A cluster randomised controlled trial evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis of the Roots of Empathy schools-based programme for improving social and emotional wellbeing outcomes among 8-9 year olds in Northern Ireland

A substantial body of evidence suggest that well designed school based prevention programmes can be effective in improving a variety of social, health and academic outcomes for children and young people. This poster presents the methodology for evaluating the Roots of Empathy (ROE) programme. ROE is a universal programme delivered on a whole-class basis for one academic year. It consists of 27 lessons that run over a school year and is based around a monthly classroom visit by an infant and parent, typically recruited from the local community, whom the class 'adopts' at the start of the school year. The evaluation aims to evaluate the immediate and longer term impact of ROE on social and emotional wellbeing outcomes among 8-9 year old pupils, as well as evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the programme.

Evaluating the effectiveness of domestic abuse prevention education: Are certain children more or less receptive to the messages conveyed?

Purpose
A number of school-based domestic abuse prevention programmes have been developed in the United Kingdom, but evidence as to the effectiveness of such programmes is limited. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of one such programme and to see whether the outcomes differ by gender and experiences of domestic abuse.

Method
Pupils aged 13–14 years, across seven schools, receiving a 6-week education programme completed a questionnaire to measure their attitudes towards domestic violence at pre-, post-test, and 3-month follow-up, and also responded to questions about experiences of abuse (as victims, perpetrators, and witnesses) and help seeking. Children in another six schools not yet receiving the intervention responded to the same questions at pre- and post-test. In total, 1,203 children took part in the research.

Results
Boys and girls who had received the intervention became less accepting of domestic violence and more likely to seek help from pre- to post-test compared with those in the control group; outcomes did not vary by experiences of abuse. There was evidence that the change in attitudes for those in the intervention group was maintained at 3-month follow-up.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that such a programme shows great promise, with both boys and girls benefiting from the intervention, and those who have experienced abuse and those who have not (yet) experienced abuse showing a similar degree of attitude change.

Recruiting schools, adolescents and parents to a sexual-health trial: experiences, challenges and lessons learned from the Jack Trial

Background
Recruitment to school-based randomised trials is challenging; even more so when the focus of the study is a sensitive issue such as sexual health. The Jack Feasibility Trial aims to determine the facilitators and barriers to recruitment and retention to a school-based sexual health trial and identify optimal multi-level strategies for a full trial.
Method
The Jack Trial is an NIHR-funded feasibility study of a film-based sexual health intervention, recruiting over 800 adolescents from 8 post-primary schools in Northern Ireland. In order to examine the feasibility of piloted recruitment and retention methods and assess acceptability of participation across the range of schools and individuals approached, we analysed qualitative data from triangulated sources including a parents’ survey and semi-structured interviews with principals, vice-principals, teachers and parents recruited to the study.
Results
With reference to Social Learning Theory, we identified a number of individual, behavioural and environmental level factors which influenced recruitment and retention. Commonly identified facilitators included the perceived relevance and potential benefit of the intervention to adolescents, the credibility of the organisation running the study, support offered by trial staff, and financial incentives. Key barriers were prior commitment to other research, lack of time and resources, and perceptions that the intervention was incompatible with adolescent needs or school ethos.
Conclusion
This study highlights pertinent general and trial-specific facilitators and barriers to recruitment to a sexual health trial in a school setting, which will prove useful for successful conduct of future trials with schools, adolescents and parents.

Technological aids for the rehabilitation of memory and executive functioning in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury (Review).

