987 resultados para 2-9
Resumo:
The biodegradation of polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA) and their copolymers, poly (lactide-co-glycolide) and poly (D, L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) was investigated. The influence of different solvents on the degradation of these polymers at 37 degrees C in the presence of two different lipases namely Novozym 435 and the free lipase of porcine pancreas was investigated. The rate coefficients for the polymer degradation and enzyme deactivation were determined using continuous distribution kinetics. Among the homopolymers, the degradation of PGA was nearly an order of magnitude lower than that for PCL and PLA. The overall rate coefficients of the copolymers were higher than their respective homopolymers. Thus, PLCL degraded faster than either PCL or PLA. The degradation was highly dependent on the viscosity of the solvent used with the highest degradation observed in acetone. The degradation of the polymers in acetone was nearly twice that observed in dimethyl sulfoxide indicating that the degradation decreases with increase in the solvent viscosity. The degradation of the polymers in water-solvent mixtures indicated an optimal water content of 2.5 wt% of water.
Resumo:
Heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials are increasingly being explored for electronics in order to potentially extend conventional transistor scaling and to exploit new device designs and architectures. Alloys form a key underpinning of any heterostructure device technology and therefore an understanding of their electronic properties is essential. In this paper, we study the intrinsic electron mobility in few-layer MoxW1-xS2 as limited by various scattering mechanisms. The room temperature, energy-dependent scattering times corresponding to polar longitudinal optical (LO) phonon, alloy and background impurity scattering mechanisms are estimated based on the Born approximation to Fermi's golden rule. The contribution of individual scattering rates is analyzed as a function of 2D electron density as well as of alloy composition in MoxW1-xS2. While impurity scattering limits the mobility for low carrier densities (<2-4x10(12) cm(-2)), LO polar phonon scattering is the dominant mechanism for high electron densities. Alloy scattering is found to play a non-negligible role for 0.5 < x < 0.7 in MoxW1-xS2. The LO phonon-limited and impurity-limited mobilities show opposing trends with respect to alloy mole fractions. The understanding of electron mobility in MoxW1-xS2 presented here is expected to enable the design and realization of heterostructures and devices based on alloys of MoS2 andWS(2).
Resumo:
The biodegradation of polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA) and their copolymers, poly (lactide-co-glycolide) and poly (D, L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) was investigated. The influence of different solvents on the degradation of these polymers at 37 degrees C in the presence of two different lipases namely Novozym 435 and the free lipase of porcine pancreas was investigated. The rate coefficients for the polymer degradation and enzyme deactivation were determined using continuous distribution kinetics. Among the homopolymers, the degradation of PGA was nearly an order of magnitude lower than that for PCL and PLA. The overall rate coefficients of the copolymers were higher than their respective homopolymers. Thus, PLCL degraded faster than either PCL or PLA. The degradation was highly dependent on the viscosity of the solvent used with the highest degradation observed in acetone. The degradation of the polymers in acetone was nearly twice that observed in dimethyl sulfoxide indicating that the degradation decreases with increase in the solvent viscosity. The degradation of the polymers in water-solvent mixtures indicated an optimal water content of 2.5 wt% of water.
Resumo:
Heterostructures of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials are increasingly being explored for electronics in order to potentially extend conventional transistor scaling and to exploit new device designs and architectures. Alloys form a key underpinning of any heterostructure device technology and therefore an understanding of their electronic properties is essential. In this paper, we study the intrinsic electron mobility in few-layer MoxW1-xS2 as limited by various scattering mechanisms. The room temperature, energy-dependent scattering times corresponding to polar longitudinal optical (LO) phonon, alloy and background impurity scattering mechanisms are estimated based on the Born approximation to Fermi's golden rule. The contribution of individual scattering rates is analyzed as a function of 2D electron density as well as of alloy composition in MoxW1-xS2. While impurity scattering limits the mobility for low carrier densities (<2-4x10(12) cm(-2)), LO polar phonon scattering is the dominant mechanism for high electron densities. Alloy scattering is found to play a non-negligible role for 0.5 < x < 0.7 in MoxW1-xS2. The LO phonon-limited and impurity-limited mobilities show opposing trends with respect to alloy mole fractions. The understanding of electron mobility in MoxW1-xS2 presented here is expected to enable the design and realization of heterostructures and devices based on alloys of MoS2 andWS(2).
