热（流）应力驱动源，这种张剪性构造为流体成矿提供了良好的构造背景。古潜山、褶皱-断裂带、逆冲断裂-褶皱带和脆韧性剪切带可能是本区主要流体圈闭构造和矿床定位构造，成矿系列可划分为改造型拉分盆地中古潜山控制的F—Fe—S—Sb—Au成矿系列、褶皱-断裂带热水再造成因的Sb—As—Hg—Au成矿系列、改造型盆地边部逆冲断裂-褶皱带中热流体成因的Ge—Ag—Pb—Zn成矿系列和脆韧性剪切带中W—Sb—Au成矿系列.

湖南柿竹园矿田柴山铅锌矿床的C、O同位素组成及其研究意义

研究了柿竹园矿田柴山铅锌矿床早、晚期方解石的C、O同位素组成，并对C、O同位素组成之间明显的正相关关系进行了CO2去气、流体混合与水．岩反应的理论模拟。结果表明，该矿床方解石的形成主要是由成矿流体与围岩发生水-岩反应及温度降低造成的，另外大气降水的加入也起到一定的作用。成矿流体中的可溶性碳以H2CO3为主，早期成矿流体的δ^13C、δ^18O值分别为-2．5‰＋4‰，晚期成矿流体的δ^13C、δ^18O值分别为-1‰和＋6‰，并且在成矿过程中一直有中生代大气降水的加入。

贵州省喀斯特地区水库中CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O的产生与释放研究－以红枫湖﹑百花湖为例

大气中不断增加的温室气体浓度，将对气候、生态环境和人类活动等一系列问题产生重大影响，因此其“源”﹑“汇”效应备受关注。水库，作为人为活动对大气温室气体浓度影响的一个重要方面，也越来越受到国、内外学者的关注。本论文对贵州省喀斯特地区两个富营养水库(红枫湖、百花湖)中主要温室气体（CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O）在不同月份的水体中的分布规律进行研究，并结合两湖具体水环境条件，分析了影响两湖水体中CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O变化的因素，进而阐明两湖水体中CO2﹑CH4﹑N2O产生与释放的机理。本论文得到的结论如下： 1.由于地理位置和气候条件类似，所以两库水体中pCO2变化规律类似：两库表层水中pCO2在6月、8月明显低于大气CO2分压，其他月份则明显高于大气CO2分压。从全年角度来说，红枫湖表层水pCO2为874.2±774.4µatm，百花湖为1131.7±1164.0µatm，都是大气CO2的“源”。两湖pCO2与Chla之间存在的显著负相关，说明浮游植物光合作用与细菌呼吸作用共同影响是两湖pCO2出现季节变化的主要原因。 2.夏季，水体中光合作用产生的有机质发生降解产生CO2对温跃层中CO2的增加起重要作用；沉积物中有机质降解导致静水层中CO2积累，这种作用在秋﹑冬季有所降低，可能与水温有关。而秋冬季，随着温跃层的消失，在水体混合作用下，夏季水体中积累的CO2重新释放到表层水中使其pCO2升高。 3.通过与国内、外其他地区湖泊（水库）表层水中CO2的比较，发现：（1）由于红枫湖与百花湖地处喀斯特山区，陆源输入的有机碳比北部温带地区少，所以表层水中CO2低，对大气CO2释放的贡献较小。（2）由于富营养化现象，两库夏季表层水体成为大气CO2的“汇”。并且，就全年而言，表层水中CO2低于北部温带地区，说明两库光合作用固定的C返回大气的程度可能较低。 4.两湖表层水中CH4浓度的变化规律为：枯水期>丰水期，但在所有采样期间两湖始终是大气CH4的“源”。就全年而言，红枫湖两采样点HF-N和HF-S表层水中CH4浓度分别为0.19±0.09µmol/L和0.48±0.53µmol/L，百花湖两采样点BH-1和BH-2分别为0.32±0.29µmol/L和0.29±0.20µmol/L。两湖表层水中CH4浓度变化可能由以下几方面原因造成：（1）枯水期，水体滞留时间长，水体中的CH4得到积累；（2）丰水期，藻类初级生产造成表层水中DO含量增加，表层水体中CH4被氧化的程度较高；（3）丰水期，径流及降雨的增加也可能造成表层水体中CH4被稀释。 5.两湖湖底水体中CH4浓度的变化规律为：枯水期〈丰水期。就全年而言，HF-N和HF-S点底层水中CH4浓度分别为16.49±26.16µmol/L和8.80±15.30µmol/L，BH-1和BH-2分别为6.03±7.07µmol/L和4.41±7.00µmol/L。浮游植物光合作用产生的有机物及湖底水温﹑含氧状况是影响CH4产生的主要因素。SO42-也对湖底CH4的产生起一定抑制作用。 6.夏季，两湖湖水表层藻类的初级生产与湖水底层沉积物的降解对水体中CH4产生有影响。而热分层和两湖静水层中缺氧环境使得CH4得到积累。而到了秋冬季节，在水体混合作用下这部分CH4在水体中重新分布，并且由于氧化作用加强而被损耗。 7.两湖表层水中N2O的变化规律为：夏季N2O明显低于其他季节，但在所有采样期间内两湖都是大气N2O的“源”。从全年来看，红枫湖HF-N和HF-S两采样点表层水中N2O浓度分别为；46.31±29.65nmol/L，36.93±18.41nmol/L；百花湖BH-1和BH-2两采样点表层水中N2O浓度分别为102.13±79.53nmol/L，99.51±75.77nmol/L。硝化反应是影响两湖表层水中N2O季节变化的主要原因，并受表层水温﹑DO及NO3－等共同影响。 8.通过比较水体中NO3-﹑NH4+及N2O的分布特征，发现：春季,红枫湖水体中以硝化反应为主；夏季,两湖温跃层以上水体中以硝化反应为主，湖底以反硝化作用为主；秋﹑冬季节，虽然有个别采样点出现硝化或反硝化反应，但总体上两湖水体中N2O以水体混合作用为主。

