Aplicación potencial de probióticos para la prevención y control de la matitis bovina. Potential aplication of probiotics for prevention and control of bovine mastitis.

Ubicada en el centro del país, Río Cuarto pertenece a las cuencas lecheras más importantes del país, localizadas en las provincias de Córdoba, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos y Buenos Aires. Córdoba, con una producción promedio anual de 2,4 mil millones de litros, contribuye con un 25 por ciento a la producción nacional que según informe de la Secretaría de Agricultura Ganadería y Pesca de la Nación (2006) ha alcanzado los 9.000 millones de litros al año, ubicándose en segundo lugar después de Santa Fe. La mastitis bovina es responsable de las mayores pérdidas económicas dentro del rodeo lechero, debido a los elevados costos de la terapia antibiótica, al retiro del animal del circuito productivo, y a las consecuencias negativas ocasionadas en la reproducción. Diferentes estrategias se han desarrollado en el país y el mundo, tendientes a minimizar los problemas ocasionados por la enfermedad. De ellos, la desinfección pre y post-ordeñe y la terapia con antibióticos al secado, son los métodos de control más ampliamente utilizados. Las terapias con antibióticos, formuladas para uso intramamario, frecuentemente resultan ineficientes para prevenir o eliminar las infecciones crónicas producidas por S. aureus, principal agente causal de la enfermedad. A ello se suma el aumento en la frecuencia de cepas resistentes a los antibióticos, por lo que existen presiones cada vez mayores por parte de los entes reguladores para limitar el uso de los mismos en el ganado. La ineficacia de estos procedimientos para reducir la tasa de nuevas infecciones ha orientado la investigación hacia la búsqueda de métodos de control alternativos basados en el desarrollo de vacunas, inmunomoduladores o sustancias naturales, como un enfoque racional para controlar infecciones en animales utilizados en la producción de alimentos, o bien a la aplicación de medidas preventivas. El presente proyecto aborda el tema de la prevención de la mastitis bovina a través del estudio de una cepa de BL con propiedades probióticas en ensayos de inoculación in vivo en glándulas mamarias de bovinos para su futura aplicación en la prevención de la mastitis bovina. En particular se propone a) Determinar la capacidad de las BL seleccionada como potencial probiótico, a partir del aislamiento realizado por nuestro grupo de investigación y de otras previamente caracterizadas en el CERELA, para adherirse y colonizar el canal del pezón de la ubre, b) Profundizar en el estudio de los mecanismos involucrados en el efecto (benéfico o adverso) de la administración local de BL en el canal del pezón de la glándula mamaria y c) Estudiar las condiciones físico-químicas para la obtención de biomasa de BL y sustancias antagónicas. El proyecto sentará las bases para, en un futuro cercano, realizar el diseño de un producto a base de probióticos lo cual será un importante aporte socio-comunitario a la prevención de la mastitis bovina de altísima incidencia. El desarrollo de un producto con estas características permitirá la articulación con el sector productivo.

Estudio de la micobiota y sus micotoxinas en ingredientes y raciones de animales domésticos. Estrategias orientadas a la prevención de las micotoxicosis. Studies on mycobiota and incidence of mycotoxins in raw material and feedstuff for domestic animals. Different strategies for mycotoxicosis prevention.

