美味猕猴桃和软枣猕猴桃种间杂交花粉管行为和早期胚胎发生的观察

美味猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa(A．Chev．)C．F．Liang and A．R．Ferguson)和软枣猕猴桃（Actinidia arguta）种间传粉后，花粉管在花柱内行为的荧光观察，以及早期胚胎发生的显微观察，结果如下： 1．花粉粒在柱头的乳头细胞表面萌发，在开放型的V形花柱道内生长。 2．花粉管生长速率比对照缓慢，到达胚珠珠孔的时间平均延迟50到60小时。 3．花粉管在花柱中下部出现形态变化：部分花粉管呈波纹状弯曲;花粉管顶端膨大，尖细或破裂;花粉管直径变化;花粉管解体。 4．花粉管胼胝质沉积的变化：胼胝质沿花粉管壁不规则沉积;有的膨大的花粉管顶端出现胼胝质;有的不出现胼胝质塞，而整个花粉管壁有胼胝质分布，荧光强烈。 5．基于显微结构和种子分析，种间杂交大约有30%的胚珠能够受精，并发育成为种子，种子的胚的大小和胚乳的量与对照有差别，有约70%或更多的表现不育或败育。胚发育为茄型，受精后台子保持休眠十几天后开始横分裂。传粉后七周形成子叶胚。胚发育较对照迟缓。胚乳细胞型。 6．种间杂交能够结实，正常种子占20% -30％，败育干瘪种子占10%左右，未受精胚珠占60%- 70％。种内传粉正常种子占95%，空瘪败育种子占0.7％，未受精胚珠占3.8％。 7．种间杂交果实大小、重量，种子大小及数目，胚的大小都比对照小。

Conserving oyster reef habitat by switching from dredging and tonging to diver-harvesting

A major cause of the steep declines of American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) fisheries is the loss of oyster habitat through the use of dredges that have mined the reef substrata during a century of intense harvest. Experiments comparing the efficiency and habitat impacts of three alternative gears for harvesting oysters revealed differences among gear types that might be used to help improve the sustainability of commercial oyster fisheries. Hand harvesting by divers produced 25−32% more oysters per unit of time of fishing than traditional dredging and tonging, although the dive operation required two fishermen, rather than one. Per capita returns for dive operations may nonetheless be competitive with returns for other gears even in the short term if one person culling on deck can serve two or three divers. Dredging reduced the height of reef habitat by 34%, significantly more than the 23% reduction caused by tonging, both of which were greater than the 6% reduction induced by diver hand-harvesting. Thus, conservation of the essential habitat and sustainability of the subtidal oyster fishery can be enhanced by switching to diver hand-harvesting. Management schemes must intervene to drive the change in harvest methods because fishermen will face relatively high costs in making the switch and will not necessarily realize the long-term ecological benefits.