Placing biodiversity in ecosystem models without getting lost in translation

A key challenge to progressing our understanding of biodiversity’s role in the sustenance of ecosystem function is the extrapolation of the results of two decades of dedicated empirical research to regional, global and future landscapes. Ecosystem models provide a platform for this progression, potentially offering a holistic view of ecosystems where, guided by the mechanistic understanding of processes and their connection to the environment and biota, large-scale questions can be investigated. While the benefits of depicting biodiversity in such models are widely recognized, its application is limited by difficulties in the transfer of knowledge from small process oriented ecology into macro-scale modelling. Here, we build on previous work, breaking down key challenges of that knowledge transfer into a tangible framework, highlighting successful strategies that both modelling and ecology communities have developed to better interact with one another. We use a benthic and a pelagic case-study to illustrate how aspects of the links between biodiversity and ecosystem process have been depicted in marine ecosystem models (ERSEM and MIRO), from data, to conceptualisation and model development. We hope that this framework may help future interactions between biodiversity researchers and model developers by highlighting concrete solutions to common problems, and in this way contribute to the advance of the mechanistic understanding of the role of biodiversity in marine (and terrestrial) ecosystems.

Modelling the Influence of Major Baltic Inflows on Near-Bottom Conditions at the Entrance of the Gulf of Finland

A coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model was implemented in order to estimate the effects of Major Baltic Inflows on the near-bottom hydrophysical and biogeochemical conditions in the northern Baltic Proper and the western Gulf of Finland during the period 1991�2009. We compared results of a realistic reference run to the results of an experimental run where Major Baltic Inflows were suppressed. Further to the expected overall decrease in bottom salinity, this modelling experiment confirms that in the absence of strong saltwater inflows the deep areas of the Baltic Proper would become more anoxic, while in the shallower areas (western Gulf of Finland) near-bottom average conditions improve. Our experiment revealed that typical estuarine circulation results in the sporadic emergence of short-lasting events of near-bottom anoxia in the western Gulf of Finland due to transport of water masses from the Baltic Proper. Extrapolating our results beyond the modelled period, we speculate that the further deepening of the halocline in the Baltic Proper is likely to prevent inflows of anoxic water to the Gulf of Finland and in the longer term would lead to improvement in near-bottom conditions in the Baltic Proper. Our results reaffirm the importance of accurate representation of salinity dynamics in coupled Baltic Sea models serving as a basis for credible hindcast and future projection simulations of biogeochemical conditions.

Dimethylsulfide gas transfer coefficients from algal blooms in the Southern Ocean

Air–sea dimethylsulfide (DMS) fluxes and bulk air–sea gradients were measured over the Southern Ocean in February–March 2012 during the Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) study. The cruise encountered three distinct phytoplankton bloom regions, consisting of two blooms with moderate DMS levels, and a high biomass, dinoflagellate-dominated bloom with high seawater DMS levels (> 15 nM). Gas transfer coefficients were considerably scattered at wind speeds above 5 m/s. Bin averaging the data resulted in a linear relationship between wind speed and mean gas transfer velocity consistent with that previously observed. However, the wind-speed-binned gas transfer data distribution at all wind speeds is positively skewed. The flux and seawater DMS distributions were also positively skewed, which suggests that eddy covariance-derived gas transfer velocities are consistently influenced by additional, log-normal noise. A flux footprint analysis was conducted during a transect into the prevailing wind and through elevated DMS levels in the dinoflagellate bloom. Accounting for the temporal/spatial separation between flux and seawater concentration significantly reduces the scatter in computed transfer velocity. The SOAP gas transfer velocity data show no obvious modification of the gas transfer–wind speed relationship by biological activity or waves. This study highlights the challenges associated with eddy covariance gas transfer measurements in biologically active and heterogeneous bloom environments.