Numerosas investigaciones han desarrollado estrategias para la remoción de micotoxinas en alimentos por diferentes métodos, aunque muchos de ellos no han llegado a ser utilizados debido a los elevados costos o a las dificultades prácticas involucradas en el proceso de detoxificación. Estos argumentos estimulan a los investigadores a desarrollar nuevas estrategias de decontaminación que eviten el uso de agentes químicos y que reduzcan las pérdidas en el valor nutritivo y la palatabilidad de los alimentos decontaminados. Una de las alternativas promisorias es la detoxificación biológica. Las levaduras capaces de adsorber micotoxinas y con habilidades probióticas o prebióticas son promisorias para reducir la exposición humana a las micotoxinas. En el tracto gastrointestinal se encuentra normalmente un gran número de especies de bacterias comensales y patógenas; sin embargo, cuando se incrementa la cantidad de microorganismos patógenos se pueden producir alteraciones de la salud y muerte. La industria argentina de alimentos destinados a animales necesita reducir los niveles de micotoxinas presentes en ingredientes o en insumos terminados. Si bien los resultados obtenidos en el mundo en la temática son preliminares y promisorios, en nuestro país aún no se han desarrollado estrategias biológicas de decontaminación de micotoxinas aplicadas a estos alimentos. Estudios de incidencia de micoflora y detección de micotoxinas en alimentos balanceados para aves, llevados a cabo por nuestro grupo de investigación en la región del sur de Córdoba demostraron la presencia de los principales géneros toxicogénicos (Aspergillus, Penicillium y Fusarium) y sus micotoxinas asociadas (aflatoxinas, zearalenona y fumonisinas). En relación a porcinotecnia, la zona sur de la provincia de Córdoba es considerada una de las tres zonas de mayor densidad porcina en Argentina. Sin embargo, la contaminación de los granos con micotoxinas representa un serio problema debido a que producen rechazo del alimento, disminución de la tasa de crecimiento y reducción inmunológica. Si consideramos la evolución en la producción lechera en los últimos años ha seguido una línea de intensificación que ha conllevado un cambio en la utilización de los alimentos, evolucionando del simple pastoreo a los sistemas de alimentación única, basados en la formulación de alimentos balanceados que constituyen la clave de la alimentación de los animales. Diferentes estudios epidemiológicos usando técnicas moleculares han demostrado que con frecuencia la infección por A. fumigatus ocurre como consecuencia de la adquisición exógena del hongo. La magnitud del problema se manifiesta en la continua búsqueda de medidas de prevención y control de estas micotoxicosis. Debido a este impacto negativo que ejercen las toxinas fúngicas lo cual, afecta los parámetros productivos como ganancia de peso y conversión alimenticia con graves pérdidas a la industria animal tanto en el mercado interno como externo.

Prevention of Pazopanib-Induced Prolonged Cardiac Repolarization and Proarrhythmic Effects

Background: Pazopanib (PZP) may induce prolonged cardiac repolarization and proarrhythmic effects, similarly to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Objectives: To demonstrate PZP-induced prolonged cardiac repolarization and proarrhythmic electrophysiological effects and to investigate possible preventive effects of metoprolol and diltiazem on ECG changes (prolonged QT) in an experimental rat model. Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 6). The first group (normal group) received 4 mL of tap water and the other groups received 100 mg/kg of PZP (Votrient® tablet) perorally, via orogastric tubes. After 3 hours, the following solutions were intraperitoneally administered to the animals: physiological saline solution (SP), to the normal group and to the second group (control-PZP+SP group); 1 mg/kg metoprolol (Beloc, Ampule, AstraZeneca), to the third group (PZP+metoprolol group); and 1mg/kg diltiazem (Diltiazem, Mustafa Nevzat), to the fourth group (PZP+diltiazem group). One hour after, and under anesthesia, QTc was calculated by recording ECG on lead I. Results: The mean QTc interval values were as follows: normal group, 99.93 ± 3.62 ms; control-PZP+SP group, 131.23 ± 12.21 ms; PZP+metoprolol group, 89.36 ± 3.61 ms; and PZP+diltiazem group, 88.86 ± 4.04 ms. Both PZP+metoprolol and PZP+diltiazem groups had significantly shorter QTc intervals compared to the control-PZP+SP group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both metoprolol and diltiazem prevented PZP-induced QT interval prolongation. These drugs may provide a promising prophylactic strategy for the prolonged QTc interval associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor use.

Cost-Effectiveness of High, Moderate and Low-Dose Statins in the Prevention of Vascular Events in the Brazilian Public Health System

