Single crystal CVD diamond growth strategy by the use of a 3D geometrical model: Growth on (113) oriented substrates

The quality of single crystal diamond obtained by microwave CVD processes has been drastically improved in the last 5 years thanks to surface pretreatment of the substrates [A. Tallaire, J. Achard, F. Silva, R.S. Sussmann, A. Gicquel, E. Rzepka, Physica Status Solidi (A) 201, 2419-2424 (2004); G. Bogdan, M. Nesladek, J. D'Haen, J. Maes, V.V. Moshchalkov, K. Haenen, M. D'Olieslaeger, Physica Status Solidi (A) 202, 2066-2072 (2005); M. Yamamoto, T. Teraji, T. Ito, Journal of Crystal Growth 285, 130-136 (2005)]. Additionally, recent results have unambiguously shown the occurrence of (110) faces on crystal edges and (113) faces on crystal corners [F. Silva, J. Achard, X. Bonnin, A. Michau, A. Tallaire, O. Brinza, A. Gicquel, Physica Status Solidi (A) 203, 3049-3055 (2006)]. We have developed a 3D geometrical growth model to account for the final crystal morphology. The basic parameters of this growth model are the relative displacement speeds of (111), (110) and (113) faces normalized to that of the (100) faces, respectively alpha, beta, and gamma. This model predicts both the final equilibrium shape of the crystal (i.e. after infinite growth time) and the crystal morphology as a function of alpha, beta, gamma, and deposition time.

An optimized operating point, deduced from the model, has been validated experimentally by measuring the growth rate in (100), (111), (110), and (113) orientations. Furthermore, the evolution of alpha, beta, gamma as a function of methane concentration in the gas discharge has been established. From these results, crystal growth strategies can be proposed in order, for example, to enlarge the deposition area. In particular, we will show, using the growth model, that the only possibility to significantly increase the deposition area is, for our growth conditions, to use a (113) oriented substrate. A comparison between the grown crystal and the model results will be discussed and characterizations of the grown film (Photoluminescence spectroscopy, EPR, SEM) will be presented. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

TBX2 represses CST6 resulting in uncontrolled legumain activity to sustain breast cancer proliferation: a novel cancer-selective target pathway with therapeutic opportunities.

TBX2 is an oncogenic transcription factor known to drive breast cancer proliferation. We have identified the cysteine protease inhibitor Cystatin 6 (CST6) as a consistently repressed TBX2 target gene, co-repressed through a mechanism involving Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1). Exogenous expression of CST6 in TBX2-expressing breast cancer cells resulted in significant apoptosis whilst non-tumorigenic breast cells remained unaffected. CST6 is an important tumor suppressor in multiple tissues, acting as a dual protease inhibitor of both papain-like cathepsins and asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs) such as Legumain (LGMN). Mutation of the CST6 LGMN-inhibitory domain completely abrogated its ability to induce apoptosis in TBX2-expressing breast cancer cells, whilst mutation of the cathepsin-inhibitory domain or treatment with a pan-cathepsin inhibitor had no effect, suggesting that LGMN is the key oncogenic driver enzyme. LGMN activity assays confirmed the observed growth inhibitory effects were consistent with CST6 inhibition of LGMN. Knockdown of LGMN and the only other known AEP enzyme (GPI8) by siRNA confirmed that LGMN was the enzyme responsible for maintaining breast cancer proliferation. CST6 did not require secretion or glycosylation to elicit its cell killing effects, suggesting an intracellular mode of action. Finally, we show that TBX2 and CST6 displayed reciprocal expression in a cohort of primary breast cancers with increased TBX2 expression associating with increased metastases. We have also noted that tumors with altered TBX2/CST6 expression show poor overall survival. This novel TBX2-CST6-LGMN signaling pathway, therefore, represents an exciting opportunity for the development of novel therapies to target TBX2 driven breast cancers.