Air-sea exchange of methanol and acetone during HiWinGS: Estimation of air phase, water phase gas transfer velocities

The air-sea fluxes of methanol and acetone were measured concurrently using a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) with the eddy covariance (EC) technique during the High Wind Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS) in 2013. The seawater concentrations of these compounds were also measured twice daily with the same PTR-MS coupled to a membrane inlet. Dissolved concentrations near the surface ranged from 7 to 28 nM for methanol and from 3 to 9 nM for acetone. Both gases were consistently transported from the atmosphere to the ocean as a result of their low sea surface saturations. The largest influxes were observed in regions of high atmospheric concentrations and strong winds (up to 25 m s(-1)). Comparison of the total air-sea transfer velocity of these two gases (K-a), along with the in situ sensible heat transfer rate, allows us to constrain the individual gas transfer velocity in the air phase (k(a)) and water phase (k(w)). Among existing parameterizations, the scaling of k(a) from the COARE model is the most consistent with our observations. The k(w) we estimated is comparable to the tangential (shear driven) transfer velocity previously determined from measurements of dimethyl sulfide. Lastly, we estimate the wet deposition of methanol and acetone in our study region and evaluate the lifetimes of these compounds in the surface ocean and lower atmosphere with respect to total (dry plus wet) atmospheric deposition.

Metocean Comparisons of Jason-2 and AltiKa—A Method to Develop a New Wind Speed Algorithm

As well as range, the AltiKa altimeter provides estimates of wave height, Hs and normalized backscatter, s0, that need to be assessed prior to statistics based on them being included in climate databases. An analysis of crossovers with the Jason-2 altimeter shows AltiKa Hs values to be biased high by only »0.05m, with a standard deviation (s.d.) of »0.1m for seven-point averages. AltiKa’s s 0 values are 2.5–3 dB less than those from Jason-2, with a s.d. of »0.3 dB, with these relatively large mismatches to be expected as AltiKa measures a different part of the spectrum of sea surface roughness. A new wind speed algorithm is developed through matchinghistogram of s0 values to that for Jason-2 wind speeds. The algorithm is robust to the use of short durations of data, with a consistency at roughly the 0.1 m/s level. Incorporation of Hs as a secondary input reduces the assessed error at crossovers from 0.82 m/s to 0.71 m/s. A comparison across all altimeter frequencies used to date demonstrates that the lowest wind speeds preferentially develop the shortest scales of roughness.

Scaling up experimental ocean acidification and warming research: from individuals to the ecosystem

Understanding long-term, ecosystem-level impacts of climate change is challenging because experimental research frequently focuses on short-term, individual-level impacts in isolation. We address this shortcoming first through an inter-disciplinary ensemble of novel experimental techniques to investigate the impacts of 14-month exposure to ocean acidification and warming (OAW) on the physiology, activity, predatory behaviour and susceptibility to predation of an important marine gastropod (Nucella lapillus). We simultaneously estimated the potential impacts of these global drivers on N. lapillus population dynamics and dispersal parameters. We then used these data to parameterise a dynamic bioclimatic envelope model, to investigate the consequences of OAW on the distribution of the species in the wider NE Atlantic region by 2100. The model accounts also for changes in the distribution of resources, suitable habitat and environment simulated by finely resolved biogeochemical models, under three IPCC global emissions scenarios. The experiments showed that temperature had the greatest impact on individual level responses, while acidification has a similarly important role in the mediation of predatory behaviour and susceptibility to predators. Changes in Nucella predatory behaviour appeared to serve as a strategy to mitigate individual level impacts of acidification, but the development of this response may be limited in the presence of predators. The model projected significant large-scale changes in the distribution of Nucella by the year 2100 that were exacerbated by rising greenhouse gas emissions. These changes were spatially heterogeneous, as the degree of impact of OAW on the combination of responses considered by the model varied depending on local environmental conditions and resource availability. Such changes in macro-scale distributions cannot be predicted by investigating individual level impacts in isolation, or by considering climate stressors separately. Scaling up the results of experimental climate change research requires approaches that account for long-term, multi-scale responses to multiple stressors, in an ecosystem context.

Evaluating machine-learning techniques for recruitment forecasting of seven North East Atlantic fish species

The effect of different factors (spawning biomass, environmental conditions) on recruitment is a subject of great importance in the management of fisheries, recovery plans and scenario exploration. In this study, recently proposed supervised classification techniques, tested by the machine-learning community, are applied to forecast the recruitment of seven fish species of North East Atlantic (anchovy, sardine, mackerel, horse mackerel, hake, blue whiting and albacore), using spawning, environmental and climatic data. In addition, the use of the probabilistic flexible naive Bayes classifier (FNBC) is proposed as modelling approach in order to reduce uncertainty for fisheries management purposes. Those improvements aim is to improve probability estimations of each possible outcome (low, medium and high recruitment) based in kernel density estimation, which is crucial for informed management decision making with high uncertainty. Finally, a comparison between goodness-of-fit and generalization power is provided, in order to assess the reliability of the final forecasting models. It is found that in most cases the proposed methodology provides useful information for management whereas the case of horse mackerel is an example of the limitations of the approach. The proposed improvements allow for a better probabilistic estimation of the different scenarios, i.e. to reduce the uncertainty in the provided forecasts.

