Biomasa desovante de la anchoveta del stock norte centro en el invierno 2001

Estudia la biomasa desovante de la anchoveta se estimó en 2,5 millones de toneladas. La pproporcion sexual fue igual a 0,54; con un peso promedio de 20,77 g.; fecundidad parcial de 13.111 ovocitos por hembra; con frecuencia del desove del 7%.

Biomasa desovante del stock norte-centro de la anchoveta peruana estimada por el Método de Producción de Huevos (MPH) en invierno 2000

El estimado de la biomasa desovante del stock norrte-centro del mar peruano, durante agosto y setiembre 2000, en el área compendida entre Punta Falsa y Tambo de Mora fue 3,94 millones de toneladas.

A link between FXYD3 (Mat-8)-mediated Na,K-ATPase regulation and differentiation of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells.

FXYD3 (Mat-8) proteins are regulators of Na,K-ATPase. In normal tissue, FXYD3 is mainly expressed in stomach and colon, but it is also overexpressed in cancer cells, suggesting a role in tumorogenesis. We show that FXYD3 silencing has no effect on cell proliferation but promotes cell apoptosis and prevents cell differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2), which is reflected by a reduction in alkaline phosphatase and villin expression, a change in several other differentiation markers, and a decrease in transepithelial resistance. Inhibition of cell differentiation in FXYD3-deficient cells is accompanied by an increase in the apparent Na+ and K+ affinities of Na,K-ATPase, reflecting the absence of Na,K-pump regulation by FXYD3. In addition, we observe a decrease in the maximal Na,K-ATPase activity due to a decrease in its turnover number, which correlates with a change in Na,K-ATPase isozyme expression that is characteristic of cancer cells. Overall, our results suggest an important role of FXYD3 in cell differentiation of Caco-2 cells. One possibility is that FXYD3 silencing prevents proper regulation of Na,K-ATPase, which leads to perturbation of cellular Na+ and K+ homeostasis and changes in the expression of Na,K-ATPase isozymes, whose functional properties are incompatible with Caco-2 cell differentiation.

Distribución y abundancia de huevos y larvas del stock norte-centro de la anchoveta peruana en el invierno 2000

El presente trabajo da a conocer las áreas de distribución del desove del stock norte-centro econtradas durante el invierno 2000, frente a la costa peruana.

Distribución de seis recursos pesqueros del stock norte-centro a finales del invierno 2000

Medianye el método hidroacústico se estudiaron las especies: anchoveta, jurel, caballa, vinciguerria, bagre y múnida.

Biomasa de seis recursos pesqueros del stock norte-centro a fines del invierno 2000

Se estimaron las biomasas de las especies: anchoveta, jurel, caballa, vinciguerra, bagre y múnida.

Sistemas de Informação WEB para gestão de stock

Este projecto consiste no desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Informação Web para Gestão de Stock e que funciona também em um ambiente sem internet. O mesmo faz a entrada de stock, venda, devolução de clientes, lança os produtos deteriorados, no fim de cada dia faz o fecho de caixa, resumo de vendas, resumo das entradas de stock, resumo dos produtos deteriorados, resumo de fecho de caixa, inventário, registo de funcionário, registo de fornecedor, registo de artigo, backup periodicamente e disponibilizando ao gerente informações rápidas sobre seu stock e estatísticas de vendas. Com o sistema em funcionamento pretende-se garantir transações rápidas e eficientes entre funcionários, clientes e o gerente. È muito importante dizer que o sistema tem um funcionamento muito simples e foi implementado a pensar nas micro e pequenas empresas, visto que é um sector que se encontra em pleno desenvolvimento em Cabo Verde e que nos dias de hoje é obrigatório ter um software de gestão para que o Ministério das Finanças possa ter maior controlo sobre os resultados das empresas. Para o desenvolvimento do sistema (Simple Gest), utilizei um servidor web (Apache), servidor de base de dados (MySQL), interpretadores para linguagem de script PHP fornecidos através da ferramenta XAMPP (servidor independente de plataforma), a linguagem de programação PHP para fazer a conecção entre o sistema e a base de dados, HTML para criar e apresentar as páginas na web, CSS para dar estilo as páginas através de um browser e UML para a modelação dos dados. Na análise do sistema foram identificados os requisitos funcionais e os requisitos não funcionais, foram desenvolvidos os casos de usos necessários, os diagramas de casos de uso, diagramas de sequência e o modelo entidade-relacionamento para demonstrar o fluxo de dados.

Biomasa desovante de la anchoveta del stock norte centro en el invierno 2004

El crucero BIC Olaya y SNP2 0408-09 tuvo el objetivo de estimar la biomasa desovante de la anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) del stock norte centro (4 a 15°S) durante el invierno 2004. Se utilizó el método de producción de huevos (MPH). El total estimado fue de 4,2 millones de toneladas.

