A fully echo-guided trans-apical aortic valve implantation.

The trans-apical aortic valve implantation (TA-AVI) is an established technique for high-risk patients requiring aortic valve replacement. Traditionally, preoperative (computed tomography (CT) scan, coronary angiogram) and intra-operative imaging (fluoroscopy) for stent-valve positioning and implantation require contrast medium injections. To preserve the renal function in elderly patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency, a fully echo-guided trans-catheter valve implantation seems to be a reasonable alternative. We report the first successful TA-AVI procedure performed solely under trans-oesophageal echocardiogram control, in the absence of contrast medium injections.

Variability of ascending aorta diameter measurements as assessed with electrocardiography-gated multidetector computerized tomography and computer assisted diagnosis software.

Recently, morphometric measurements of the ascending aorta have been done with ECG-gated multidector computerized tomography (MDCT) to help the development of future novel transcatheter therapies (TCT); nevertheless, the variability of such measurements remains unknown. Thirty patients referred for ECG-gated CT thoracic angiography were evaluated. Continuous reformations of the ascending aorta, perpendicular to the centerline, were obtained automatically with a commercially available computer aided diagnosis (CAD). Then measurements of the maximal diameter were done with the CAD and manually by two observers (separately). Measurements were repeated one month later. The Bland-Altman method, Spearman coefficients, and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to evaluate the variability, the correlation, and the differences between observers. The interobserver variability for maximal diameter between the two observers was up to 1.2 mm with limits of agreement [-1.5, +0.9] mm; whereas the intraobserver limits were [-1.2, +1.0] mm for the first observer and [-0.8, +0.8] mm for the second observer. The intraobserver CAD variability was 0.8 mm. The correlation was good between observers and the CAD (0.980-0.986); however, significant differences do exist (P<0.001). The maximum variability observed was 1.2 mm and should be considered in reports of measurements of the ascending aorta. The CAD is as reproducible as an experienced reader.

Total aortic arch stenting--hemodynamical impact of carotid artery perfusion.

The aim of this experimental study is to evaluate the feasibility and the outcome of total endovascular stent implantation in the aortic arch. Indications for this operation-technique would be acute or chronic dissection of the aortic arch (non-A-non-B dissection) or type B dissection with retrograde extension. Four pigs were canulated via the distal abdominal aorta and a retrograde placement of a Djumbodis arch stent (4-9 cm) was controlled by using intravascular ultrasound and intracardiac ultrasound by the inferior cava vein and under radioscopic control. Cerebral perfusion, by using a flow meter placed on one prepared carotid artery, were controlled before, immediate post-procedural (<1 min), and in the early follow-up after aortic arch stent implantation. During the implantation process, especially during balloon inflation and deflation, mean carotid perfusion decreases slightly. A reactive increase of carotid perfusion after stent placements indicates transitory cerebral hypo-perfusion. Non-covered aortic arch stent implantation is technically feasible and could be a potential treatment option in otherwise inoperable arch dissections. The time required for balloon inflation and deflation causes an important risk of cerebral ischemia. The latter can be reduced by transaxillary perfusion.

Translation to success of surgical innovation.

Contemporary thoracic and cardiovascular surgery uses extensive equipment and devices to enable its performance. As the specialties develop and new frontiers are crossed, the technology needs to advance in a parallel fashion. Strokes of genius or problem-solving brain-storming may generate great ideas, but the metamorphosis of an idea into a physical functioning tool requires a lot more than just a thinking process. A modern surgical device is the end-point of a sophisticated, complicated and potentially treacherous route, which incorporates new skills and knowledge acquisition. Processes including technology transfer, commercialisation, corporate and product development, intellectual property and regulatory routes all play pivotal roles in this voyage. Many good ideas may fall by the wayside for a multitude of reasons as they may not be marketable or may be badly marketed. In this article, we attempt to illuminate the components required in the process of surgical innovation, which we believe must remain in the remit of the modern-day thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon.