苔藓碳氮稳定同位素对环境条件和大气氮沉降的指示研究

苔藓植物由于具有特殊的形态结构和生物学性质而被广泛应用于环境变化和大气沉降的指示和监测，而稳定同位素（如13C、15N、34S）是辨识环境体系中物源走向以及研究植物和环境关系的可靠技术。本论文正是结合苔藓生物指示方法和稳定同位素示踪技术，开展了苔藓碳氮同位素指示环境条件和大气氮沉降的初步研究。通过不同环境条件下苔藓同位素的对比研究，揭示了苔藓碳氮同位素对环境因子和氮沉降变化的响应机制。进而应用石生苔藓碳氮元素含量和同位素，并结合光合色素含量等参数，对贵阳地区的大气氮沉降进行了详细研究，深化了苔藓同位素方法在环境监测和大气氮沉降研究中的应用，并为城市氮污染的防治提供了地球化学依据。获取了一些有意义的发现和创新点。 1. 不同生长条件下苔藓元素含量和同位素的变化及其意义 即使在同一地点，苔藓13C会由于水分条件和光照条件的差异而发生明显变化，而树冠对大气沉降物质的长期截留吸收会使下方苔藓氮硫含量偏低以及同位素偏负，其同位素效应还与树冠类型和树冠厚度有关。因此，应用苔藓元素含量和同位素指示区域环境和大气沉降时应尽量消除生境差异的影响，受生长条件影响或歪曲了的苔藓指示信息可能导致在解释环境变化和大气沉降时得出错误的结论，相对而言，开阔地的石生苔藓是较可靠的指示工具。利用同位素方法探讨苔藓记录信息的差异是本研究的创新点之一，目前国内外尚无相关的报道，这深化了苔藓碳氮同位素对环境条件和大气输入响应机制的认识，同时还为苔藓同位素研究大气沉降提供了采样指导。 2. 不同地区苔藓新老组织碳氮含量和同位素组成特征 贵阳市区苔藓碳含量高于贡嘎山地区，而13C明显偏负，表明城市苔藓受人为CO2排放的影响，而非污染区苔藓13C能够响应海拔和年均温度的差异。贵阳市区苔藓氮含量较高反映其氮沉降高于贡嘎山地区，明显偏负的15N值主要指示了城市废水氨释放的影响。不同地区苔藓新生组织的碳氮含量总体高于衰老组织，但同位素没有明显变化，反映了生理功能的衰退和部分元素向新生组织迁移会导致老组织碳氮含量降低，但不会明显改变其碳氮同位素记录，新组织氮含量较可靠地反映了氮沉降的水平（贵阳市约为30.18 kg/ha/yr，贡嘎山地区约为8.46 kg/ha/yr）。本研究扩展了苔藓同位素对不同地区环境因子和氮沉降差异的响应状况，并首次探讨了苔藓衰老对其碳氮含量和同位素记录的影响，为深入理解非维管植物衰老过程的碳氮同位素分馏奠定基础。 3. 贵阳地区大气氮沉降的空间分布 根据大气氮沉降和苔藓氮含量之间的定量关系（y=0.052x+0.7325），可以利用石生苔藓氮含量（0.85% ~ 2.97%）计算贵阳地区的大气氮沉降。贵阳地区的氮沉降（0.91 kg/ha/yr ~ 44.69 kg/ha/yr）总体已经超过最易受影响的陆地生态系统的氮沉降负荷值（5 kg/ha/yr ~ 10 kg/ha/yr），市区氮沉降平均值（29.21±6.17 kg/ha/yr）与前期监测值（30.18kg/ha/yr）基本一致，高于酸性针叶林和落叶林的氮沉降负荷值（15 kg/ha/yr ~ 20 kg/ha/yr）。而农村地区氮沉降平均值（14.31±5.11 kg/ha/yr）与贵州农村地区铵沉降的平均值（14.3 kg/ha/yr）吻合。本研究首次根据石生苔藓氮含量量化了氮沉降的水平和空间分布，对大气氮沉降生态环境影响的评价以及喀斯特地区脆弱生态系统的保护具有重要意义。 4. 