The suppression of the Haller-Bauer scission for synthetic purposes /|nby S. M. Vines. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

A number of 2-chlorobenzophenones, containing electron releasing groups (e.g. hydroxy, thiomethoxy and methoxy) in the 4' - position, were prepared by the Friess rearrangement, or the Friedel-Crafts reaction. These ketones, when treated with potassamide in liquid ammonia, underwent partial Haller-Bauer scission, unlike 2-chlorobenzophenone which is known to undergo complete scission. Under similar conditions 4-nitrobenzophenone also underwent partial scission, but the main reaction in this case was nucleophilic amination of the nitro containing ring. This amination reaction was shown not to be a useful general reaction for aromatic nitro compounds. 3-Methylxanthone was then prepared by treatment of 2- and 3- chloro-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylbenzophenone with . little, if any, attendant scission. The corresponding 2fluoro- compound also gave the xanthone, but as the 3-fluoro compound did not, it was concluded that the 2-fluoro compound reacted through a nucleophilic substitution mechanism, rather than the benzyne mechanism invoked for the chloro and bromo compounds. 3-Methylthioxanthone was synthesised by treatment of methyl 4-tolyl sulphide and 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride with aluminum chloride in carbon disu1phide, followed.by heating. This compound was also prepared by treatment of 3-chloro-2'thiomethoxy- 5'-methylbenzophenone with potassamide in liquid ammonia.

Cognitive consequences of expressive suppression : effects of sex and emotional valence

The present research was designed to examine whether sex and/or emotional valence pl aya role in the cognitive consequences (e.g., memory) of expressive suppression. Seventy-two (36 male and 36 female) undergraduates were randomly assigned to either a control or expressive suppression condition, and were asked to watch silent film clips intended to elicit amusement and disgust. While watching each film, participants listened to sixteen nonemotional words. After each film, participants were asked to answer questions about wha t they had seen in the film (visual memory), to recall as many words as they could (auditory recall memory), and to select from a list any words that they had heard during the previous film clip (auditory recognition memory). With regard to the effects of expressive suppression on visual memory, results indicated a 3-way interaction between condition, sex and film emotion: Men performed more poorly than women on the visual memory test after watching both the amusing and disgusting films in the control condition, and when watching the amusing film in the expressive suppression condition. However, men in the expressive suppression condition performed better than women after watching the disgusting film. In terms of the effects of expressive suppression on auditory memory (recognition and recall), a condition x film emotion interaction indicated that there was no difference in auditory memory for the expressive suppression and control conditions when watching the amusing film, but that the expressive suppression group showed poorer auditory memory than the control group for words presented during the disgusting film. Moreover, a ma in effect of sex on auditory memory suggested that men recalled and recognized more words than women across conditions. Taken together, these findings suggest that both sex and the emotional valence of films may influence the effects of expressive suppression on memory. Results will be discussed in the context of previous literature concerning the effects of expressive suppression on cognition.

Localization of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) biosynthesis by in situ hybridization (ISH)

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIA) are among the largest and most complex group of nitrogen containing secondary metabolites that are characteristic of the Apocynaceae plant family including the most notable Catharanthus roseus. These compounds have demonstrated activity as successful drugs for treating various cancers, neurological disorders and cardiovascular conditions. Due to the low yields of these compounds and high pharmacological value, their biosynthesis is a major topic of study. Previous work highlighting the leaf epidermis and leaf surface as a highly active area in MIA biosynthesis and MIA accumulation has made the epidermis a major focus of this thesis. This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the valuable technique of RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and demonstrates the application of the technique to analyze the location of the biosynthetic steps involved in the production of MIAs. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates that most of the MIAs of Eurasian Vinca minor, African Tabernaemontana e/egans and five Amsonia species, including North American Amsonia hubrichitii and Mediterranean A. orienta/is, accumulate in leaf wax exudates, while the rest of the leaf is almost devoid of alkaloids. Biochemical studies on Vinca minor displayed high tryptophan decarboxylase (TOe) enzyme activity and protein expression in the leaf epidermis compared to whole leaves. ISH studies aimed at localizing TOe and strictosidine synthase suggest the upper and lower epidermis of V. minor and T. e/egans as probable significant production sites for MIAs that will accumulate on the leaf surface, however the results don't eliminate the possibility of the involvement of other cell types. The monoterpenoid precursor to all MIAs, secologanin, is produced through the MEP pathway occurring in two cell types, the IPAP cells (Gl0H) and epidermal cells (LAMT and SLS). The work presented in this thesis, localizes a novel enzymatic step, UDPG-7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferase (UGT8) to the IPAP cells of Catharanthus longifolius. These results enable the suggestion that all steps from Gl0H up to and including UGT8 occur in the IPAP cells of the leaf, making the IPAP cells the main site for the majority of secologanin biosynthesis. It also makes the IPAP cells a likely cell type to begin searching for the gene of the uncharacterized steps between Gl0H and UGT8. It also narrows the compound to be transported from the IPAP cells to either 7-deoxyloganic acid or loganic acid, which aids in the identification of the transportation mechanism.