Chest pain in daily practice: occurrence, causes and management

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: We assessed the occurrence and aetiology of chest pain in primary care practice. These features differ between primary and emergency care settings, where most previous studies have been performed. METHODS: 59 GPs in western Switzerland recorded all consecutive cases presenting with chest pain. Clinical characteristics, laboratory tests and other investigations as well as the diagnoses remaining after 12 months of follow-up were systematically registered. RESULTS: Among 24,620 patients examined during a total duration of 300 weeks of observation, 672 (2.7%) presented with chest pain (52% female, mean age 55 +/- 19(SD)). Most cases, 442 (1.8%), presented new symptoms and in 356 (1.4%) it was the reason for consulting. Over 40 ailments were diagnosed: musculoskeletal chest pain (including chest wall syndrome) (49%), cardiovascular (16%), psychogenic (11%), respiratory (10%), digestive (8%), miscellaneous (2%) and without diagnosis (3%). The three most prevalent diseases were: chest wall syndrome (43%), coronary artery disease (12%) and anxiety (7%). Unstable angina (6), myocardial infarction (4) and pulmonary embolism (2) were uncommon (1.8%). Potentially serious conditions including cardiac, respiratory and neoplasic diseases accounted for 20% of cases. A large number of laboratory tests (42%), referral to a specialist (16%) or hospitalisation (5%) were performed. Twentyfive patients died during follow-up, of which twelve were for a reason directly associated with thoracic pain [cancer (7) and cardiac causes (5)]. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic pain was present in 2.7% of primary care consultations. Chest wall syndrome pain was the main aetiology. Cardio - vascular emergencies were uncommon. However chest pain deserves full consideration because of the occurrence of potentially serious conditions.

A 3-step therapeutic strategy for severe alveolar proteinosis.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is characterized by accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material in the terminal airways. Whole lung lavage (WLL) remains the gold standard treatment but may be particularly challenging in cases of severe hypoxemia. We present a 3-step strategy that was used in a patient with PAP-associated refractory hypoxemia and that combined venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vvECMO), double-lumen orotracheal intubation, and bilateral multisegmental sequential lavage (MSL). The procedure was well tolerated and permitted weaning from the ventilator.

Expression and function of endothelin and its receptors in vascular adventitial fibroblasts

Objective: The adventitia has been recognized to play important roles in vascular oxidative stress, remodelling and contraction. We recently demonstrated that adventitial fibroblasts are able to express endothelin-1 (ET-1) in response to angiotensin II (ANG II). However, the mechanisms by which ANG II induces ET-1 expression are unknown. It is also unclear whether the ET-1 receptors are expressed in the adventitia. We therefore examined the role of oxidative stress in the regulation of ET-1. We also investigated the expression of both the ETA and ETB receptors and the roles of these two types of receptors in collagen synthesis and ET-1 clearance in adventitial fibroblasts. Methods and Results: Adventitial fibroblasts were isolated and cultured from the thoracic mouse aorta. Cells were treated with ANG II (lOOnM), ET-1 (lOpM), NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (lOOfiM), the superoxide anion scavenger tempol (lOOfiM), the ANG II receptor antagonists (100[aM), losartan (AT| receptor) and PD 1233 19 (AT2 receptor), the ET-1 receptor antagonists (lOOuM), BQ123 (ETA receptor) and BQ788 (ETB receptor), and the ETB receptor agonist (lOOnM) Sarafotoxin 6C. ET-1 peptide levels were determined by ELISA, while ETA ,ETB and collagen levels were determined by Western blot. ANG II increased ET-1 peptide levels in a time-dependent manner reaching significance when incubated for 24 hours. NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, as well as the superoxide scanverger, tempol, significantly reduced ANG Il-induced ET-1 peptide levels while over-expression of SOD1 (endogenous antioxidant enzyme) significantly decreased ANG Il-induced collagen I expression, therefore implicating reactive oxygen species in the mediation of ET-1. ANG II increased ETA receptor protein as well as collagen in a similar fashion, reaching significance after 4, 6, and 24 hours treatment. ANG II induced collagen was reduced while in the presence of the ETA receptor antagonist suggesting the role of the ETa receptor in the regulation of the extracellular matrix. ANG II treatment also increased ETB receptor protein levels in a time-dependent manner. ANG II treatment in the presence of the ETB receptor antagonist significantly increased ET-1 peptide levels. On another hand, the ETB receptor agonist, Sarafotoxin 6C, significantly decreased ET-1 peptide levels. These data implicate the role of the ETb receptor in the clearance of the ET-1 peptide. Conclusion: ANG II-induced increases of ET-1 peptide appears to be mediated by reactive oxygen species derived from NAD(P)H oxidase. Both the ETA and ETB receptors are expressed in adventitial fibroblasts. The ETA receptor subtype mediates collagen I expression, while the ETB receptor may play a protective role through increasing the clearance of the ET- 1 peptide.