贵阳地区大气氮沉降的主要来源和主要形态 贵阳地区石生苔藓15N值（-12.50‰ ~ -1.39‰）呈明显的双峰分布模式（-12‰ ~ -6‰和-5‰ ~ -2‰），表明该地区的氮沉降存在两个主要来源。市区明显偏负的苔藓15N值（平均-8.87±1.65‰，<5km; -8.59±2.28‰，5 km ~ 10km）主要反映城市废水和人畜排泄物NH3的影响，而往外到农村较高的苔藓15N值（平均-3.83±0.82‰ ~ -2.48±0.95‰，>15km）主要指示了农业NH3的贡献。根据市区苔藓和雨水15N值计算，市区氮沉降中铵态氮的贡献约占76%，硝态氮约为23%，贵阳地区的氮沉降以铵沉降为主。本研究首次发现了以铵沉降为主的城市地区苔藓15N值市区偏负、农村偏正的变化规律，这与氮沉降以硝态氮为主的城市苔藓15N变化（市区偏正、农村偏负）相反。此外，根据苔藓15N随大气沉降中铵态氮和硝态氮比值的变化规律，贵阳地区苔藓氮含量和15N的变化主要由两种不同铵源（城市铵和农业铵）的变化所控制，贵阳苔藓氮含量和15N的空间变化可以进一步作为铵沉降变化的证据。 5. 贵阳地区主要大气氮源（铵）的沉降机制与模式 贵阳市区往外石生苔藓氮含量随离市中心的距离呈指数降低（y=1.5e-0.13x+1.26），而15N值随距离对数升高（y=2.54Ln(x)-12.23），揭示了城市来源的铵沉降从市区往外随距离指数降低，其分布模式为点源模式，贵阳市区可被视为贵阳地区的一个点状氨源。而农村地区苔藓氮含量不随距离而变化、15N值不存在明显差异，反映了农业氨的面源分布模式。通过极限法计算苔藓氮含量和15N随距离变化的函数，氮沉降在离市中心17.2km以内以城市铵为主，以外以农业铵为主，城市铵的影响范围总体小于41km，城市铵随离市中心距离的变化关系为y=56.272e-0.116x-0.481。此外，贵阳市区往外不同方向的苔藓氮含量和15N随距离的变化梯度存在差异，表明城市铵向周边不同方向的传输具有非均一性，这主要与不同方向的地形条件、地表植被状况、风向、城市化程度等差异有关。本研究首次通过苔藓监测证实以铵沉降为主的城市，城市铵沉降的分布呈点源模式，并通过苔藓氮含量和15N的变化得出了城市铵的定量分布、沉降机制和影响因素。 6. 贵阳地区石生苔藓碳含量和13C值的变化及其意义 贵阳地区石生苔藓碳含量（34.47% ~ 52.76%）从市区到农村随距离指数降低（y=9.206e-0.042x+38.024），并与氮含量存在正相关关系，表明大气氮输入具有增加苔藓碳含量的作用。苔藓13C值（-30.69‰ ~ -26.96‰）从市区到农村随距离逐渐升高（y=0.674Ln(x)-30.03），反映了城市人为CO2的影响逐渐减小。此外，苔藓13C随碳氮含量增加而降低，碳氮同位素存在正相关关系，反映了石生苔藓光合作用与氮素吸收相互制约，市区较高的氮沉降或铵沉降增强了苔藓光合作用和碳代谢，使苔藓在固碳过程中发生更大的13C分馏。本研究首次发现了城市地区较高的氮沉降能够促进石生苔藓光合固碳能力，苔藓13C值能够指示城市人为CO2的影响以及氮沉降的生物效应。 7．其它创新之处 为深入认识城市地区氮沉降的变化及其生物响应，本研究还对石生苔藓光合色素含量进行了分析，首次探讨了石生苔藓光合生理参数和碳氮含量、碳氮同位素之间的关系。市区苔藓光合色素含量高于农村地区，叶绿素含量与碳氮含量存在正相关关系，表明光合色素分析可以反映环境胁迫状况、苔藓固碳能力和氮素营养状况。叶绿素含量与13C值呈负相关关系指示了氮沉降增强石生苔藓光合作用的机制。

