Socio-economic distribution of environmental risk factors for childhood injury

Objective: Childhood injury remains the single most important cause of mortality in children aged between 1-14 years in many countries. It has been proposed that lower socio-economic status (SES) and poorer housing contribute to potential hazards in the home environment. This study sought to establish whether the prevalence of observed hazards in and around the home was differentially distributed by SES, in order to identify opportunities for injury prevention. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, random sample survey of primary school children from 32 schools in Brisbane. Interviews and house audits were conducted between July 2000 and April 2003 to collect information on SES (income, employment and education) and previously identified household hazards. Results: There was evidence of a relationship between prevalence of household environmental hazards and household SES; however, the magnitude and direction of this relationship appeared to be hazard-specific. Household income was related to play equipment characteristics, with higher SES groups being more likely to be exposed to risk. All three SES indicators were associated with differences in the home safety characteristics, with the lower SES groups more likely to be exposed to risk. Conclusion:The differential distribution of environmental risk factors by SES of household may help explain the SES differential in the burden of injury and provides opportunities for focusing efforts to address the problem.

Chlorophyll a fluorescence and ultrastructural changes in chloroplast of water hyacinth as indicators of environmental stress

Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to assess the stress conditions in water hyacinth along the Paraiba do Sul River (PSR), an important River in southeastern Brazil. The data were obtained at the end of the dry season of 2005 and at the end of the wet season of 2006. Changes in F-o and F-m parameters were observed as differentiated responses, depending on the season. Non-photochemical dissipation (qN and NPQ) from plants was greater in the most industrialized region of the PSR in both seasons. However, F-v/F-m for all samples ranged between 0.77 and 0.81, showing that high maximum quantum yield was maintained. Although the F-v/F-m suggests that the plants were exhibiting normal photochemical activities, ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts showed thylakoids disorganization. Plants from the most industrialized region showed non-stacking grana thylakoids disposition. In spite of these alterations, the membrane integrity was maintained, suggesting an adaptation to adjustment to adverse environmental conditions. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interface between domestic and wild carnivores in an environmental protection area in the brazilian Amazon: indicators and aplications for conservation

The presence of domestic animals in protected areas has been a growing world concern, including in the Brazilian Amazon. Introduced domestic carnivores can put the conservation of carnivores and other wild mammals at risk in protected areas. These risks can be associated with direct factors, such as the dogs` hunting habit, and indirect factors, such as the domestic carnivores` potential for transmitting infectious agents to wild populations. The objective of this study was to analyze the potential implications of humans and domestic animals staying in fragmented and altered areas such as the Wildlife Protection Areas (WPA) in the Tucuruf Lake Environmental Protection Area (Para, Brazil), created for the full protection of its fauna and flora. This evaluation was made through interviews conducted with riparian inhabitants living in the WPA and surrounding area, involving issues related to the presence of dogs (number of animals per domicile, birth rate, mortality rate, vaccination status, hunting habit) and wild carnivores (occurrence and location) in the study area. The results indicated risks mainly due to the presence of on average three dogs per domicile, as well as the high canine birth rate, their hunting habits, low vaccination rates and evidence of direct and indirect contact with the human, canine and wild carnivore populations. These factors represent risks to the health and conservation of Tucurui EPA wild carnivores since they provide favorable conditions for the transmission of pathogens from domestic fauna to wild fauna, as well as the risks brought about by hunting.

Acqusition and data analysis of the eco-efficiency for the establishment of indicators parameters for industrial environmental sustainability

The industrial activity is inevitably associated with a certain degradation of the environmental quality, because is not possible to guarantee that a manufacturing process can be totally innocuous. The eco-efficiency concept is globally accepted as a philosophy of entreprise management, that encourages the companies to become more competitive, innovative and environmentally responsible by promoting the link between its companies objectives for excellence and its objectives of environmental excellence issues. This link imposes the creation of an organizational methodology where the performance of the company is concordant with the sustainable development. The main propose of this project is to apply the concept of eco-efficiency to the particular case of the metallurgical and metal workshop industries through the development of the particular indicators needed and to produce a manual of procedures for implementation of the accurate solution.