Background The use of technology in healthcare settings is on the increase and may represent a cost-effective means of delivering rehabilitation. Reductions in treatment time, and delivery in the home, are also thought to be benefits of this approach. Children and adolescents with brain injury often experience deficits in memory and executive functioning that can negatively affect their school work, social lives, and future occupations. Effective interventions that can be delivered at home, without the need for high-cost clinical involvement, could provide a means to address a current lack of provision. We have systematically reviewed studies examining the effects of technology-based interventions for the rehabilitation of deficits in memory and executive functioning in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury. Objectives To assess the effects of technology-based interventions compared to placebo intervention, no treatment, or other types of intervention, on the executive functioning and memory of children and adolescents with acquired brain injury. Search methods We ran the search on the 30 September 2015. We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE(R), Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R), EMBASE Classic + EMBASE (OvidSP), ISI Web of Science (SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, CPCI-S, and CPSI-SSH), CINAHL Plus (EBSCO), two other databases, and clinical trials registers. We also searched the internet, screened reference lists, and contacted authors of included studies. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials comparing the use of a technological aid for the rehabilitation of children and adolescents with memory or executive-functioning deficits with placebo, no treatment, or another intervention. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts identified by the search strategy. Following retrieval of full-text manuscripts, two review authors independently performed data extraction and assessed the risk of bias. Main results Four studies (involving 206 participants) met the inclusion criteria for this review. Three studies, involving 194 participants, assessed the effects of online interventions to target executive functioning (that is monitoring and changing behaviour, problem solving, planning, etc.). These studies, which were all conducted by the same research team, compared online interventions against a 'placebo' (participants were given internet resources on brain injury). The interventions were delivered in the family home with additional support or training, or both, from a psychologist or doctoral student. The fourth study investigated the use of a computer program to target memory in addition to components of executive functioning (that is attention, organisation, and problem solving). No information on the study setting was provided, however a speech-language pathologist, teacher, or occupational therapist accompanied participants. Two studies assessed adolescents and young adults with mild to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), while the remaining two studies assessed children and adolescents with moderate to severe TBI. Risk of bias We assessed the risk of selection bias as low for three studies and unclear for one study. Allocation bias was high in two studies, unclear in one study, and low in one study. Only one study (n = 120) was able to conceal allocation from participants, therefore overall selection bias was assessed as high. One study took steps to conceal assessors from allocation (low risk of detection bias), while the other three did not do so (high risk of detection bias). Primary outcome 1: Executive functioning: Technology-based intervention versus placebo Results from meta-analysis of three studies (n = 194) comparing online interventions with a placebo for children and adolescents with TBI, favoured the intervention immediately post-treatment (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.66 to -0.09; P = 0.62; I2 = 0%). (As there is no 'gold standard' measure in the field, we have not translated the SMD back to any particular scale.) This result is thought to represent only a small to medium effect size (using Cohen’s rule of thumb, where 0.2 is a small effect, 0.5 a medium one, and 0.8 or above is a large effect); this is unlikely to have a clinically important effect on the participant. The fourth study (n = 12) reported differences between the intervention and control groups on problem solving (an important component of executive functioning). No means or standard deviations were presented for this outcome, therefore an effect size could not be calculated. The quality of evidence for this outcome according to GRADE was very low. This means future research is highly likely to change the estimate of effect. Primary outcome 2: Memory One small study (n = 12) reported a statistically significant difference in improvement in sentence recall between the intervention and control group following an eight-week remediation programme. No means or standard deviations were presented for this outcome, therefore an effect size could not be calculated. Secondary outcomes Two studies (n = 158) reported on anxiety/depression as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and were included in a meta-analysis. We found no evidence of an effect with the intervention (mean difference -5.59, 95% CI -11.46 to 0.28; I2 = 53%). The GRADE quality of evidence for this outcome was very low, meaning future research is likely to change the estimate of effect. A single study sought to record adverse events and reported none. Two studies reported on use of the intervention (range 0 to 13 and 1 to 24 sessions). One study reported on social functioning/social competence and found no effect. The included studies reported no data for other secondary outcomes (that is quality of life and academic achievement). Authors' conclusions This review provides low-quality evidence for the use of technology-based interventions in the rehabilitation of executive functions and memory for children and adolescents with TBI. As all of the included studies contained relatively small numbers of participants (12 to 120), our findings should be interpreted with caution. The involvement of a clinician or therapist, rather than use of the technology, may have led to the success of these interventions. Future research should seek to replicate these findings with larger samples, in other regions, using ecologically valid outcome measures, and reduced clinician involvement.

Participating in a fruit and vegetable intervention trial improves longer term fruit and vegetable consumption and barriers to fruit and vegetable consumption: a follow-up of the ADIT study

BACKGROUND: Fruit and vegetable (FV) based intervention studies can be effective in increasing short term FV consumption. However, the longer term efficacy of such interventions is still unclear. The aim of the current study was to examine the maintenance of change in FV consumption 18-months after cessation of a FV intervention and to examine the effect of participating in a FV intervention on barriers to FV consumption.

METHODS: A follow-up of a randomised controlled FV trial in 83 older adults (habitually consuming ≤2 portions/day) was conducted. At baseline, participants were assigned to continue consuming ≤2 portions FV/day or consume ≥5 portions FV/day for 16-weeks. We assessed FV intake and barriers to FV consumption at baseline, end of intervention and 18-months post-intervention.