Imaging of three-dimensional objects in emission electron microscopy

Under investigation by emission electron microscopy, the shape and size of three-dimensional objects are distorted because of the appearance of a characteristic potential relief and a possible contact potential difference between the particles and the substrate. An estimation of these effects for spherical particles is made. It is shown that the apparent size of particles observed in an emission electron microscope (EEM) could be increased as well as decreased depending on the relation between the work functions of the particle and the substrate. The corresponding formulae are given and several possibilities are shown which permit us to determine from the EEM image the real size of particles and their work function relative to the substrate.

Error-driven active learning in growing radial basis function networks for early robot learning

Q. Meng and M.H. Lee, 'Error-driven active learning in growing radial basis function networks for early robot learning', 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (IEEE ICRA 2006), 2984-90, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Biomass?Diversity Responses and Spatial Dependencies in Disturbed Tallgrass Prairies

Javier G. P. Gamarra and Ricard V. Sole (2002). Biomass-diversity responses and spatial dependencies in disturbed tallgrass prairies. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 215 (4) pp.469-480 RAE2008

Cinco (5) localidades asistidas en la identidad gráfica.

9 hojas : ilustraciones.

Prevalence and predictors of HIV-related stigma among institutional- and community-based caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children living in five less-wealthy countries.

BACKGROUND: In the face of the HIV/AIDS epidemic that has contributed to the dramatic increase in orphans and abandoned children (OAC) worldwide, caregiver attitudes about HIV, and HIV-related stigma, are two attributes that may affect caregiving. Little research has considered the relationship between caregiver attributes and caregiver-reported HIV-related stigma. In light of the paucity of this literature, this paper will describe HIV-related stigma among caregivers of OAC in five less wealthy nations. METHODS: Baseline data were collected between May 2006 through February 2008. The sample included 1,480 community-based and 192 institution-based caregivers. Characteristics of the community-based and institution-based caregivers are described using means and standard deviations for continuous variables or counts and percentages for categorical variables. We fit logistic regression models, both for the full sample and separately for community-based and institution-based caregivers, to explore predictors of acceptance of HIV. RESULTS: Approximately 80% of both community-based and institution-based caregivers were female; and 84% of institution-based caregivers, compared to 66% of community-based caregivers, said that they would be willing to care for a relative with HIV. Similar proportions were reported when caregivers were asked if they were willing to let their child play with an HIV-infected child. In a multivariable model predicting willingness to care for an HIV-infected relative, adjusted for site fixed effects, being an institution-based caregiver was associated with greater willingness (less stigma) than community-based caregivers. Decreased willingness was reported by older respondents, while willingness increased with greater formal education. In the adjusted models predicting willingness to allow one's child to play with an HIV-infected child, female gender and older age was associated with less willingness. However, willingness was positively associated with years of formal education. CONCLUSIONS: The caregiver-child relationship is central to a child's development. OAC already face stigma as a result of their orphaned or abandoned status; the addition of HIV-related stigma represents a double burden for these children. Further research on the prevalence of HIV-related acceptance and stigma among caregivers and implications of such stigma for child development will be critical as the policy community responds to the global HIV/AIDS orphan crisis.

Correlates of poor health among orphans and abandoned children in less wealthy countries: the importance of caregiver health.