Combined effect of high pressure processing and antimicrobial packaging to control the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat chicken breast

In the European Union, food is considered safe with regard to Listeria monocytogenes if its numbers do not exceed 100 cfu/g throughout the shelf-life of the food. Therefore, it is important to determine if a food supports growth of L. monocytogenes. Challenge tests are laboratory-based studies that measure the growth of L. monocytogenes on artificially contaminated food stored under foreseeable conditions of transportation, distribution and storage. The aim of this study was to elaborate and optimize a user-friendly protocol to perform challenge tests on food and to apply it to determine whether growth of L. monocytogenes is supported during the production and distribution of a potentially risky food i.e. mushrooms. A three-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes was inoculated onto three independent batches of whole mushrooms, sliced mushrooms, mushroom casing and mushroom substrate at a concentration of about 100 -1000 cfu/g. The batches were incubated at potential abuse temperatures, as a worst case scenario, and at intervals during storage L. monocytogenes numbers, % moisture and pH were determined. The results showed that the sliced and whole mushrooms supported growth of L. monocytogenes while mushroom casing allowed survival but did not support growth. Mushroom substrate showed a rich background microflora able of growing in Listeria selective media which hindered enumeration of L. monocytogenes. Combase predictions were not always accurate, indicating that challenge tests are a necessary part of growth determination of L. monocytogenes.

Growth conditions, omega - 3 fatty acid concentrations and gene expression of fatty acid desaturases in Portulaca oleracea leaves

Tese de dout., Ciências Biotecnológicas (Biotecnologia Vegetal), Univ. do Algarve, 2009

Chlormequat selective electrodes: construction, evaluation and application at FIA systems

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system having a chlormequat selective electrode is proposed. Several electrodes with poly(vinyl chloride) based membranes were constructed for this purpose. Comparative characterization suggestedthe use of membrane with chlormequat tetraphenylborate and dibutylphthalate. On a single-line FIA set-up, operating with 1x10-2 mol L-1 ionic strength and 6.3 pH, calibration curves presented slopes of 53.6±0.4mV decade-1 within 5.0x10-6 and1.0x10-3 mol L-1, andsquaredcorrelation coefficients >0.9953. The detection limit was 2.2x10-6 mol L-1 and the repeatability equal to ±0.68mV (0.7%). A dual-channel FIA manifold was therefore constructed, enabling automatic attainment of previous ionic strength andpH conditions and thus eliminating sample preparation steps. Slopes of 45.5±0.2mV decade -1 along a concentration range of 8.0x10-6 to 1.0x10-3 mol L-1 with a repeatability ±0.4mV (0.69%) were obtained. Analyses of real samples were performed, and recovery gave results ranging from 96.6 to 101.1%.

Stops and bonanzas in the EU: Does being part of the Euro Area make a difference?

In this paper, we investigate whether being part of the euro area influences the conditional probability of going through a sudden stop or a bonanza of capital flows. Our sample period is from 1995 until 2014. We identify these two phenomena and we evaluate which push and pull factors help predict the conditional probability of experiencing one of them. We find that most countries had significant capital inflows until 2008 and that there were more sudden stops during the recent financial crisis than in any other moment in our sample. The factors that better help forecast the conditional probability of a sudden stop are global uncertainty (represented by the push factor “Volatility Index”), and the domestic economic activity (pull factors “GDP growth” and “consumer confidence”). An indicator of country risk (pull factor “change in credit rating”) is the most significant one for predicting bonanzas. Ultimately, we find no evidence that being part of the euro area influences the conditional probability of going through a sudden stop or a bonanza.

Change in individual growth rate and its link to gill-net fishing in two sympatric whitefish species

Size-selective fishing is expected to affect traits such as individual growth rate, but the relationship between the fishery-linked selection differentials and the corresponding phenotypic changes is not well understood. We analysed a 25-year monitoring survey of sympatric populations of the two Alpine whitefish Coregonus albellus and C. fatioi. We determined the fishing-induced selection differentials on growth rates, the actual change of growth rates over time, and potential indicators of reproductive strategies that may change over time. We found marked declines in adult growth rate and significant selection differentials that may partly explain the observed declines. However, when comparing the two sympatric species, the selection differentials on adult growth were stronger in C. albellus while the decline in adult growth rate seemed more pronounced in C. fatioi. Moreover, the selection differential on juvenile growth was significant in C. albellus but not in C. fatioi, while a significant reduction in juvenile growth over the last 25 years was only found in C. fatioi. Our results suggest that size-selective fishing affects the genetics for individual growth in these whitefish, and that the link between selection differentials and phenotypic changes is influenced by species-specific factors.

Myocardial angiogenesis induction with bone protein derived growth factors (animal experiment).