RESULTS: At 18-months, mean FV intakes in both groups were greater than baseline. The 5 portions/day group continued to show greater increases in FV consumption at 18-months than the 2 portions/day group (p < 0.01). At 18-months, both groups reported greater liking (p < 0.01) and ease in consuming FV (p = 0.001) while difficulties with consuming FV decreased (p < 0.001). The 2 portions/day group reported greater awareness of FV recommendations at 18-months (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Participating in a FV intervention can lead to longer-term positive changes in FV consumption regardless of original group allocation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov NCT00858728 .

Spectacle acceptance among secondary school students in rural China: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study (X-PRES)--report 5.

PURPOSE: To assess determinants of spectacle acceptance and use among rural Chinese children. METHODS: Children with uncorrected acuity < or = 6/12 in either eye and whose presenting vision could be improved > or = 2 lines with refraction were identified from a school-based sample of 1892 students. Information on obtaining glasses and the benefits of spectacles was provided to children, families, and teachers. Purchase of new spectacles and reasons for nonpurchase were assessed by direct inspection and interview 3 months later. RESULTS: Among 674 (35.6%) children requiring spectacles (mean age, 14.7 +/- 0.8 years), 597 (88.6%) were followed up. Among 339 children with no glasses at baseline, 30.7% purchased spectacles, whereas 43.2% of 258 children with inaccurate glasses replaced them. Most (70%) subjects paid US$13 to $26. Among children with bilateral vision < or = 6/18, 45.6% bought glasses. In multivariate models, presenting vision < 6/12 (P < 0.009), refractive error < -2.0 D (P < 0.001), and amount willing to pay for glasses (P = 0.01) were predictors of purchase. Reasons for nonpurchase included satisfaction with current vision (78% of those with glasses at baseline, 49% of those without), concerns over price or parental refusal (18%), and fear glasses would weaken the eyes (13%). Only 26% of children stated that they usually wore their new glasses. CONCLUSIONS: Many families in rural China will pay for glasses, though spectacle acceptance was < 50%, even among children with poor vision. Acceptance could be improved by price reduction, education showing that glasses will not harm the eyes, and parent-focused interventions.

Corneal hysteresis and axial length among Chinese secondary school children: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study (X-PRES) report no. 4.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between corneal hysteresis and axial length/refractive error among rural Chinese secondary school children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. METHODS: Refractive error (cycloplegic auto-refraction with subjective refinement), central corneal thickness (CCT) and axial length (ultrasonic measurement), intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal hysteresis (Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer) were measured on a rural school-based cohort of children. RESULTS: Among 1,233 examined children, the mean age was 14.7 +/- 0.8 years and 699 (56.7%) were girls. The mean spherical equivalent (n = 1,232) was -2.2 +/- 1.6 diopters (D), axial length (n = 643) was 23.7 +/- 1.1 mm, corneal hysteresis (n = 1,153) was 10.7 +/- 1.6 mm Hg, IOP (n = 1,153) was 17.0 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, and CCT (n = 1,226) was 553 +/- 33 microns. In linear regression models, longer axial length was significantly (P < .001 for both) associated with lower corneal hysteresis and higher IOP. Hysteresis in this population was significantly (P < .001) lower than has previously been reported for normal White children (n = 42, 12.3 +/- 1.3 mm Hg), when adjusting for age and gender. This difference did not appear to depend on differences in axial length between the populations, as it persists when only Chinese children with normal uncorrected vision are included. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective studies will be needed to determine if low hysteresis places eyes at risk for axial elongation secondary or if primary elongation results in lower hysteresis.

Visual disability, visual function, and myopia among rural chinese secondary school children: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study (X-PRES)--report 1.

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual acuity, visual function, and prevalence of refractive error among Chinese secondary-school children in a cross-sectional school-based study. METHODS: Uncorrected, presenting, and best corrected visual acuity, cycloplegic autorefraction with refinement, and self-reported visual function were assessed in a random, cluster sample of rural secondary school students in Xichang, China. RESULTS: Among the 1892 subjects (97.3% of the consenting children, 84.7% of the total sample), mean age was 14.7 +/- 0.8 years, 51.2% were female, and 26.4% were wearing glasses. The proportion of children with uncorrected, presenting, and corrected visual disability (< or = 6/12 in the better eye) was 41.2%, 19.3%, and 0.5%, respectively. Myopia < -0.5, < -2.0, and < -6.0 D in both eyes was present in 62.3%, 31.1%, and 1.9% of the subjects, respectively. Among the children with visual disability when tested without correction, 98.7% was due to refractive error, while only 53.8% (414/770) of these children had appropriate correction. The girls had significantly (P < 0.001) more presenting visual disability and myopia < -2.0 D than did the boys. More myopic refractive error was associated with worse self-reported visual function (ANOVA trend test, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Visual disability in this population was common, highly correctable, and frequently uncorrected. The impact of refractive error on self-reported visual function was significant. Strategies and studies to understand and remove barriers to spectacle wear are needed.