BACKGROUND: More than 153 million children worldwide have been orphaned by the loss of one or both parents, and millions more have been abandoned. We investigated relationships between the health of orphaned and abandoned children (OAC) and child, caregiver, and household characteristics among randomly selected OAC in five countries. METHODOLOGY: Using a two-stage random sampling strategy in 6 study areas in Cambodia, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, and Tanzania, the Positive Outcomes for Orphans (POFO) study identified 1,480 community-living OAC ages 6 to 12. Detailed interviews were conducted with 1,305 primary caregivers at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. Multivariable logistic regression models describe associations between the characteristics of children, caregivers, and households and child health outcomes: fair or poor child health; fever, cough, or diarrhea within the past two weeks; illness in the past 6 months; and fair or poor health on at least two assessments. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Across the six study areas, 23% of OAC were reported to be in fair or poor health; 19%, 18%, and 2% had fever, cough, or diarrhea, respectively, within the past two weeks; 55% had illnesses within the past 6 months; and 23% were in fair or poor health on at least two assessments. Female gender, suspected HIV infection, experiences of potentially traumatic events, including the loss of both parents, urban residence, eating fewer than 3 meals per day, and low caregiver involvement were associated with poorer child health outcomes. Particularly strong associations were observed between child health measures and the health of their primary caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: Poor caregiver health is a strong signal for poor health of OAC. Strategies to support OAC should target the caregiver-child dyad. Steps to ensure food security, foster gender equality, and prevent and treat traumatic events are needed.

Economic return of clinical trials performed under the pediatric exclusivity program.

CONTEXT: In 1997, Congress authorized the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to grant 6-month extensions of marketing rights through the Pediatric Exclusivity Program if industry sponsors complete FDA-requested pediatric trials. The program has been praised for creating incentives for studies in children and has been criticized as a "windfall" to the innovator drug industry. This critique has been a substantial part of congressional debate on the program, which is due to expire in 2007. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the economic return to industry for completing pediatric exclusivity trials. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cohort study of programs conducted for pediatric exclusivity. Nine drugs that were granted pediatric exclusivity were selected. From the final study reports submitted to the FDA (2002-2004), key elements of the clinical trial design and study operations were obtained, and the cost of performing each study was estimated and converted into estimates of after-tax cash outflows. Three-year market sales were obtained and converted into estimates of after-tax cash inflows based on 6 months of additional market protection. Net economic return (cash inflows minus outflows) and net return-to-costs ratio (net economic return divided by cash outflows) for each product were then calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Net economic return and net return-to-cost ratio. RESULTS: The indications studied reflect a broad representation of the program: asthma, tumors, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, hypertension, depression/generalized anxiety disorder, diabetes mellitus, gastroesophageal reflux, bacterial infection, and bone mineralization. The distribution of net economic return for 6 months of exclusivity varied substantially among products (net economic return ranged from -$8.9 million to $507.9 million and net return-to-cost ratio ranged from -0.68 to 73.63). CONCLUSIONS: The economic return for pediatric exclusivity is variable. As an incentive to complete much-needed clinical trials in children, pediatric exclusivity can generate lucrative returns or produce more modest returns on investment.

Assessing the homogenization of urban land management with an application to US residential lawn care.

Changes in land use, land cover, and land management present some of the greatest potential global environmental challenges of the 21st century. Urbanization, one of the principal drivers of these transformations, is commonly thought to be generating land changes that are increasingly similar. An implication of this multiscale homogenization hypothesis is that the ecosystem structure and function and human behaviors associated with urbanization should be more similar in certain kinds of urbanized locations across biogeophysical gradients than across urbanization gradients in places with similar biogeophysical characteristics. This paper introduces an analytical framework for testing this hypothesis, and applies the framework to the case of residential lawn care. This set of land management behaviors are often assumed--not demonstrated--to exhibit homogeneity. Multivariate analyses are conducted on telephone survey responses from a geographically stratified random sample of homeowners (n = 9,480), equally distributed across six US metropolitan areas. Two behaviors are examined: lawn fertilizing and irrigating. Limited support for strong homogenization is found at two scales (i.e., multi- and single-city; 2 of 36 cases), but significant support is found for homogenization at only one scale (22 cases) or at neither scale (12 cases). These results suggest that US lawn care behaviors are more differentiated in practice than in theory. Thus, even if the biophysical outcomes of urbanization are homogenizing, managing the associated sustainability implications may require a multiscale, differentiated approach because the underlying social practices appear relatively varied. The analytical approach introduced here should also be productive for other facets of urban-ecological homogenization.