The roles of ERK1/2 and PI3K in abnormal vascular functions in angiotensin II-infused hypertensive rats

Background: Ang II plays a major role in cardiovascular regulation. Recently, it has become apparent that vascular superoxide anion may play an important role in hypertension development. Treatment with antisense NAD(P)H oxidase or SOD decreased BP in Ang II-infused rats. Wang et al recently reported mice which lack one of the subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase developed hypertension at a much lower extent when compared to the wild type animals infused with Ang II, indicating that superoxide anion contributes to elevation in BP in the Ang II-infused hypertensive model. In the Ang II-infused hypertensive model, altered reactivity of blood vessels is often associated with the elevation of systolic blood pressure. We have observed abnormal tension development and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in the isolated aorta of Ang II-infused and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Recently, several other cellular signal molecules, including ERK1I2 and PI3K, have been determined to play important roles in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. ERKl/2 and PI3K pathways are also reported to contribute to Ang II induced cell growth, hypertrophy, remodeling and contraction. Moreover, these signaling pathways have shown ROS-sensitive properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the roles of ERKl12 and PI3K in vascular oxidative stress, spontaneous tone and impaired endothelium relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive model. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the activation of ERKl12 and PI3K are elevated in response to an Ang II infusion for 6 days. The elevated activation of phospho-ERKl/2 and PI3K mediated the increased level of vascular superoxide anion, the abnormal vascular contraction and impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. Methods: Vascular superoxide anion level is measured by lucigenin chemiluminescence. Spontaneous tone and ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was measured by isometric tension recording in organ chamber. The activity of ERK pathway will be measured by its Western blot of phosphorylation of ERK. PI3K activity was evaluated indirectly by Western blot of the phosphorylation of PDKl, a downstream protein of PI3K signaling pathway. The role of each pathway was also addressed via comparing the responses to the specific inhibitors. Results: Superoxide anion was markedly increased in the isolated thoracic aorta from Ang II-infused rats. There was spontaneous tone developed in rings from Ang II-induced hypertensive but not sham-operated normotensive rats. ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation function is impaired in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. Superoxide dismutase and NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, inhibited the abnormal spontaneous tone and ameliorated impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. The expression of phopho-ERKII2 was enhanced in Ang II-infused rats, indicating the activity of ERK1I2 could be increased. MEK1I2 inhibitors, PD98059 and U126, but not their inactive analogues, SB203580 and U124, significantly reduced the vascular superoxide anion in aortas from Ang II-infused rats. The MEK1I2 inhibitors reduced the spontaneous tone and improved the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta of hypertension. These findings supported the role of ERKII2 signaling pathway in vascular oxidative stress, spontaneous tone and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. The amount of phospho-PDK, a downstream protein of PI3K was increased in Ang II rats indicating the activity of PI3K activity was elevated. Strikingly, PI3K significantly inhibited the increase of superoxide anion level, abnormal spontaneous tone and restored endothelium-dependent relaxation in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. These findings indicated the important role of PI3K in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. Conclusion: ERKII2 and PI3K signaling pathways are sustained activated in Ang II-infused hypertensive rats. The activated ERKII2 and PI3K mediate the increase of vascular superoxide anion level, vascular abnormal spontaneous tone and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation.