Process Evaluation of the Roots of Empathy Program

This paper presents the findings of a qualitative process evaluation of the Roots of Empathy (ROE) programme. ROE is a universal, classroom-based intervention, which aims to enhance social and emotional learning of primary (elementary) school children. Effective delivery of such complex social interventions in real-world settings requires in-depth knowledge and understanding of factors that interact to influence implementation and fidelity. A case study methodology was employed with six schools, to explore the views of key actors and stakeholders involved in the delivery and receipt of the programme. Overall, ROE was delivered with high fidelity and the programme was viewed positively across the schools. However, one issue was the varied level of interest and awareness of the programme from parents.

Educação de infância como tempo fundador: repensar a formação de educadores para uma acção educativa integrada

O estudo Educação de Infância como tempo fundador: Repensar a Formação de Educadores para uma acção educativa integrada inscreve-se no processo de reflexão acerca das finalidades da educação básica e da qualidade da formação e da intervenção dos profissionais de educação de infância. Considerando as condições de instabilidade, crescente insegurança e grande imprevisibilidade que caracterizam as sociedades contemporâneas e, considerando também, os avanços científicos que vêm ocorrendo nas últimas décadas, fundamentando e alertando para a importância decisiva das aprendizagens realizadas na Infância nos processos de desenvolvimento subsequentes, releva-se neste estudo a necessidade de dar continuidade e aprofundar essa reflexão procurando responder, também pela investigação, aos desafios que as mudanças sociais suscitam. Nesta linha e tendo como referente o significado que, em termos de estruturação identitária pessoal e colectiva, é reconhecido à educação de infância, enquanto contexto primeiro de educação básica e complementar da acção educativa da família, o principal objectivo do estudo consiste em aprofundar o conhecimento acerca da natureza e qualidade dos saberes básicos a promover na educação pré-escolar e das competências reconfiguradoras do perfil de desempenho profissional dos educadores de infância para que, em articulação com as famílias das crianças, se tornem facilitadores do seu desenvolvimento, no quadro de uma ampla perspectiva de cidadania e de sucesso para todos. Os eixos investigativos que se cruzam no estudo pressupõem uma dimensão de pesquisa (teórica, documental e empírica) de natureza complexa, na qual, se procura tornar compreensíveis as interacções entre os participantes anteriormente referidos, no sentido de uma possível coerência conceptual e funcional, que regule e sustente a qualidade dos processos de desenvolvimento. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a investigação inscreve-se numa abordagem de natureza qualitativa, de matriz complexa e com características de estudo de caso, centrado nos processos de formação e de intervenção dos educadores de infância em exercício de funções, no distrito de Bragança. No sentido de construir uma visão integrada do objecto de estudo foi desenvolvida uma revisão temática de literatura e de análise documental e, na dimensão empírica do estudo, foram promovidos processos mistos de recolha de dados, com recurso à inquirição por questionário e por entrevista (semi-estruturada). A inquirição por questionário foi feita a 229 educadores de infância e a 1340 pais (ou seus representantes), das crianças que frequentavam a educação pré-escolar e a entrevista a 6 educadoras, que integravam os conselhos executivos dos Agrupamentos de Escolas e, cujas funções de gestão e administração, lhes permitiam ter uma perspectiva mais global das problemáticas em estudo. Os instrumentos de recolha e de análise da informação foram validados de modo a garantir-lhes fiabilidade e credibilidade. Os resultados do estudo podem ser lidos em dois níveis, considerando a sua abrangência e especificidade. Num primeiro plano, numa leitura mais global e transversal às questões em estudo e, num segundo plano, como enfoque mais específico em função de quatro dimensões temáticas decorrentes do quadro de fundamentação teórica e organizadoras do processo de reflexão e de pesquisa. Assim, globalmente, os resultados confirmam a importância que todos os inquiridos reconhecem, quer às aprendizagens ocorridas na Infância, como factor importante no desenvolvimento pessoal e social das crianças ao longo da vida, quer ao papel que, nele, os educadores e respectiva formação (inicial e contínua) devem desempenhar. Com algumas variações, as representações dos educadores de infância e dos pais inquiridos neste estudo, embora diferentes em algumas das questões específicas, apresentam-se maioritariamente coerentes e próximas das perspectivas teóricas mais actuais, que consideram a natureza processual das aprendizagens e a importância que a qualidade dos contextos e das transições, que neles ocorrem, assumem nos processos de desenvolvimento. Ou seja, inscrevem-se na linha das teorias socioconstrutivista e ecológica também subjacentes às orientações curriculares, ao nível nacional e aos quadros teóricos de referência, ao nível internacional. Identificam