Background:Statins have proven efficacy in the reduction of cardiovascular events, but the financial impact of its widespread use can be substantial.Objective:To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of three statin dosing schemes in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) perspective.Methods:We developed a Markov model to evaluate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of low, intermediate and high intensity dose regimens in secondary and four primary scenarios (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% ten-year risk) of prevention of cardiovascular events. Regimens with expected low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction below 30% (e.g. simvastatin 10mg) were considered as low dose; between 30-40%, (atorvastatin 10mg, simvastatin 40mg), intermediate dose; and above 40% (atorvastatin 20-80mg, rosuvastatin 20mg), high-dose statins. Effectiveness data were obtained from a systematic review with 136,000 patients. National data were used to estimate utilities and costs (expressed as International Dollars - Int$). A willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold equal to the Brazilian gross domestic product per capita (circa Int$11,770) was applied.Results:Low dose was dominated by extension in the primary prevention scenarios. In the five scenarios, the ICER of intermediate dose was below Int$10,000 per QALY. The ICER of the high versus intermediate dose comparison was above Int$27,000 per QALY in all scenarios. In the cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, intermediate dose had a probability above 50% of being cost-effective with ICERs between Int$ 9,000-20,000 per QALY in all scenarios.Conclusions:Considering a reasonable WTP threshold, intermediate dose statin therapy is economically attractive, and should be a priority intervention in prevention of cardiovascular events in Brazil.

Octopus Standard Automated Perimetry, Pulsar Perimetry, Moorfields Motion Displacement Test and Heidelberg Retinal Tomography in Glaucoma Detection - A Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy

Purpose: To investigate the accuracy of 4 clinical instruments in the detection of glaucomatous damage. Methods: 102 eyes of 55 test subjects (Age mean = 66.5yrs, range = [39; 89]) underwent Heidelberg Retinal Tomography (HRTIII), (disc area<2.43); and standard automated perimetry (SAP) using Octopus (Dynamic); Pulsar (TOP); and Moorfields Motion Displacement Test (MDT) (ESTA strategy). Eyes were separated into three groups 1) Healthy (H): IOP<21mmHg and healthy discs (clinical examination), 39 subjects, 78 eyes; 2) Glaucoma suspect (GS): Suspicious discs (clinical examination), 12 subjects, 15 eyes; 3) Glaucoma (G): progressive structural or functional loss, 14 subjects, 20 eyes. Clinical diagnostic precision was examined using the cut-off associated with the p<5% normative limit of MD (Octopus/Pulsar), PTD (MDT) and MRA (HRT) analysis. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated for each instrument. Results: See table Conclusions: Despite the advantage of defining glaucoma suspects using clinical optic disc examination, the HRT did not yield significantly higher accuracy than functional measures. HRT, MDT and Octopus SAP yielded higher accuracy than Pulsar perimetry, although results did not reach statistical significance. Further studies are required to investigate the structure-function correlations between these instruments.

ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: prevention and management of invasive infections in neonates and children caused by Candida spp.

Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a relatively common syndrome in neonates and children and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These guidelines provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of IC in neonates and children. Appropriate agents for the prevention of IC in neonates at high risk include fluconazole (A-I), nystatin (B-II) or lactoferrin ± Lactobacillus (B-II). The treatment of IC in neonates is complicated by the high likelihood of disseminated disease, including the possibility of infection within the central nervous system. Amphotericin B deoxycholate (B-II), liposomal amphotericin B (B-II), amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) (C-II), fluconazole (B-II), micafungin (B-II) and caspofungin (C-II) can all be potentially used. Recommendations for the prevention of IC in children are largely extrapolated from studies performed in adults with concomitant pharmacokinetic data and models in children. For allogeneic HSCT recipients, fluconazole (A-I), voriconazole (A-I), micafungin (A-I), itraconazole (B-II) and posaconazole (B-II) can all be used. Similar recommendations are made for the prevention of IC in children in other risk groups. With several exceptions, recommendations for the treatment of IC in children are extrapolated from adult studies, with concomitant pharmacokinetic studies. Amphotericin B deoxycholate (C-I), liposomal amphotericin B (A-I), ABLC (B-II), micafungin (A-I), caspofungin (A-I), anidulafungin (B-II), fluconazole (B-I) and voriconazole (B-I) can all be used.

EAACI Position Paper: prevention of work-related respiratory allergies among pre-apprentices or apprentices and young workers.

ABSTRACT: Apprenticeship is a period of increased risk of developing work-related respiratory allergic diseases. There is a need for documents to provide appropriate professional advice to young adults aiming to reduce unsuitable job choices and prevent impairment from their careers. The present document is the result of a consensus reached by a panel of experts from European and non-European countries addressed to allergologists, pneumologists, occupational physicians, primary care physicians, and other specialists interested in this field, which aims to reduce work-related respiratory allergies (rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma) among allergic or nonallergic apprentices and other young adults entering the workforce. The main objective of the document is to issue consensus suggestions for good clinical practice based on existing scientific evidence and the expertise of a panel of physicians.