Myocardial angiogenesis induction with vascular growth factors constitutes a potential strategy for patients whose coronary artery disease is refractory to conventional treatment. The importance of angiogenesis in bone formation has led to the development of growth factors derived from bovine bone protein. Twelve pigs (mean weight, 73 +/- 3 kg) were chosen for the study. In the first group (n = 6, growth factor group) five 100 micrograms boluses of growth factors derived from bovine bone protein, diluted in Povidone 5%, were injected in the lateral wall of the left ventricle. In the second group (n = 6, control group), the same operation was performed but only the diluting agent was injected. All the animals were sacrificed after 28 days and the vascular density of the left lateral wall (expressed as the number of vascular structures per mm2) as well as the area of blood vessel profiles per myocardial area analysed were determined histologically with a computerised system. The growth factor group had a capillary density which was significantly higher than that of the control group: 12.6 +/- 0.9/mm2 vs 4.8 +/- 0.5/mm2 (p < 0.01). The same holds true for the arteriolar density: 1 +/- 0.2/mm2 vs 0.3 +/- 0.1/mm2 (p < 0.01). The surface ratios of blood vessel profiles per myocardial area were 4900 +/- 800 micron 2/mm2 and 1550 +/- 400 micron 2/mm2 (p < 0.01) respectively. In this experimental model, bovine bone protein derived growth factors induce a significant neovascularisation in healthy myocardium, and appear therefore as promising candidates for therapeutic angiogenesis.

Geology of the Gander Group, Gander River Ultramafic Belt and Davidsville Group in the Jonathan's Pond - Weir's Pond Area, northeast Newfoundland /

The study area is situated in NE Newfoundland between Gander Lake and the north coast and on the boundary between the Gander and Botwood tectonostratigraphic zones (Williams et al., 1974). The area is underlain by three NE trending units; the Gander Group, the Gander River Ultramafic Belt (the GRUB) and the Davidsville Group. The easternmost Gander Group consists of a thick, psammitic unit composed predominantly of psammitic schist and a thinner, mixed unit of semipelitic and pelitic schist with minor psammite. The mixed unit may stratigraphically overlie the psammitic unit or be a lateral facies equivalent of the latter. No fossils have been recovered from the Gander Group. The GRUB is a terrain of mafic and ultramafic plutonic rocks with minor pillow lava and plagiogranite. It is interpreted to be a dismembered ophiolite in thrust contact with the Gander Group. The westernmost Davidsville Group consists of a basal conglomerate, believed deposited unconformably upon the GRUB from which it was derived, and an upper unit of greywacke and slate, mostly of turbidite origin, with minor limestone and calcareous sandstone. The limestone, which lies near the base of the unit, contains Upper Llanvirn to Lower Llandeilo fossils. The Gander and Davidsville Groups display distinctly different sedimentological , structural and metamorphic histories. The Gander Group consists of quartz-rich, relatively mature sediment. It has suffered three pre-Llanvirn deformations, of which the main deformation, Dp produced a major, NE-N-facing recumbent anticline in the southern part of the study area. Middle greenschist conditions existed from D^ to D- with growth of metamorphic minerals during each dynamic and static phase. In contrast, the mineralogically immature Davidsville Group sediment contains abundant mafic and ultramafic detritus which is absent from the Gander Group. The Davidsville Group displays the effects of a single penetrative deformation with localized D_ and D_ features, all of which can be shown to postdate D_ in the Gander Group. Rotation of the flat Gander S- into a subvertical orientation near the contact with the GRUB and the Davidsville Group is believed to be a Davidsville D^ feature. Regional metamorphism in the Davidsville Group is lower greenschist with a single growth phase, MS . These sedimentological, structural and metamorphic differences between the Gander and Davidsville Groups persist even where the GRUB is absent and the two units are in contact, indicating that the tectonic histories of the Gander and Davidsville Groups are distinctly different. Structural features in the GRUB, locally the result of multiple deformations, may be the result of Gander and/or Davidsville deformations. Metamorphism is in the greenschist facies. Geochemical analyses of the pillow lava suggest that these rocks were formed in a back-arc basin. Mafic intrusives in the Gander Group appear to be the result of magraatism separate from that producing the pillow lava. The Gander Group is interpreted to be a continental rise prism deposited on the eastern margin of the Late Precambrian-Lower Paleozoic lapetus Ocean. The GRUB, oceanic crust possibly formed in a marginal basin to the west, is believed to have been thrust eastward over the Gander Group, deforming the latter, during the pre-Llanvirnian, possibly Precambrian, Ganderian Orogeny. The Middle Ordovician and younger Davidsville Group was derived from, and deposited unconformably on, this deformed terrain. Deformation of the Davidsville Group occurred during the Middle Devonian Acadian Orogeny.