a aprendizagem da cidadania (ou do aprender a ser em sociedade) como o saber mais estruturante a ser desenvolvido no conjunto da acção educativa e perspectivam-na como processo de responsabilidade partilhada e cooperado. Tratando-se de uma amostra extensa e de um distrito geograficamente marcado pela interioridade, e sem esquecer que os dados se referem a representações expressas ao nível dos discursos, é importante reconhecer os sinais de actualidade das perspectivas e das sugestões apontadas para dar continuidade aos processos de desenvolvimento integrado de todos os participantes no processo educativo. Ainda numa leitura global, as principais diferenças, genericamente observadas entre educadores e pais, evidenciam, da parte destes, uma perspectiva de cidadania mais restrita e, da parte dos educadores, uma visão mais alargada do conceito. Com efeito, são os pais com mais elevada qualificação académica que partilham com os educadores esta perspectiva ampliada e transformadora de cidadania. Numa leitura mais enfocada e mais detalhada, e tal como referido anteriormente, os resultados podem ser lidos no cruzamento de quatro dimensões que interligam as questões de pesquisa: os saberes básicos, as estratégias de intervenção para o seu desenvolvimento; a formação e intervenção dos educadores de infância e a identificação de competências que possam vir a aprofundarem a sua formação. No que se refere aos saberes básicos, e não obstante a ocorrência de variações, quer quanto aos próprios saberes, quer quanto à terminologia usada, são considerados como fundamentais: 1. O aprender a ser na perspectiva do desenvolvimento da identidade; 2. O aprender a exercer a cidadania na linha da aprendizagem e da vivência democrática na relação com o mundo e com o outro; 3. O aprender a aprender como ferramenta indispensável à aprendizagem ao longo da vida; 4. O aprender a desenvolver o pensamento crítico, enquanto possibilidade de criteriosa escolha pessoal entre alternativas possíveis e 5. O aprender a comunicar como condição relacional inalienável nos processos de interacção com os contextos e com as pessoas. A segunda dimensão tem a ver com as estratégias consideradas facilitadoras do desenvolvimento destes saberes e são considerados três níveis da intervenção educativa: a acção dos educadores propriamente dita, a cooperação dos pais no processo de aprendizagem das crianças e a interacção da instituição pré-escolar com os pais/família. A acção dos educadores surge, tendencialmente perspectivada como facilitadora do desenvolvimento dos saberes básicos, embora em relação a algumas práticas essa perspectiva surgisse pouco evidente e distingue-se quanto ao desenvolvimento da acção e relação educativa, manifestando os educadores mais experientes uma opinião mais favorável. No que se refere à cooperação dos pais no processo de aprendizagem das crianças, os resultados indicam que a maioria dos pais manifesta uma opinião favorável a práticas configuradoras de um clima facilitador do desenvolvimento dos saberes básicos enunciados, mas variando os seus pontos de vista. São os pais de habilitações académicas mais elevadas, de idade intermédia e situados em contexto urbano os que apresentam opiniões mais favoráveis. Por fim, e no que diz respeito à interacção com as famílias, os resultados evidenciam uma opinião positiva com os meios de interacção utilizados, mas deixando perceber a necessidade de melhorar o processo de cooperação, manifestando os pais uma opinião menos positiva do que os educadores sobre esse processo. A terceira dimensão diz respeito às representações sobre a formação e intervenção profissional dos educadores, evidenciando os resultados que a maioria dos educadores atribuiu muita relevância aos contributos do curso de formação inicial para o desenvolvimento da maioria das competências necessárias para o seu desempenho profissional. Permitem ainda verificar que os educadores de formação mais recente manifestaram uma opinião mais favorável desses contributos, quanto ao desenvolvimento de conhecimentos em áreas, tais como a matemática, conhecimento do mundo e expressão musical, o que significa um avanço relativamente ao reconhecimento da necessidade de fazer investimento nessas áreas sugeridas em alguns estudos e projectos. Quanto ao desenvolvimento da actividade profissional, os resultados relevam que a maior preocupação dos educadores se centra em torno do seu desempenho profissional e das condições de exercício da actividade profissional. No que se refere ao início de carreira, esta última dimensão assume maior evidência, sendo ainda possível perceber que a entrada na vida profissional tem vindo a ocorrer, nos últimos anos, através da rede privada. A quarta dimensão tem a ver com as competências profissionais a desenvolver pelos futuros educadores, e não obstante algumas diferenças nas opiniões manifestadas pelos três grupos de participantes, surgem relevadas competências que a literatura e os perfis de desempenho profissional docente apontam como devendo ser promovidas e incluídas nos programas de formação de educadores de infância/professores. Estas podem ser vistas, quer numa dimensão geral relativa ao grupo docente, quer numa dimensão mais específica da intervenção em educação de infância, tal como é especificado ao longo do trabalho.