Prophytaxie de l'ostéoporose cortisonique: qui, quand et quoi [Prevention of cortisone-induced osteoporosis: who, when and what?]

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is a known phenomenon with already an increased fracture risk at 2.5 mg of prednisone daily over 3 months. This risk appears to be independent of bone densitometry results, in contradiction with published guidelines. With the creation of our Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, we wanted to edict clear recommendations for the prevention of steroid-induced osteoporosis. In addition to the standard general measures to prevent osteoporosis and calcium and vitamin D supplementation, we advocate the use of a specific treatment for osteoporosis in all cases when the duration of corticosteroid therapy is not strictly limited and shorter than 3 months. Bisphosphonates are the treatment of choice, while the analogue of parathyroid hormone remains an alternative in cases with a very high fracture risk.

Opportunity to shape the prevention and management of obesity

Cooperation and Working Together (CAWT), the cross border health and social care partnership has been working with the Departments of Health to progress a three year cross border obesity prevention and management project aimed at families. They have been successful in securing funding from the EU INTERREG IVA programme. A planning workshop focussing on this will be held on Friday 26 June 2009.

Experimental toxoplasmosis in Balb/c mice. Prevention of vertical disease transmission by treatment and reproductive failure in chronic infection

In a study of congenital transmission during acute infection of Toxoplasma gondii, 23 pregnant Balb/c mice were inoculated orally with two cysts each of the P strain. Eight mice were inoculated 6-11 days after becoming pregnant (Group 1). Eight mice inoculated on the 10th-15th day of pregnancy (Group 2) were treated with 100 mg/kg/day of minocycline 48 h after inoculation. Seven mice inoculated on the 10th-15th day of pregnancy were not treated and served as a control (Group 3). Congenital transmission was evaluated through direct examination of the brains of the pups or by bioassay and serologic tests. Congenital transmission was observed in 20 (60.6%) of the 33 pups of Group 1, in one (3.6%) of the 28 pups of Group 2, and in 13 (54.2%) of the 24 pups of Group 3. Forty-nine Balb/c mice were examined in the study of congenital transmission of T. gondii during chronic infection. The females showed reproductive problems during this phase of infection. It was observed accentuated hypertrophy of the endometrium and myometrium. Only two of the females gave birth. Our results demonstrate that Balb/c mice with acute toxoplasmosis can be used as a model for studies of congenital T. gondii infection. Our observations indicate the potential of this model for testing new chemotherapeutic agents against congenital toxoplasmosis.

A comparative study on the different staining methods and number of specimens for the detection of acid fast bacilli

The presence of acid fast bacilli in multiple specimens was investigated comparatively with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and fluorescence microscopy (FM) staining in order to determine sensitivity in detecting tuberculosis (TB). A total of 465 specimens obtained from 295 patients were analysed at Harran University Medical School Hospital between March 1998 and March 2000. The culture was employed as the reference method. Sixty-eight patients (23.1%) were diagnosed as having TB by culture. The ZN and FM staining sensitivities were 67.6% (46/68) and 85.2% (58/68) respectively. Two hundred and one patients (68.1%) submitted one specimen to the laboratory. TB positivity was detected in 42 (20.9%) of these patients by culture. The sensitivities of ZN and FM stains were found to be 61% and 83% in these patients. However, in 18 patients (6.1%) who submitted two specimens to the laboratory, the TB was positive in six of them (33.3%) and ZN and FM sensitivities were 66% and 83% respectively. When three specimens or more were collected from the patients (76 patients, 25.8%), TB positivity was determined in 20 of them (26.3%) and the sensitivities were 80% and 92% in the ZN- and FM-stained smears, respectively. Our data indicate that in the diagnosis of TB, FM has greater sensitivity than ZN. In particular, in the case of a single specimen, the diagnostic value of FM is quite significant. It is, therefore, possible to conclude that both ZN and FM staining can be used for the diagnosis of TB when there are more than two specimens. However, if only one or two specimens are available, FM staining is preferable.

Strategic Framework and Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C in NI (PDF 182 KB)

2004 - 2007