Measurement of growth in the lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum using a new photographic technique

Lichenologists and users of lichenometry have long used calipers or photogrammetry to measure the growth of crustose lichens. Now, digital photography and popular computer software provide methodological alternatives. This thesis developed and tested a new methodology for tracking change and growth of the lichen, Rhizocarpon geographicum. Adobe Photoshop CS3 Extended software and a photographic time series (1996,2003,2006 and 2007) were used to measure thallus diameter, area, prothallus width and areolae area in 115 small R. geographicum thalli (0.53-1049.88 mm2 ). Measures of 8 diameters per thallus showed that change in diameter was highly variable and is a weak index of growth. Thallus area was a reliable measure of growth (power correlation, R2 = 0.89). Rapid, highly irregular growth occurred in small thalli «30 mm2 ), and steady, uniform growth occurred in larger thalli (>30 mm2 ). This new methodology is tedious but can potentially generate accurate and precise measures for even the tiniest of lichens.

Évaluation du rôle du récepteur CD36 comme cible thérapeutique potentielle dans le traitement de la maladie cardiaque ischémique

La maladie cardiaque ischémique, la plus commune des maladies qui affectent le cœur, est encore aujourd’hui une importante cause de décès dans les pays industrialisés. Une réponse cardio-métabolique inflammatoire à un changement aigu initié par une modification du métabolisme énergétique du cœur ischémique est accentuée après que l’apport en oxygène ait été rétabli. Parmi les altérations délétères dans le myocarde qui en résultent, sont inclus l’accumulation d’acides gras non estérifiés (AGNE) ainsi que leur oxydation au détriment de l’utilisation du glucose, ce qui amplifie la génération d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS). Les tissus en périphérie du cœur tel que le tissu adipeux peuvent affecter l’étendue des blessures au myocarde par la relâche en circulation de substances bioactives comme les AGNE et l’adiponectine. Le CD36 est le principal facilitateur de l’entrée d’AGNE dans le cœur et les adipocytes et constitue une importante cible métabolique spécialement lors d’un stress d’ischémie-reperfusion (I/R). Il a été rapporté précédemment par notre groupe qu’un ligand synthétique et sélectif envers le CD36 exerce un effet protecteur puissant sur le système vasculaire. Cependant, aucune étude in vivo n’a rapporté d’effet cardioprotecteur de ligands sélectifs envers le CD36. Ainsi, ce projet visait à évaluer le rôle et possiblement l’effet cardioprotecteur de ligands sélectifs du récepteur CD36 sur la blessure au myocarde en I/R. Des souris CD36+/+ et CD36-/- ont été traitées quotidiennement avec le EP 80317, le CP-3(iv) ou le véhicule pendant 14 jours avant de subir la ligature temporaire de l’artère coronaire antérieure descendante gauche (LAD). Notre première étude a montré que le EP 80317 exerce un effet cardioprotecteur puissant tel que montré par la réduction de la surface des lésions et l’amélioration de la fonction cardiaque in vivo suivant la blessure au myocarde en I/R. De plus, le EP 80317 a réduit l’internalisation totale d’AGNE dans le myocarde, mesurée in vivo par l’imagerie métabolique cardiaque, en accord avec la diminution du niveau circulant d’AGNE. Une réduction de la lipolyse révélée par une perfusion de radiotraceur de palmitate et une augmentation du niveau d’expression de gènes adipogéniques et anti-lipolytiques appuient davantage l’effet du EP 80317 dans la prévention de la mobilisation délétère d’acides gras du tissu adipeux. Notre deuxième étude a investigué le mécanisme cardioprotecteur d’une nouvelle génération de ligands dotés d’une plus grande affinité de liaison envers le CD36. Cette étude a montré que le CP-3(iv) est aussi pourvu d’un puissant effet cardioprotecteur comme le montre la réduction de la taille de l’infarctus et l’amélioration de la fonction cardiaque post-I/R du myocarde qui est fonction d’une signalisation métabolique et anti-oxydante de l’adiponectine. En effet, l’augmentation des principales voies de signalisation régulant la sécrétion de l’adiponectine et des gènes antioxydants a été démontrée dans le tissu adipeux suivant l’I/R du myocarde et un traitement avec le CP-3(iv). L’activation de la protéine kinase B ou Akt dans le myocarde avec la diminution de la génération de ROS et de la signalisation de mort cellulaire appuient davantage le rôle cardioprotecteur du CP-3(iv) dans l’I/R du myocarde. En conclusion, le travail présenté dans cette thèse soutient qu’une signalisation du CD36 par le EP 80317 et le CP-3(iv) pourrait s’avérer être une nouvelle approche thérapeutique dans le traitement de la maladie cardiaque ischémique. Ces ligands synthétiques sélectifs envers le CD36 provoquent un effet salutaire sur le myocarde ischémique par le biais d’une amélioration du profil métabolique dans les premières heures de la reperfusion. Le EP 80317 réduit le niveau délétère d’AGNE et leur internalisation dans le cœur en situation d’excès, tandis que le CP-3(iv) augmente le niveau bénéfique d’adiponectine et son effet cardioprotecteur.