Exploring the links between urban stucture and air quality

A poluição atmosférica constitui actualmente um grave problema ambiental cujos efeitos se fazem sentir a diversas escalas, desde os efeitos imediatos e de longo termo na saúde humana e nos materiais, até fenómenos regionais, como a acificação, e fenómenos globais que durante este século poderão alterar as condições de vida no globo. Apesar da redução das emissões de poluentes atmosféricos, conseguida através do uso de combustíveis mais limpos e tecnologias mais eficientes, as áreas urbanas continuam a evidenciar sinais de degradação ambiental. Para ser bem sucedida a cidade deve enfrentar as três dimensões da sustentabilidade: social, económica e ambiental. O modo de utilização do solo numa zona urbana é uma característica fundamental da cidade, com influência directa no seu desempenho ambiental e na qualidade de vida que proporciona à população. O presente trabalho explora a ligação entre a estrutura urbana e a qualidade do ar, um dos muitos aspectos do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. A perspectiva histórica sobre o desenvolvimento urbano, a poluição atmosférica e a sua interligação é abordada, bem como o trabalho de investigação que tem vindo a ser conduzido na área. A aplicação de um sistema de modelação atmosférico a um caso de estudo idealizado demonstra a importância da estrutura espacial da cidade na sustentabilidade urbana, mostrando que cidades compactas com usos do solo misturados promovem uma melhor qualidade do ar quando comparadas com cidades dispersas, com baixa densidade populacional. De modo a explorar a relação entre a estrutura urbana e a qualidade do ar numa zona urbana real, a região urbana do Porto é identificada como um caso de estudo adequado, e o processo de crescimento urbano nas últimas décadas é analisado, assim como os níveis de qualidade do ar da região. De modo a definir a configuração do sistema de modelação mais adequada para a região de estudo, são efectuados diversos testes de sensibilidade com o modelo meteorológico. Relativamente ao modelo de qualidade do ar, é descrito e implementado um conjunto de acções de modo a melhorar o desempenho do modelo para a simulação das concentrações de poluentes na atmosfera urbana, no contexto de alterações do uso do solo. Finalmente, são desenvolvidos e testados, através da aplicação do sistema de modelação, dois cenários alternativos de desenvolvimento urbano para a área de estudo. Estes cenários alternativos implicam diferentes emissões de poluentes e diferentes distribuições espaciais dessas emissões, e como consequência, diferentes níveis de qualidade do ar. O estudo permite concluir que alterações nos padrões de uso do solo em áreas urbanas conduzem a alterações na meteorologia, emissões e qualidade do ar. As áreas urbanas dispersas, quando comparadas com estruturas urbanas compactas são responsáveis por temperaturas mais elevadas, emissões de poluentes para a atmosfera mais elevadas e maiores concentrações de poluentes.