Suppression of long-branch attraction artefacts in the animal phylogeny using a site-heterogeneous model

Affiliation: Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal

Étude électrophysiologique de la suppression interoculaire : implication pour l'amblyopie

L’amblyopie est un trouble développemental de la vision binoculaire. Elle est typiquement caractérisée par des atteintes de l’acuité visuelle et de la stéréoscopie. Toutefois, de plus en plus d’études indiquent la présence d’atteintes plus étendues telles que les difficultés d’attention visuelle ou de lecture. L’amblyopie est généralement expliquée par une suppression interoculaire au niveau cortical, considérée comme chronique ou permanente à l’extérieur de la période développementale. Or, un nombre croissant d’études suggèrent que des interactions binoculaires normales seraient présentes chez les amblyopes adultes. Dans une première étude, nous avons tenté d’identifier un marqueur électrophysiologique de la vision binoculaire. Nous avons enregistré des potentiels évoqués visuels chez des observateurs normaux à qui l’on a induit une dysfonction binoculaire. Les interactions binoculaires étaient caractérisées à l’aide de patrons (facilitation, moyennage et suppression) en comparant les réponses monoculaires et binoculaires. De plus, ces interactions étaient quantifiées à partir d’index d’intégration continus en soustrayant la somme des réponses monoculaires de la réponse binoculaire. Les résultats indiquaient que les patrons d’interaction n’étaient pas optimaux pour estimer les performances stéréoscopiques. Ces dernières étaient, en revanche, mieux expliquées par notre index d’intégration binoculaire. Ainsi, cette étude suggère que l’électrophysiologie est un bon prédicteur de la vision binoculaire. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons examiné les corrélats neuronaux et comportementaux de la suppression interoculaire chez des amblyopes adultes et des observateurs normaux. Des potentiels évoqués visuels stationnaires ont été enregistrés en utilisant un paradigme de suppression par flash. La suppression était modulée par un changement de contraste du stimulus flash (10, 20, 30, ou 100%), ou le suppresseur, qui était présenté soit dans l’œil dominant ou non-dominant (ou amblyope). Sur le plan comportemental, la suppression interoculaire était observée indépendamment de l’œil stimulé par le flash chez les contrôles. Au contraire, chez les amblyopes, la suppression était asymétrique (c’est-à-dire supérieure lorsqu’elle provenait de l’œil dominant), ce qui suggérait une suppression chronique. De manière intéressante, l’œil amblyope a supprimé l’œil dominant à haut niveau de contraste. Sur le plan électrophysiologique, l’effet de suppression interoculaire observé à la région occipitale était équivalent dans chaque groupe. Toutefois, les réponses électrophysiologiques à la région frontale chez les amblyopes n’étaient pas modulées comme celles des contrôles; la suppression de l’œil amblyope était manifeste même à bas contraste. Nous résultats supportent ainsi l’existence d’interaction binoculaire fonctionnelle chez les amblyopes adultes ainsi que l’implication d’un réseau cortical étendu dans la suppression interoculaire. En somme, l’amblyopie est une condition complexe dont les atteintes corticales et les déficits fonctionnels semblent globaux. L’amblyopie ne doit plus être considérée comme limitée à une dysfonction de l’aire visuelle primaire. La suppression interoculaire semble un point central de cette problématique, mais encore beaucoup d’études seront nécessaires afin de déterminer l’ensemble des mécanismes impliqués dans celle-ci.

Suppression of chaos through reverse period doubling in coupled directly modulated semiconductor lasers

The effect of coupling on two high frequency modulated semiconductor lasers is numerically studied. The phase diagrams and bifurcatio.n diagrams are drawn. As the coupling constant is increased the system goes from chaotic to periodic behavior through a reverse period doubling sequence. The Lyapunov exponent is calculated to characterize chaotic and periodic regions.

The role of energy correlations on Coulomb suppression in ballistic conductors contacted to degenerate reservoirs

Coulomb suppression of shot noise in a ballistic diode connected to degenerate ideal contacts is analyzed in terms of the correlations taking place between current fluctuations due to carriers injected with different energies. By using Monte Carlo simulations we show that at low frequencies the origin of Coulomb suppression can be traced back to the negative correlations existing between electrons injected with an energy close to that of the potential barrier present in the diode active region and all other carriers injected with higher energies. Correlations between electrons with energy above the potential barrier with the rest of electrons are found to influence significantly the spectra at high frequency in the cutoff region.

Quantum suppression of shot noise in field emitters

We have analyzed the shot noise of electron emission under strong applied electric fields within the Landauer-Bttiker scheme. In contrast to the previous studies of vacuum-tube emitters, we show that in new generation electron emitters, scaled down to the nanometer dimensions, shot noise much smaller than the Schottky noise is observable. Carbon nanotube field emitters are among possible candidates to observe the effect of shot-noise suppression caused by quantum partitioning.

Effect of long-range Coulomb interaction on shot-noise suppression in ballistic transport

We present a microscopic analysis of shot-noise suppression due to long-range Coulomb interaction in semiconductor devices under ballistic transport conditions. An ensemble Monte Carlo simulator self-consistently coupled with a Poisson solver is used for the calculations. A wide range of injection-rate densities leading to different degrees of suppression is investigated. A sharp tendency of noise suppression at increasing injection densities is found to scale with a dimensionless Debye length related to the importance of space-charge effects in the structure.