Is bank debt special for the transmission of monetary policy? Evidence from the stock market

We combine existing balance sheet and stock market data with two new datasets to studywhether, how much, and why bank lending to firms matters for the transmission of monetarypolicy. The first new dataset enables us to quantify the bank dependence of firms precisely,as the ratio of bank debt to total assets. We show that a two standard deviation increase inthe bank dependence of a firm makes its stock price about 25% more responsive to monetarypolicy shocks. We explore the channels through which this effect occurs, and find that thestock prices of bank-dependent firms that borrow from financially weaker banks display astronger sensitivity to monetary policy shocks. This finding is consistent with the banklending channel, a theory according to which the strength of bank balance sheets mattersfor monetary policy transmission. We construct a new database of hedging activities andshow that the stock prices of bank-dependent firms that hedge against interest rate riskdisplay a lower sensitivity to monetary policy shocks. This finding is consistent with aninterest rate pass-through channel that operates via the direct transmission of policy ratesto lending rates associated with the widespread use of floating-rates in bank loans and creditline agreements.

Modelo de control viable para el manejo sostenible del stock de anchoveta peruana (Engraulis ringens)

El manejo sostenible de pesquerías es todavía un problema abierto y la teoría de viabilidad ofrece una alternativa para determinar políticas de manejo de los recursos que garanticen la sostenibilidad, una vez definidas las restricciones que determinan los estados sostenibles del sistema. La dinámica poblacional de la anchoveta peruana se modeló usando un modelo estructurado por edades tipo Thomson–Bell con capturas discretas acoplado con el modelo de reclutamiento de Ricker, con pasos semestrales entre los años 1963–1984. Se definió además un conjunto deseable de estados sostenibles, asociado a los niveles del stock y capturas que satisfacen restricciones ecológicas, económicas y sociales previamente definidas. En base a esto se calculó el conjunto de los estados del stock para los que existe un sucesión de capturas que permiten mantenerlo en un estado sostenible (conjunto denominado núcleo de viabilidad) y una familia de conjuntos de capturas viables, que corresponden a todos los niveles de captura que se puedan aplicar sobre cada estado del stock de manera tal que éste se mantenga dentro del núcleo de viabilidad, es decir, permanezca en un estado sostenible. Se encontró una condición suficiente para la existencia de un núcleo de viabilidad no vacío: que la cuota social (captura mínima para mantener en funcionamiento la pesquería) sea menor a un desembarque de 915 800 t semestrales. Se comparó la serie histórica de capturas con las obtenidas a partir de la teoría de viabilidad para el periodo 1963 - 1984, encontrándose que hubo sobrepesca desde finales de 1968, lo que conllevó al colapso de la pesquería durante El Niño de 1972-1973. A partir de los resultados de viabilidad, se definieron 5 estrategias de manejo pesquero (E1–E5) para la anchoveta peruana, concluyéndose que la estrategia precautoria viable media (E5) hubiera podido evitar el colapso de la pesquería de anchoveta, manteniendo además niveles aceptables de pesca. Además, la estrategia precautoria del ICES (E2) no aseguró la sostenibilidad del stock durante los periodos El Niño. Además, se concluye que hubiera sido necesaria una veda de un año después del colapso de la pesquería para que el stock regresara al núcleo de viabilidad, posibilitando un manejo sostenible en adelante. La teoría de la viabilidad, con el núcleo de viabilidad y las capturas viables asociadas, resultaron ser herramientas útiles para el diseño de estrategias de manejo que aseguran la sostenibilidad de los recursos pesqueros.

Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of human fetal bone cells.

During the last decade, extensive research has been performed in the field of orthopedic medicine to develop cell-based therapies for the restoration of injured bone tissue. We previously demonstrated that human primary fetal bone cells (HFBCs) associated with porous scaffolds induced a bone formation in critical calvaria defect; however, the environmental factors regulating their behavior in culture have not been identified. HFBCs (human fetal femur,12 week development) were compared to marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) for their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts under various culture conditions. When cultured in standard alphaMEM medium, PDGF and FGF-2 increased cell proliferation of both cell types. Investigation of the differentiating capacity of HFBCs and HMSCs in a normal culture medium indicated that HFBCs expressed higher expression levels of RUNX2, OSX, and osteogenic markers compared with HMSCs, while SOX9 was expressed at very low levels in both cells types. However, HMSCs, but not HFBCs enhanced osteoblastic markers in response to osteogenic factors. Surprisingly, BMP-2 with osteogenic factors increased cell numbers and reduced osteoblastic differentiation in HFBCs with the opposite effect seen in HMSCs. Associated with a higher expression of osteoblastic markers, HFBCs produced a higher calcified extra cellular matrix compared with HMSCs. Taken together, data presented in this study suggest that HFBCs have characteristics of osteoprecursor cells that are more advanced in their osteogenesis development compared with mesenchymal stem cells, making fetal cells an interesting biological tool for treatment of skeletal defects and diseases.