Clubes de ciências e o percurso escolar dos alunos

Os factores que levam os alunos, no final da escolaridade obrigatória, a escolher o seu percurso escolar são vários. Neste estudo procurou-se saber em que medida a frequência de Clubes na área das Ciências influenciam essa decisão e, ainda, estudar como potenciar a sua organização no sentido de que estes possam contribuir positivamente para as escolhas dos alunos por percursos escolares na área das Ciências. A investigação decorreu em duas fases. Na primeira fase, foi avaliada a influência dos Clubes de Ciências na decisão do percurso escolar dos alunos, no final da escolaridade básica. Nesta fase foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: -Entrevista semi-estruturada realizada a sete professoras responsáveis de Clubes na área das Ciências Físicas e Naturais, de 7 Escolas Secundárias da região de Aveiro. -Administração de um questionário, construído com questões maioritariamente fechadas, a uma amostra de 106 alunos, do 10ºAno, provenientes de 11 Escolas Secundárias da região de Aveiro, que frequentaram Clubes na área das Ciências Físicas e Naturais, no 3º Ciclo. -Tratamento estatístico das questões do questionário, com recurso ao programa SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) e análise de conteúdo das questões abertas do questionário e das entrevistas, recorrendose para o efeito à construção de categorias de resposta. Na segunda fase concebeu-se e implementou-se um Clube de Ciências. Nesta fase surgiu a criação do Clube: ”Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável”, no qual foi desenvolvido o projecto: “Construção e dinamização de uma Estação Meteorológica”, numa Escola Básica do 2º e 3º Ciclos do Concelho de Aveiro. Os resultados obtidos na primeira fase do estudo são reveladores da importância que é atribuída às experiências vivenciadas pelos alunos nos Clubes de Ciências que frequentaram. Os temas/assuntos abordados foram essencialmente conteúdos ligados a áreas do conhecimento das disciplinas de Ciências. Predominaram as estratégias com base em trabalho de projecto e em actividades experimentais. Indicadores nacionais e internacionais têm evidenciado um decréscimo no número de jovens que, na sua escolaridade, optam por estudos nas áreas das Ciências e da Tecnologia. Este decréscimo tem sido um factor de preocupação ao nível das políticas educativas, nomeadamente europeias, tornando-se urgente, por um lado, compreender o porquê desse facto e, por outro, encontrar formas de o minimizar. Os Clubes na perspectiva das responsáveis entrevistadas: (a) Surgem como uma oportunidade para melhorar as competências dos alunos ao nível do saber fazer; (b) Permitem confirmar e reforçar a motivação e o gosto pelas Ciências; (c) Podem, também, dar-lhes orientações para o futuro, embora esta não tenha sido uma preocupação explícita; (d) São do agrado dos alunos devido a apresentarem actividades não meramente académicas e formais. Os Clubes, na perspectiva dos alunos respondentes: (a) Aumentaram a motivação para estudar Ciências; (b) Permitiram relacionar as Ciências com o dia-a-dia; (c) Ajudaram na escolha do curso que frequentam no Ensino Secundário; (d) Contribuíram para querer exercer uma profissão na área das Ciências. Na segunda fase do estudo, foi desenvolvido um trabalho de projecto que envolveu alunos do 3º Ciclo. O tema do projecto, proposto e implementado, coincidiu com os dois temas menos abordados, nos Clubes frequentados pelos respondentes da primeira fase do estudo, Meteorologia e Temáticas com Impacto Social. Por outro lado o Clube pretendeu contribuir para a Década da Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentado, instituída pelas Nações Unidas, para fazer frente à actual situação de emergência planetária. Uma estratégia privilegiada para formar cidadãos capazes de assumir atitudes e valores com vista ao desenvolvimento sustentável, passa pela Educação em todas as suas vertentes, nomeadamente a do ensino não formal, na qual se incluem os Clubes de Ciências. ABSTRACT: National and international indicators have showed a decrease in the number of youngsters that, during their school course make their choices in the study areas of Science and Technology. This decreasing tendency has been a motive of concern as far as the European educational policies are concerned. Thus, it is urgent to understand the reason behind that situation and find ways to minimize it. There are various factors that make students choose their study areas in the end of their school course. This study aimed to find out how the Science Clubs can influence their decisions as well as to study new ways to improve their organization in such a way that they may contribute positively to the students’ choices of their school careers in the area of Science. The investigation was divided in two parts: in the first part, it was evaluated the level of the influence of the Science Clubs in the students’ school careers at the end of the elementary education. At this stage it was adopted the following procedure: -A semi-structured interview was applied to 7 female teachers that are responsible for the Natural and Physics Science Clubs, in secondary schools, in the region of Aveiro; -A mainly close-question questionnaire was applied to a sample of 106 students, in the 10th grade, in 11 secondary schools, in the region of Aveiro. These students have attended some Natural and Physics Science Clubs, during the 7th, 8th and 9th grades; -Statistical work of the questionnaire was done with the help of the SPSS programme (Statistical Package for the Social Science) as well as the analysis of the contents of the open-questions of the questionnaire and the interviews by means of the answer-category method. In the second part, a Science Club was planned and implemented. At this stage, a club was created - “Education for the Sustainable Development” - within which the following project was developed – “Building and Development of a Meteorological Observatory”, at a 2nd and 3rd Ciclos (Stages) Elementary School, in Aveiro. The results of the first part of this study case have showed clearly the importance given to the experiences of the students while attending the Science Clubs. The themes/subjects studied were mainly science knowledgerelated contents. The strategies adopted were based on project work and experimental activities. A view of the Clubs by the people who are responsible for them: (a)The Clubs mean an opportunity for students to learn the know-how process; (b)They have provided the reinforcement of the motivation and preference for Science; (c)Although it was not the main concern with the clubs, the truth is that they can also give the students a sense of awareness for the future; (d)Students like to make part of the clubs because of their experimental character. A view of the Clubs by the students who make part of them: (a)The clubs have increased the level of motivation to study Science; (b)They have allowed a close perspective of the daily life reality; (c)They have helped with the choice of the Secondary School courses; (d)They have made students want a future professional career in the area of Science. In the second part of this study case, a project work was carried out involving 7th, 8th and 9th grade students. The subject of the project, considered and implemented, coincided with the two less boarded subjects, in the Clubs attended a course for the respondents of the first phase of the study, Meteorology and Thematic with Social Impact. The Club also aimed to contribute to the decade of the “Education for the Sustained Future” as settled by the United Nations in order to face the present emergency situation of the planet. The last but not the least, it is believed that, the best strategy to teach future citizens who are able to take the responsibility of their values and attitudes towards a sustainable future, is to provide them a type of Education that can teach them both the formal curriculum aspects and the informal ones, as it is the case of the Science Clubs.