Resumo:
A composite of manganese oxide and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is prepared in a single step electrochemical reduction process in a phosphate buffer solution for studying as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The novel composite catalyst, namely, MnOx-Pi-rGO, is electrodeposited from a suspension of graphene oxide (GO) in a neutral phosphate buffer solution containing KMnO4. The manganese oxide incorporates phosphate ions and deposits on the rGO sheet, which in turn is formed on the substrate electrode by electrochemical reduction of GO in the suspension. The OER is studied with the MnOx-Pi-rGO catalyst in a neutral phosphate electrolyte by linear sweep voltammetry. The results indicate a positive influence of rGO in the catalyst. By varying the ratio of KMnO4 and GO in the deposition medium and performing linear sweep voltammetry for the OER, the optimum composition of the deposition medium is obtained as 20 mM KMnO4 + 6.5% GO in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 7. Under identical conditions, the MnOx-Pi-rGO catalyst exhibits 6.2 mA cm(-2) OER current against 2.9 mA cm(-2) by MnOx-Pi catalyst at 2.05 V in neutral phosphate solution. The Tafel slopes measured for OER at MnOx-Pi and MnOx-Pi-rGO are similar in magnitude at about 0.180 V decade(-1). The high Tafel slopes are attributed to partial dissolution of the catalyst during oxygen evolution. The O-2 evolved at the catalyst is measured by the water displacement method and the positive role of rGO on catalytic activity of MnOx-Pi is demonstrated.
Resumo:
An Nd:glass laser pulse (18 ns, 1.38 J) is focused in a tiny area of about 100-mum diam under ambient conditions to produce micro-shock waves. The laser is focused above a planar surface with a typical standoff distance of about 4 mm, The laser energy is focused inside a supersonic circular jet of carbon dioxide gas produced by a nozzle with internal diameter of 2.9 mm and external diameter of 8 mm, Nominal value of the Mach number of the jet is around 2 with the corresponding pressure ratio of 7.5 (stagnation pressure/static pressure at the exit of the nozzle), The interaction process of the micro-shock wave generated inside the supersonic jet with the plane wall is investigated using double-pulse holographic interferometry. A strong surface vortex field with subsequent generation of a side jet propagating outward along the plane wail is observed. The interaction of the micro-shock wave with the cellular structure of the supersonic jet does not seem to influence the near surface features of the flowfield. The development of the coherent structures near the nozzle exit due to the upstream propagation of pressure waves seems to be affected by the outward propagating micro-shock wave. Mach reflection is observed when the micro-shock wave interacts with the plane wall at a standoff distance of 4 mm, The Mach stem is slightly deflected, indicating strong boundary-layer and viscous effects near the wall. The interaction process is also simulated numerically using an axisymmetric transient laminar Navier-Stokes solver. Qualitative agreement between experimental and numerical results is good.
Resumo:
在线性分层的水体中,由拖动竖条形栅格产生湍流锋面,通过阴影可视化技术考察了锋面的流态和运动行为,将锋面迹线经过图像处理,获得了锋面运动特征的有关信息:运动速度随时间的增长关系;锋面坍塌的平均无因次特征时间为NT_c=2.9,它随湍流Froude数Fr_i的增大而减小;锋面的特征尺度H_f与栅格运动的参数有关;当湍流演化成内波时,对锋面与内波运动间的关系进行了初步探讨和分析。
Resumo:
The oscillatory behaviour of the Rayleigh-Marangoni-Bénard convective instability (R-M-B instability) regarding two combinations of two-layer fluid systems has been investigated theoretically and numerically. For the two-layer system of Silicone oil (10cSt) over Fluorinert (FC70), both linear instability analysis and 2D numerical simulation show that the instability of the system depends strongly on the depth ratio Hr = H1/H2 of the two-layer liquid. The oscillatory regime at the onset of R-M-B convection enlarges with reducing Γ = Ra/Ma values. In the two-layer system of Silicone oil (2cSt) over water, it loses its stability and onsets to steady convection at first, then the steady convection bifurcates to oscillatory convection with increasing Rayleigh number Ra. This behaviour was found through numerical simulation above the onset of steady convection in the case of r = 2.9, ε=(Ra-Ruc)/Rac = 1.0, and Hr = 0.5. Our findings are different from the previous study of the Rayleigh-Benard instability and show the strong effects of the thermocapillary force at the interface on the time-dependent oscillations at or after the onset of convection. We propose a secondary oscillatory instability mechanism to explain the experimental observation of Degen et al. [Phys. Rev. E, 57 (1998), 6647-6659].