Between Equity and Differentiation: An Analytical Schema of the Social Function of Education

The educational sphere has an internal function relatively agreed by social scientists. Nonetheless, the contribution that educational systems provide to the society (i.e., their social function) does not have the same degree of consensus. Taking into consideration such theoretical precedent, the current article raises an analytical schema to grasp the social function of education considering a sociological perspective. Starting from the assumption that there is an intrinsic relationship between the internal and social functions of social systems, we suggest there are particular stratification determinants modifying the internal pedagogical function of education, which impact on its social function by creating simultaneous conditions of equity and differentiation. Throughout the paper this social function is considered a paradoxical mechanism. We highlight how this paradoxical dynamic is deployed in different structural levels of the educational sphere. Additionally, we discuss eventual consequences of this paradoxical social function for the inclusion possibilities that educational systems offer to individuals.

Differentiation of trophoblast giant cells and their metabolic functions are dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta.

Mutation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) severely affects placenta development, leading to embryonic death at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) to E10.5 of most, but not all, PPARbeta/delta-null mutant embryos. While very little is known at present about the pathway governed by PPARbeta/delta in the developing placenta, this paper demonstrates that the main alteration of the placenta of PPARbeta/delta-null embryos is found in the giant cell layer. PPARbeta/delta activity is in fact essential for the differentiation of the Rcho-1 cells in giant cells, as shown by the severe inhibition of differentiation once PPARbeta/delta is silenced. Conversely, exposure of Rcho-1 cells to a PPARbeta/delta agonist triggers a massive differentiation via increased expression of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and integrin-linked kinase and subsequent phosphorylation of Akt. The links between PPARbeta/delta activity in giant cells and its role on Akt activity are further strengthened by the remarkable pattern of phospho-Akt expression in vivo at E9.5, specifically in the nucleus of the giant cells. In addition to this phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt main pathway, PPARbeta/delta also induced giant cell differentiation via increased expression of I-mfa, an inhibitor of Mash-2 activity. Finally, giant cell differentiation at E9.5 is accompanied by a PPARbeta/delta-dependent accumulation of lipid droplets and an increased expression of the adipose differentiation-related protein (also called adipophilin), which may participate to lipid metabolism and/or steroidogenesis. Altogether, this important role of PPARbeta/delta in placenta development and giant cell differentiation should be considered when contemplating the potency of PPARbeta/delta agonist as therapeutic agents of broad application.

Deletion of delta-opioid receptor in mice alters skin differentiation and delays wound healing.

In addition to their well-known antinociceptive action, opioids can modulate non-neuronal functions, such as immune activity and physiology of different cell types. Several findings suggest that the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) and its endogenous ligands (enkephalins) are important players in cell differentiation and proliferation. Here we show the expression of DOR in mouse skin and human skin cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes using RT-PCR. In DOR knock-out (KO) mice, a phenotype of thinner epidermis and higher expression of cell differentiation marker cytokeratin 10 (CK 10) were observed compared with wild type (WT). Using a burn wound model, significant wound healing delay (about 2 days) and severe epidermal hypertrophy were shown at the wound margin of DOR KO mice. This wound healing delay was further investigated by immunohistochemistry using markers for proliferation, differentiation, re-epithelialization, and dermal repair (CK 6, CK 10, and collagen IV). The levels of all these markers were increased in wounds of KO mice compared with WT. During the wound healing, the epidermal thickness in KO mice augments faster and exceeds that of the WT by day 3. These results suggest an essential role of DOR in skin differentiation, proliferation, and migration, factors that are important for wound healing.

Multifactorial ERβ and NOTCH1 control of squamous differentiation and cancer.

Downmodulation or loss-of-function mutations of the gene encoding NOTCH1 are associated with dysfunctional squamous cell differentiation and development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in skin and internal organs. While NOTCH1 receptor activation has been well characterized, little is known about how NOTCH1 gene transcription is regulated. Using bioinformatics and functional screening approaches, we identified several regulators of the NOTCH1 gene in keratinocytes, with the transcription factors DLX5 and EGR3 and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) directly controlling its expression in differentiation. DLX5 and ERG3 are required for RNA polymerase II (PolII) recruitment to the NOTCH1 locus, while ERβ controls NOTCH1 transcription through RNA PolII pause release. Expression of several identified NOTCH1 regulators, including ERβ, is frequently compromised in skin, head and neck, and lung SCCs and SCC-derived cell lines. Furthermore, a keratinocyte ERβ-dependent program of gene expression is subverted in SCCs from various body sites, and there are consistent differences in mutation and gene-expression signatures of head and neck and lung SCCs in female versus male patients. Experimentally increased ERβ expression or treatment with ERβ agonists inhibited proliferation of SCC cells and promoted NOTCH1 expression and squamous differentiation both in vitro and in mouse xenotransplants. Our data identify a link between transcriptional control of NOTCH1 expression and the estrogen response in keratinocytes, with implications for differentiation therapy of squamous cancer.