Sistemas de recepção de imagens de satélite: implementação e aplicações

A presente dissertação pretende focalizar-se sobre algumas aplicações da detecção remota por satélite. Assim, será exposto neste trabalho o resultado do desenvolvimento de sistemas de recepção de imagens obtidas por satélites de órbita polar e geostacionária, assim como um conjunto de três aplicações implementadas: a detecção de focos de incêndio em Portugal com dados do MSG-1, o desenvolvimento de um conjunto de actividades de exploração da Detecção Remota no contexto do 1' Ciclo do Ensino Básico e a validação dos resultados de previsão do modelo de mesoescala MM5 com imagens de satélite. A análise destas imagens desempenha um papel crucial, por exemplo nos estudos sobre tempo e clima. É por essa razão que tanto os Estados Unidos como outros países têm vindo a desenvolver um esforço contínuo para que possam ser lançados novos satélites que permitam uma constante aquisição de conhecimentos sobre os fenómenos meteorológicos. Deste modo, a implementação de sistemas de recepção que possibilitem transformar as medidas disponibilizadas por instrumentos a bordo de satélites em informação constitui um empreendimento de extrema utilidade para as mais diversas áreas do saber (como as Geociências ou a Meteorologia), revestindo-se de inúmeras aplicações de interesse para a Sociedade, nomeadamente nos sectores agrícola, energético, dos transportes e da conservação do meio ambiente.