Resumo:
Resumen: Lotus tenuis es una leguminosa perenne, naturalizada en los campos bajos de la Cuenca del Salado. Es una especie alógama y presenta una alta variabilidad genética (Andrés A., and Rosso 2007), que le permite crecer y desarrollarse en distintas condiciones ambientales (Goldberg, E.E. et al 2010). Son pocas las especies de relevancia agrícola capaces de crecer bajo condiciones que combinan inundación y salinidad (Escaray 2007). Se ha demostrado la existencia de poblaciones de L. tenuis con diferentes niveles de tolerancia a distintos niveles de inundación y salinidad (Teakle, N.L. et al 2010; Striker et al. 2012). La tolerancia a la salinidad se define como la habilidad de una planta para crecer y completar su ciclo de vida en un medio que contiene altas concentraciones de sal. Debido a esto surgió mi interés por profundizar en el estudio de esta especie y su posible adaptación a suelos con problemas de salinidad. Se trabajo con dos familias de medios hermanos (FMH) de L. tenuis caracterizadas como tolerantes o susceptibles a salinidad provenientes del programa de mejoramiento genético del INTA Pergamino. Se utilizaron 550 plantas de cada genotipo que fueron sometidas a dos tratamientos salinos. Las plantas se colocaron de a cinco en macetas (20 cm. de diámetro) en invernáculo, se las dividió en: dosis 1 (9 repeticiones), fueron regadas con una solución 75mM de cloruro de sodio (NaCl), dosis 2 (9 repeticiones) regadas con una solución 150 mM NaCl, y un grupo testigo control para cada genotipo (4 repeticiones) regado sin NaCl. El tratamiento salino se aplicó durante 62 días hasta la aparición de la primera flor. Se determinó producción de biomasa de parte aérea (tallos mas hojas). También se determinó porcentaje de materia seca, por secado a 65ºC hasta peso constante de tallo más hojas, corona más raíz, longitud de tallo y raíz, y número de ramificaciones del tallo. Los resultados analizados muestran que la FMH 490 o tolerante posee mayor desarrollo en todas las variables analizadas y en todas las condiciones ensayadas excepto en longitud de raíz y corona. Pero, al sufrir el estrés los porcentajes de reducción en esta FMH que se observan son similares a los porcentajes de reducción observados en la FMH 2241 e incluso, para algunas variables el genotipo susceptible 2241 presentaba menores pérdidas frente al estrés recibido (MS por planta corona y raíz, Biomasa por planta corona y raíz, largo de tallo y Grs de tallo por planta.). El efecto de la salinidad fue igual o similar entre ambas isolíneas, por lo que la que presentaba mayor crecimiento produjo mayor biomasa en condiciones de estrés salino que la de menor crecimiento. La tolerancia al estrés salino fue similar en ambos genotipos, solo que una presentó más desarrollo que la otra. El análisis de las variables estudiadas mostró que en este ensayo el crecimiento de las plantas tiende a disminuir al aumentar la dosis de NaCl y que, a igualdad de dosis, los parámetros de crecimiento evaluados fueron mayores en el genotipo tolerante.