Structural and catalytic investigation of vanadia supported on ceria promoted with high surface area rice husk silica

Rice husk silica was utilized as the promoter of ceria for preparing supported vanadia catalysts. Effect of vanadium content was investigated with 2–10 wt.% V2O5 loading over the support. Structural characterization of the catalysts was done by various techniques like energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), FT-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DR UV–vis), electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) and solid state magnetic resonance spectroscopies (29Si and 51V MASNMR). Catalytic activity was studied towards liquid-phase oxidation of benzene. Surface area of ceria enhanced upon rice husk silica promotion, thus makes dispersion of the active sites of vanadia easier. Highly dispersed vanadia was found for low V2O5 loading and formation of cerium orthovanadate (CeVO4) occurs as the loading increases. Spectroscopic investigation clearly confirms the formation of CeVO4 phase at higher loadings of V2O5. The oxidation activity increases with vanadia loading up to 8 wt.% V2O5, and further increase reduces the conversion rate. Selective formation of phenol can be attributed to the presence of highly dispersed active sites of vanadia over the support.

Population Characteristics of Prawns in Natural and Selective Stocking System

present work deals with the various aspects of population characteristics of penaeus indicus ,Metapenaeus dobsoni and metapenaeus monoceros during their nursery phase in tidal ponds and adjacent backwaters.Importance of the present study is to suggest scientific basis for the management of penaeid resources in tidal ponds and backwaters based on their biological characteristics to ensure better yield.Seasonal closure of fishing will be effective in improving the size of the shrimp at harvest.Hydrology of tidal ponds varied with location, but showed a common seasonal pattem.Seasonal variation in temperature was very small. It fluctuated between 27.5 to 32.3°C in tidalponds and 26.9 to 29.9°C in open backwaters.Improvement of nursery habitats with due consideration for biological requirements of the resource will ensure better growth, survival and abundance of the stock.The recruitment, growth and emigration data of prawns from their nurseries can be used successfully for fishery forecasting. projecting juvenile growth forward through time, it is possible to establish, which cohort contributes to offshore fishery each year. So, by interpreting the recruitment and growth data of species in their nurseries with offshore catch data, fishery can be forecasted successfully.

Salmonella cross contamination in retail chicken outlets and the efficacy of spice extracts on salmonella enteritidis growth inhibhition on various surfaces

The source of samonella cross contamination in 15 retail chicken outlets in aresidual area in coimbatore city ,sourthern India was studied. Chopping boards and the butchers hands were predominant followed by knives and the weighing balance tray. Serotyping of the salmonella strains revealed that all strains were salmonella enteritis, except one which was found to be salmonella cerro.The anti bacterial activity of commonly used spices were evaluated.

Studies on fish waste management practices in Aroor Seafood Industrial Belt, Kerala and conversion of seafood waste into a liquid plant growth supplement

This study was materialized to analyze the management issues regarding the seafood processing waste generated including its impact on the coastal community in one of the important seafood hubs of India Aroor Seafood Industrial Belt Alappuzha District Kerala The area has witnessed serious pollution issues related to seafood waste and seldom has any action been implemented by either the polluters or the preventers Further this study is also intended to suggest a low cost eco friendly method for utilizing the bulk quantity of seafood solid waste generated in the area for the promotion of organic farming The high nutritional value of seafood enables the subsequent offal to be considered as an excellent source for plant nutrition The liquid silage accepted worldwide as the cheapest and practical solution for rendering fish waste in bulk for production of livestock feed is adopted in this study to develop foliar fertilizer formulations from various seafood waste The effect of seafood foliar sprays is demonstrated by field studies on two plant varieties such as Okra and Amaranthus