The Structural and Functional Changes of Blood Vessels during Aging

The vascular adventitia is recognized as a dynamic mediator of vascular structure and function, yet its role in aging is not understood. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the age-related changes of the vascular adventitia and determine the underlying mediators responsible. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were aged to 15, 30, 50 and 80 weeks before being anesthetised and euthanized by exsanguination. Thoracic aortas, mesenteric and pudental arteries were isolated, formalin fixed, and embedded in paraffin then sectioned at 5μm. Vessels were examined by microscopy and protein expression was determined by indirect immunofluorescence. The thickness of the adventitia increased dramatically with age. Immunofluorescence revealed a robust expression of endothelin system proteins in the adventitia. Additionally, extracellular matrix proteins collagen and fibronectin, and the proliferation marker Ki67 showed strong adventitial origin. The changes observed in the vascular adventitia with aging clearly demonstrate an important role in the process of vascular aging.

The structural and functional changes of blood vessels during aging

The vascular adventitia is recognized as a dynamic mediator of vascular structure and function, yet its role in aging is not understood. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the age-related changes of the vascular adventitia and determine the underlying mediators responsible. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were aged to 15,30,50 and 80 weeks before being anesthetised and euthanized by exsanguination. Thoracic aortas, mesenteric and pudental arteries were isolated, formalin fixed, and embedded in paraffin then sectioned at 51lm. Vessels were examined by microscopy and protein expression was determined by indirect immunofluorescence. The thickness of the adventitia increased dramatically with age. Immunofluorescence revealed a robust expression of endothelin system proteins in the adventitia. Additionally, extracellular matrix proteins collagen and fibronectin, and the proliferation marker Ki67 showed strong adventitial origin. The changes observed in the vascular adventitia with aging clearly demonstrate an important role in the process of vascular aging.

Assessing waiting times in the clinical trajectory of patients with lung cancer

Le cancer du poumon a une incidence et une létalité parmi les plus hautes de tous les cancers diagnostiqués au Canada. En considérant la gravité du pronostic et des symptômes de la maladie, l’accès au traitement dans les plus brefs de délais est essentiel. Malgré l’engagement du gouvernement fédéral et les gouvernements provinciaux de réduire les délais de temps d’attente, des balises pour les temps d’attente pour le traitement d’un cancer ne sont toujours pas établis. En outre, le compte-rendu des indicateurs des temps d’attente n’est pas uniforme à travers les provinces. Une des solutions proposées pour la réduction des temps d’attente pour le traitement du cancer est les équipes interdisciplinaires. J’ai complété un audit du programme interdisciplinaire traitant le cancer du poumon à l’Hôpital général juif (l’HGJ) de 2004 à 2007. Les objectifs primaires de l’étude étaient : (1) de faire un audit de la performance de l’équipe interdisciplinaire à l’HGJ en ce qui concerne les temps d’attente pour les intervalles critiques et les sous-groupes de patients ; (2) de comparer les temps d’attente dans la trajectoire clinique des patients traités à l’HGJ avec les balises qui existent ; (3) de déterminer les facteurs associés aux délais plus longs dans cette population. Un objectif secondaire de l’étude était de suggérer des mesures visant à réduire les temps d’attente. Le service clinique à l’HGJ a été évalué selon les balises proposées par le British Thoracic Society, Cancer Care Ontario, et la balise pan-canadienne pour la radiothérapie. Les patients de l’HGJ ont subi un délai médian de 9 jours pour l’intervalle «Ready to treat to first treatment», et un délai médian de 30 jours pour l’intervalle entre le premier contact avec l’hôpital et le premier traitement. Les patients âgés de plus de 65 ans, les patients avec une capacité physique diminuée, et les patients avec un stade de tumeur limité étaient plus à risque d’échouer les balises pour les temps d’attente.