Resumo:
Al desagregar territorialmente los indicadores socioeconómicos disponibles aparecen enormes diferencias entre los niveles de ingresos, pobreza e informalidad de las distintas localidades del interior del país. Este hecho nos alerta sobre la urgencia de incorporar una dimensión regional en el diseño de las políticas públicas y poner especial énfasis en el desarrollo de algunas de estas regiones. Con este objetivo en mente, en este número de Empleo y Desarrollo Social se discute la necesidad por una estrategia de descentralización que induzca una mejora continua de la gestión mediante un esquema de incentivos y los mecanismos de control apropiados
Resumo:
The growth of InAsxSb1-x films on (100) GaSb substrates by liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) has been investigated and epitaxial InAs0.3Sb0.7 films with InAs0.9Sb0.09 buffer layers have been successfully obtained. The low X-ray rocking curve FHWM values of InAs0.3Sb0.7 layer shows the high quality of crystal-orientation structure. Hall measurements show that the highest electron mobility in the samples obtained is 2.9 x 10(4) cm(2) V-1 s(-1) and the carrier density is 2.78 x 10(16)cm(-3) at room temperature (RT). The In As0.3Sb0.7 films grown on (10 0) GaSb substrates exhibit excellent optical performance with a cut-off wavelength of 12 mu m. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Este trabajo tienen como objeto evaluar el crecimiento de diez especies forestales, para la produccion de leña en la zona del valle de Sebaco, catalogada como critica en el abastecimiento de leña. la metodologias del establecimiento està descrita por CATIE (4) el ensayo fue establecido en 1982 en un diseño de bloques completa al azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones y diez tratamientos (las especies), el espaciamiento entre plantas en 2x2m y el nùmero de àrboles de la parcela ùtil fue de nueve. se realizaron cinco mediciones 0.5, 1.7, 2.9,3.8, y 4.7 años. las variables evaluadas fueron diametro, altura, sobrevivencia, área basal, volumen, numero de eje, ICA e IMA, los resultados sobresalientes lo siguiente analisis de varianza para todos las variables descritas a excepción del volumen, los tratamientos resultaron significativos al 5% no siendo así los bloques, las especies E. camaldulencis, E.citriodon, E.sepiun, E. Urophylla, fueron las que presentaron mejor comportamiento en sobrevivencia y volumen, seguida de L. Seemannii, D. regia, L. leucocephac y C. Velutine con baja sobrevivencia y volumen, C caluthyrsus y C. equisefifolia, mortalidad total. G. Sepium, L Seemannii y C. Catothyrssu prudujera mayor numero de eje/àrbol (2.27-5.40)
Resumo:
提出了用分层抽样-重要性抽样复合法计算接管的断裂失效概率,并与直接抽样的MonteCarlo法进行了比较,结果表明:用复合法计算接管断裂失效概率不但精度高,而且大幅度节省机时,提高效率。
Resumo:
本文指出,许多电动力学教科书中所给出的导体(本文指金属导体)中自由体电荷的衰减规律不适用于良导体,原因是所涉及的电场变化频率远比电子与晶格的碰撞频率为大,因而无色散欧姆定律实际并不适用.本文采用欧姆定律的推广形式导出较普遍的结论;并指出,在讨论定频的低频电磁波与导体的相互作用问题时,可直接证明电荷密度的实频分量■(ω实)为零,而不必涉及σ(t)的衰减规律.此外,本文还指出电荷衰减过程中不会出现电子的“超光速运动”矛盾.
Resumo:
El trabajo de investigación fue realizado en el centro de experimentación y validación de tecnología (CEVAT) , Las Mercedes. Ubicado en el km 11 carretera norte, entrada al CARNIC 800 m al norte con coordenadas 12°10’14” a 12°08’05” de latitud Norte y 86°10’22” a 86°09’44” longitud Oeste, a 56 msnm, durante la época lluviosa de postrera del año 2014.. Las precipitaciones durante el ciclo del cultivo fue de 660.5 mm, temperaturas de 23.2°C - 32.5° C y humedad relativa de 77%. Los suelos de esta zona son derivados de cenizas volcánicas, pertenecen a la serie Las Mercedes, con textura franco arcillos o . El objetivo fue evaluar el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de maíz variedad nutrinta amarillo bajo tres tratamientos, el primero con fertilizante tradicional (12 - 30 - 10 y urea ), el segundo con fertilizantes nuevos (fertimaiz y nitro xtend) y un tes tigo. Se estableció un arreglo unifactorial en diseño de bloques completo al azar con cuatro r epeticiones y tres tratamientos, Los datos fueron analizados con el programa INFOSTAT. La dimensión total del ensayo fue de 410.8 m 2 . Los resultados muestran que hubo diferencias significativas para las variables: diámetro de tallo (18.80 mm ) y promedio número de hoja ( 9.48 ) reflejándose los mejore s resultados con fertilizantes nuevos . L as variables: altura de planta (219.26 cm) , área foliar (702.05 cm 2 ) , longitud de espiga (47.60 cm) y rendimiento (4246.10 kg ha - 1 ) no presentaron diferencias significativas. Los principales insectos encontrados corresponden al orden lepidóptera con mayor número de familias, en cuanto al porcentaje de incidencia de insectos plagas lo s mayores datos pertenecen a Dalbulus maidis con el 60%. En la no aplicación de fertilización se presentó mayor rentabilidad económica y por cada córdoba invertido recupera el córdoba más C$ 2.9.