Environmental performance policy indicators for the public sector: The case of the defence sector

Journal of Environmental Management, nº 82 p. 410–432

Light-weight composite environmental performance indicators (LWC-EPI)

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Informatik, Diss., 2014

Propuesta de un sistema de indicadores ambientales y socio económicos en la zona marino costera de Pisco - Paracas

Se presenta un breve diagnóstico de los aspectos ambientales, sociales y económicos del área marino costera de Pisco Paracas, cuya bahía forma parte de la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Nacional de Paracas. A pesar de la importancia y fragilidad del ecosistema, y su proximidad en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva, se ha permitido el asentamiento y desarrollo de diversas actividades extractivas, productivas con el consiguiente incremento en el tráfico marítimo. Diversos programas de vigilancia y seguimiento de entidades públicas o multisectoriales se han realizado en la zona, pero sin un enfoque más integral sobre las interacciones que se dan en un medio tan sui géneris como el medio marino Pisco-Paracas . Se realiza un análisis de la data histórica de los parámetros físico químicos de calidad acuática del período 2000-2010, obtenido principalmente de los programas de seguimiento o evaluación que realiza IMARPE y la empresa PLUS PETROL, contrastándolo con los valores ECA – Categoría 4 (DS 02-2008 – MINAM) a fin de determinar si ellos constituyen indicadores apropiados para determinar el estado real del ecosistema marino costero de Pisco – Paracas. La actual legislación de los recursos hídricos, no es muy clara ni precisa sobre la aplicabilidad para el control de los ECA‟ s en el ámbito marino; esta falta de precisión no contribuye a una vigilancia más eficiente. Con relación a ello, se alcanza una propuesta del sistema de indicadores que incluye parámetro biológico, como la determinación de las floraciones algales nocivas (FAN), episodios recurrentes en Pisco – Paracas; así mismo se introduce el tema de indicadores que midan el cambio en el ecosistema marino, con un enfoque más integral en la zona de Pisco – Paracas tan sujeta a cambios de origen climático

A proposal to establish indicators for the evaluation of municipal councils' socio-cultural policies

How can municipal sociocultural policies stimulate and promote community empowerment, civic creativity or social cohesion? What objectives should be proposed at the municipal level to promote processes of sociocultural community development? How can we identify local needs in order to stimulate community development processes? In response to these questions, our paper proposes a creative solution: indicators to evaluate sociocultural policies. The proposal will enable us to obtain information about our own reality and, at the same time, contribute to producing changes and to outlining possible de intervention strategies for local administrations. The proposal describes a system of creative, flexible and rigourous indicators intended for municipal technicians and politicians interested in evaluating their sociocultural actions and strategies. We present the result of a research process whose methods included validation of the indicators by experts and technicians in or related to sociocultural community development, and the application of this system based on a case study of a Spanish municipality. Among the proposed indicators specific consideration is given to the support of local creators and the promotion of civic creativity, as well as the use, the creation and the articulation of sociocultural activities as strategies to contribute to cultural and civic diversity

Water quality indicators for environmental and resistance profile of Escherichia coli strains isolated in Rio Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil

In this article it was evaluated the quality of water in the Cascavel river, in the city of Cascavel - Paraná using microbiological indicators, physical and chemical pollution and susceptibility / resistance in strains of Escherichia coli isolated antimicrobial trade. The water sampling was conducted between 2010-July and 2011-June at three points: a) near the source, b) urban area, c) rural area. The samples were analyzed for physical, chemical and microbiological variables: temperature, pH, color, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, total coliforms (CT), fecal coliform (CTe) and Escherichia coli. Tests were also performed to nine antimicrobial commercial resistances. The variables studied indicated that the Cascavel river water was presented at disagreement with the resolution 357/2005 CONAMA (class I), ranking in the index as regular water quality. The physical, chemical and rainfall did not affect the growth of CT and CTe, with higher counts of E. coli in the urban area. The greatest resistance profiles of the strains of E. coli isolated from Cascavel river water was found in section 2, the urban area as a probable consequence of human influence on water quality.

Relation entre statut socio-économique et incidence du cancer du poumon dans le contexte d’une étude cas-témoins montréalaise