La désaturation cérébrale lors d’une chirurgie thoracique : son incidence et sa corrélation avec les complications post opératoires

La ventilation unipulmonaire (SLV; Single Lung Ventilation) pendant les chirurgies thoraciques entraîne des altérations cardio-pulmonaires et hémodynamiques importantes. L’objectif de ce projet de recherche consiste à étudier l’impact de la SLV sur l’oxymétrie cérébrale et sa relation avec les complications post opératoires. La première étude inclut vingt patients ayant subi une chirurgie thoracique nécessitant une SLV. L’oxymétrie a été mesurée à l’aide de l’oxymètre cérébral absolu FORESIGHTTM (CASMED, USA) afin d’étudier les changements de la saturation cérébrale absolue (SctO2) tout le long de la chirurgie. La SctO2 ainsi que les paramètres de monitorage standard (BIS, SpO2, pression sanguine, fréquence cardiaque) ont été notés à toutes les cinq minutes à partir de l’induction jusqu’au réveil. Une analyse sanguine (paO2, paCO2, Hb) a été effectuée à toutes les quinze minutes. La deuxième étude effectuée consistait d’étudier la relation entre la désaturation cérébrale en oxygène et les complications post opératoires. Pour cette fin, les scores Clavien et SOFA mesurant l’amplitude des complications, ont été établis pour chaque patient. Les données sont présentées sous forme de moyenne et de la médiane [1er quartile, 3ème quartile; min – max]. Les vingt patients de la première étude ont montré une valeur moyenne absolue de saturation cérébrale absolue (SctO2) de 80% avant l’induction. Durant la SLV, cette valeur a chuté jusqu’à 63% et est remontée à 71% directement après extubation. Tous ces patients ont subi une désaturation durant SLV de plus que 15% comparativement à la valeur de base et 70% ont eu une désaturation de plus de 20%. La désaturation n’a pas été corrélée avec aucun des paramètres de monitorage clinique standard comme la pression artérielle, les analyses des gaz artériels, la saturation périphérique ou la PaO2. La deuxième étude incluant trente autres patients aux vingt premiers, est venue confirmer les résultats de la première étude. De plus, une analyse de corrélation entre les valeurs minimales de SctO2 obtenues durant SLV et les complications post opératoires a été effectuée. Les patients avaient une SctO2 de base de 80%, qui a chuté jusqu’à 64% pendant la SLV pour récupérer à 71% avant la fin de la chirurgie. 82% des patients ont subi des désaturations de plus de 15% des valeurs initiales et 10% ont atteint des valeurs de SctO2 entre 45 et 55%. Les valeurs minimales de SctO2 observées durant la SLV corrélaient avec le score SOFA non respiratoire (R2=0,090, p=0,0287) ainsi qu’avec le score Clavien (R2=0,098, p=0,0201), mais ne corrélait avec aucun des paramètres cliniques standards (ex : SpO¬2, PaO2, PaCO2, Hb). En définissant une valeur seuil de SctO2=65%, le «Odds ratio» d’avoir une défaillance d’organe non respiratoire est de 2.37 (IC 95%=1,18 – 4,39, p=0,043) et d’avoir une complication classifiée supérieure à un score Clavien de 0 est de 3,19 (IC 95%=1,6 – 6,34, p=0,0272). Les chirurgies thoraciques avec une SLV sont associées à des chutes significatives de SctO2, et les valeurs minimales de SctO2 semblent avoir une corrélation positive avec les complications post opératoires.