Regional and urban air quality modelling under a climate change scenario

The better understanding of the interactions between climate change and air quality is an emerging priority for research and policy. Climate change will bring changes in the climate system, which will affect the concentration and dispersion of air pollutants. The main objective of the current study is to assess the impacts of climate change on air quality in 2050 over Portugal and Porto urban area. First, an evaluation and characterization of the air quality over mainland Portugal was performed for the period between 2002 and 2012. The results show that NO2, PM10 and O3 are the critical pollutants in Portugal. Also, the influence of meteorology on O3, NO2 and PM10 levels was investigate in the national main urban areas (Porto and Lisboa) and was verified that O3 has a statistically significant relationship with temperature in most of the components. The results also indicate that emission control strategies are primary regulators for NO2 and PM10 levels. After, understanding the national air quality problems and the influence that meteorology had in the historical air quality levels, the air quality modelling system WRF-CAMx was tested and the required inputs for the simulations were prepared to fulfil the main goal of this work. For the required air quality modelling inputs, an Emission Projections under RCP scenarios (EmiPro-RCP) model was developed to assist the estimation of future emission inventories for GHG and common air pollutants. Also, the current emissions were estimated for Portugal with a higher detailed disaggregation to improve the performance of the air quality simulations. The air quality modelling system WRF/CAMx was tested and evaluated over Portugal and Porto urban area and the results point out that is an adequate tool for the analysis of air quality under climate change. For this purpose, regional simulations of air quality during historical period and future (2045-2050) were conducted with CAMx version 6.0 to evaluate the impacts of simulated future climate and anthropogenic emission projections on air quality over the study area. The climate and the emission projections were produced under the RCP8.5 scenario. The results from the simulations point out, that if the anthropogenic emissions keep the same in 2050, the concentrations of NO2, PM10 and O3 will increase in Portugal. When, besides the climate change effects, is consider the projected anthropogenic emissions the annual mean concentrations of NO2 decrease significantly in Portugal and Porto urban area, and on the contrary the annual mean PM10 concentrations increases in Portugal and decrease in Porto urban area. The O3 results are mainly caused by the reduction of ozone precursors, getting the higher reductions in urban areas and increases in the surrounding areas. All the analysis performed for both simulations for Porto urban area support that, for PM10 and O3, there will be an increase in the occurrence of extreme values, surpassing the annual legislated parameters and having more daily exceedances. This study constitutes an innovative scientific tool to help in future air quality management in order to mitigate future climate change impacts on air quality.

An evaluation of the accuracy of models for the determination of the weighted mean temperature of the atmosphere

The estimates of the zenith wet delay resulting from the analysis of data from space techniques, such as GPS and VLBI, have a strong potential in climate modeling and weather forecast applications. In order to be useful to meteorology, these estimates have to be converted to precipitable water vapor, a process that requires the knowledge of the weighted mean temperature of the atmosphere, which varies both in space and time. In recent years, several models have been proposed to predict this quantity. Using a database of mean temperature values obtained by ray-tracing radiosonde profiles of more than 100 stations covering the globe, and about 2.5 year’s worth of data, we have analyzed several of these models. Based on data from the European region, we have concluded that the models provide identical levels of precision, but different levels of accuracy. Our results indicate that regionally-optimized models do not provide superior performance compared to the global models.

A neural network seismic detector

This experimental study focuses on a detection system at the seismic station level that should have a similar role to the detection algorithms based on the ratio STA/LTA. We tested two types of neural network: Multi-Layer Perceptrons and Support Vector Machines, trained in supervised mode. The universe of data consisted of 2903 patterns extracted from records of the PVAQ station, of the seismography network of the Institute of Meteorology of Portugal. The spectral characteristics of the records and its variation in time were reflected in the input patterns, consisting in a set of values of power spectral density in selected frequencies, extracted from a spectro gram calculated over a segment of record of pre-determined duration. The universe of data was divided, with about 60% for the training and the remainder reserved for testing and validation. To ensure that all patterns in the universe of data were within the range of variation of the training set, we used an algorithm to separate the universe of data by hyper-convex polyhedrons, determining in this manner a set of patterns that have a mandatory part of the training set. Additionally, an active learning strategy was conducted, by iteratively incorporating poorly classified cases in the training set. The best results, in terms of sensitivity and selectivity in the whole data ranged between 98% and 100%. These results compare very favorably with the ones obtained by the existing detection system, 50%.

On-line operation of an intelligent seismic detector

This study describes the on-line operation of a seismic detection system to act at the level of a seismic station providing similar role to that of a STA /LTA ratio-based detection algorithms. The intelligent detector is a Support Vector Machine (SVM), trained with data consisting of 2903 patterns extracted from records of the PVAQ station, one of the seismographic network's stations of the Institute of Meteorology of Portugal (IM). Records' spectral variations in time and characteristics were reflected in the SVM input patterns, as a set of values of power spectral density at selected frequencies. To ensure that all patterns of the sample data were within the range of variation of the training set, we used an algorithm to separate the universe of data by hyper-convex polyhedrons, determining in this manner a set of patterns that have a mandatory part of the training set. Additionally, an active learning strategy was conducted, by iteratively incorporating poorly classified cases in the training set. After having been trained, the proposed system was experimented in continuous operation for unseen (out of sample) data, and the SVM detector obtained 97.7% and 98.7% of sensitivity and selectivity, respectively. The same type of ANN presented 88.4 % and 99.4% of sensitivity and selectivity when applied to data of a different seismic station of IM. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.