Des études ont observé que le statut socio-économique (SSE) est inversement associé avec le risque de cancer du poumon. Cette thèse approfondit différents aspects de la relation entre le SSE et le risque de cancer du poumon afin de contribuer à la compréhension des facteurs influençant le risque de cette maladie. Son objectif général consiste à étudier les associations entre le SSE et le risque de cancer du poumon en fonction à la fois : 1) de l’indicateur du SSE ; 2) des types d’ajustement pour le tabagisme, et ; 3) des facteurs de risque intermédiares potentiels de l’association entre le SSE et le cancer du poumon. Les données d’une vaste étude cas-témoins menée à Montréal entre 1996 et 2002 et portant sur l’identification de facteurs environnementaux impliqués dans l’étiologie du cancer du poumon ont été utilisées. L’échantillon analysé était constitué de 1203 cas (738 hommes et 465 femmes) diagnostiqués en 1996-1997 dans les 18 principaux hôpitaux du Grand Montréal et 1513 témoins (899 hommes et 614 femmes). Les témoins, recrutés au hasard à partir de la liste électorale, ont été appariés aux cas selon l’âge, le sexe et le district électoral. Les sujets ont été interviewés afin de colliger de l’information entre autres sur les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et économiques, les habitudes de tabagisme, l‘histoire professionnelle et l’alimentation. Une collecte de données additionnelle a été effectuée spécifiquement pour la présente thèse. En effet, l’évaluation foncière de la résidence correspondant à l’adresse de chacun des sujets à l’entrevue a été obtenue à partir des bases de données publiques de la ville de Montréal. Le premier article portait sur la comparaison de différents indices de disponibilité financière chacun en 5 catégories: un indice de valeur résidentielle, le revenu médian issu des données du recensement et le revenu familial auto-rapporté. En comparant au revenu familial auto-rapporté, une très bonne concordance a été obtenue pour 73% et 64% des individus respectivement pour l’indice de valeur résidentielle et le revenu du recensement. Le Kappa pondéré était plus élevé pour la comparaison du revenu familial auto-rapporté avec l’indice de valeur résidentielle (Kappap=0.36, IC 95%: 0.31-0.40) qu’avec le revenu médian issu du recensement (Kappap=0.22, IC 95%: 0.17-0.27). Le choix d’un indice dépend toutefois des objectifs et de la faisabilité de son utilisation dans la population étudiée. Le deuxième article présentait les associations entre les trois indices de disponibilité financière et le risque de cancer du poumon. Les fortes associations observées initialement sont disparues après un ajustement pour plusieurs dimensions du tabagisme. Ce dernier jouait un rôle de grande importance dans la relation entre le SSE et le risque de cancer du poumon. Finalement, les facteurs de risque intermédiares des associations entre trois différentes dimensions du SSE – éducation, revenu, classe professionnelle – ont été étudiés. Les résultats ont suggéré que les 3 facteurs de risque intermédiares potentiels étudiés: tabagisme, consommation de fruits et légumes riches en caroténoïdes, expositions professionnelles avaient un effet médiateur indépendant dans la relation entre le SSE et le cancer du poumon. Le plus important médiateur était le tabagisme, suivi de l’alimentation et à un degré moindre, les expositions professionnelles. Il nous paraît particulièrement pertinent d‘évaluer différents indicateurs du SSE lorsque possible, et d’effectuer un ajustement détaillé pour le tabagisme lorsque la relation entre le SSE et le risque de cancer du poumon est étudiée. Une bonne connaissance et la prise en compte des facteurs de risque intermédiares sont essentielles à la formulation des mesures de prévention du cancer du poumon.

Indicators of nitrate in wetland surface and soil-waters: interactions of vegetation and environmental factors

This paper describes a new bio-indicator method for assessing wetland ecosystem health: as such, the study is particularly relevant to current legislation such as the EU Water Framework Directive, which provides a baseline of the current status Of Surface waters. Seven wetland sites were monitored across northern Britain, with model construction data for predicting, eco-hydroloplical relationships collected from five sites during 1999, Two new sites and one repeat site were monitored during 2000 to provide model test data. The main growing season for the vegetation, and hence the sampling period, was May-August during both years. Seasonal mean concentrations of nitrate (NO3-) in surface and soil water samples during 1999 ranged from 0.01 to 14.07 mg N 1(-1), with a mean value of 1.01 mg N 1(-1). During 2000, concentrations ranged from trace level (<0.01 m- N 1(-1)) to 9.43 mg N 1(-1), with a mean of 2.73 mg N 1(.)(-1) Surface and soil-water nitrate concentrations did not influence plant species composition significantly across representative tall herb fen and mire communities. Predictive relationships were found between nitrate concentrations and structural characteristics of the wetland vegetation, and a model was developed which predicted nitrate concentrations from measures of plant diversity, canopy structure and density of reproductive structures. Two further models, which predicted stem density and density of reproductive structures respectively, utilised nitrate concentration as one of the independent predictor variables. Where appropriate, the models were tested using data collected during 2000. This approach is complementary to species-based monitoring, representing a useful and simple too] to assess ecological status in target wetland systems and has potential for bio-indication purposes.

Probability functions to build composite indicators: a methodology to measure environmental impacts of genetically modified crops

There is an on-going debate on the environmental effects of genetically modified crops to which this paper aims to contribute. First, data on environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) and conventional crops are collected from peer-reviewed journals, and secondly an analysis is conducted in order to examine which crop type is less harmful for the environment. Published data on environmental impacts are measured using an array of indicators, and their analysis requires their normalisation and aggregation. Taking advantage of composite indicators literature, this paper builds composite indicators to measure the impact of GM and conventional crops in three dimensions: (1) non-target key species richness, (2) pesticide use, and (3) aggregated environmental impact. The comparison between the three composite indicators for both crop types allows us to establish not only a ranking to elucidate which crop is more convenient for the environment but the probability that one crop type outperforms the other from an environmental perspective. Results show that GM crops tend to cause lower environmental impacts than conventional crops for the analysed indicators.