Développement et validation d’un outil clinique pour l’analyse quantitative de la posture auprès de personnes atteintes d’une scoliose idiopathique

La scoliose idiopathique (SI) est une déformation tridimensionnelle (3D) de la colonne vertébrale et de la cage thoracique à potentiel évolutif pendant la croissance. Cette déformation 3D entraîne des asymétries de la posture. La correction de la posture est un des objectifs du traitement en physiothérapie chez les jeunes atteints d’une SI afin d’éviter la progression de la scoliose, de réduire les déformations morphologiques et leurs impacts sur la qualité de vie. Les outils cliniques actuels ne permettent pas de quantifier globalement les changements de la posture attribuables à la progression de la scoliose ou à l’efficacité des interventions thérapeutiques. L’objectif de cette thèse consiste donc au développement et à la validation d’un nouvel outil clinique permettant l’analyse quantitative de la posture auprès de personnes atteintes d’une SI. Ce projet vise plus spécifiquement à déterminer la fidélité et la validité des indices de posture (IP) de ce nouvel outil clinique et à vérifier leur capacité à détecter des changements entre les positions debout et assise. Suite à une recension de la littérature, 34 IP représentant l’alignement frontal et sagittal des différents segments corporels ont été sélectionnés. L’outil quantitatif clinique d’évaluation de la posture (outil 2D) construit dans ce projet consiste en un logiciel qui permet de calculer les différents IP (mesures angulaires et linéaires). L’interface graphique de cet outil est conviviale et permet de sélectionner interactivement des marqueurs sur les photographies digitales. Afin de vérifier la fidélité et la validité des IP de cet outil, la posture debout de 70 participants âgés entre 10 et 20 ans atteints d'une SI (angle de Cobb: 15º à 60º) a été évaluée à deux occasions par deux physiothérapeutes. Des marqueurs placés sur plusieurs repères anatomiques, ainsi que des points de référence anatomique (yeux, lobes des oreilles, etc.), ont permis de mesurer les IP 2D en utilisant des photographies. Ces mêmes marqueurs et points de référence ont également servi au calcul d’IP 3D obtenus par des reconstructions du tronc avec un système de topographie de surface. Les angles de Cobb frontaux et sagittaux et le déjettement C7-S1 ont été mesurés sur des radiographies. La théorie de la généralisabilité a été utilisée pour déterminer la fidélité et l’erreur standard de la mesure (ESM) des IP de l’outil 2D. Des coefficients de Pearson ont servi à déterminer la validité concomitante des IP du tronc de l’outil 2D avec les IP 3D et les mesures radiographiques correspondantes. Cinquante participants ont été également évalués en position assise « membres inférieurs allongés » pour l’étude comparative de la posture debout et assise. Des tests de t pour échantillons appariés ont été utilisés pour détecter les différences entre les positions debout et assise. Nos résultats indiquent un bon niveau de fidélité pour la majorité des IP de l’outil 2D. La corrélation entre les IP 2D et 3D est bonne pour les épaules, les omoplates, le déjettement C7-S1, les angles de taille, la scoliose thoracique et le bassin. Elle est faible à modérée pour la cyphose thoracique, la lordose lombaire et la scoliose thoraco-lombaire ou lombaire. La corrélation entre les IP 2D et les mesures radiographiques est bonne pour le déjettement C7-S1, la scoliose et la cyphose thoracique. L’outil est suffisamment discriminant pour détecter des différences entre la posture debout et assise pour dix des treize IP. Certaines recommandations spécifiques résultents de ce projet : la hauteur de la caméra devrait être ajustée en fonction de la taille des personnes; la formation des juges est importante pour maximiser la précision de la pose des marqueurs; et des marqueurs montés sur des tiges devraient faciliter l’évaluation des courbures vertébrales sagittales. En conclusion, l’outil développé dans le cadre de cette thèse possède de bonnes propriétés psychométriques et permet une évaluation globale de la posture. Cet outil devrait contribuer à l’amélioration de la pratique clinique en facilitant l’analyse de la posture debout et assise. Cet outil s’avère une alternative clinique pour suivre l’évolution de la scoliose thoracique et diminuer la fréquence des radiographies au cours du suivi de jeunes atteints d’une SI thoracique. Cet outil pourrait aussi être utile pour vérifier l’efficacité des interventions thérapeutiques sur la posture.