Artística e-educação : novos sentidos do "ensinar a ver"

A tese que se apresenta defende que as competências pessoais, socia s e estéticas podem ser promovidas através de estratégias inovadoras, tendo por base a Edução Artística e os recursos da Comunicação Multimédia. Face a complexidade de problemas que se vivem na atualidade, parte-se da polissemia da palavra sentido para estruturar um quadro poliocular conceptual teórico/ interpretativo de inter-relacionamento entre Educação, Multimédia e Arte na Pós-modernidade, como base duma reflexão sobre a pertinência da Educação Artística, em especial das Artes Visuais, nos dias de hoje marcados pela mudança, pela cultura da imagem, por uma avalanche de informação e pelo progresso frenético dos meios de comunicação. Este quadro conceptual serviu de suporte a investigação empírica desenvolvida numa escola secundeira do distrito do Porto. Dentro deste contexto, foi desenvolvido e implementado um projeto de intervenção/Acção, no âmbito da área curricular de Oficina Multimédia B denominado "anima.acçao : )" numa turma do 12º ano do Curso Cientifico Humanístico de Artes. Tendo por base as despectivas defendidas e o contexto do estudo, a metodologia seleccionada 10 a métodologia investigação-acção, em articulação com o estudo de caso e a a/r/tografia. Para compreender melhor a natureza complexa da realidade em questão analisou-se de forma quantitativa e qualitativa o impacto do projecto. Da analise realizada concluiu-se que a Edução Mística, através dos recursos Multimédia da Comunicação, promove o desenvolvimento do sentido critico, a participação, a interacção comunicacional e a criatividade, numa perspectiva de desenvolvimento humano e de integração plena no meio envolvente. Os objectivos desenhados por este estudo foram atingidos, demonstrando que as estratégias inovadoras diversificadas, num processo caracterizado por um clima dinâmico, estimulante e desafiador foi favorável ao desenvolvimento de competências pessoais, estéticas e sociais, levando a que os participantes se mostrassem entusiasmados e empenhados. Um espaço e um tempo onde se viveu plenamente a "ANIMAÇÃO'!

The Well London program - a cluster randomized trial of community engagement for improving health behaviors and mental wellbeing: baseline survey results

Background The Well London programme used community engagement, complemented by changes to the physical and social neighbourhood environment, to improve physical activity levels, healthy eating and mental wellbeing in the most deprived communities in London. The effectiveness of Well London is being evaluated in a pair-matched cluster randomised trial (CRT). The baseline survey data are reported here. Methods The CRT involved 20 matched pairs of intervention and control communities (defined as UK census lower super output areas; ranked in the 11% most deprived LSOAs in London by Index of Multiple Deprivation) across 20 London boroughs. The primary trial outcomes, sociodemographic information and environmental neighbourhood characteristics were assessed in three quantitative components within the Well London CRT at baseline: a cross-sectional, interviewer-administered adult household survey; a self-completed, school-based adolescent questionnaire; a fieldworker completed neighbourhood environmental audit. Baseline data collection occurred in 2008. Physical activity, healthy eating and mental wellbeing were assessed using standardised, validated questionnaire tools. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing data in the outcomes and other variables in the adult and adolescent surveys. Results There were 4107 adults and 1214 adolescent respondents in the baseline surveys. The intervention and control areas were broadly comparable with respect to the primary outcomes and key sociodemographic characteristics. The environmental characteristics of the intervention and control neighbourhoods were broadly similar. There was greater between cluster variation in the primary outcomes in the adult population compared to the adolescent population. Levels of healthy eating, smoking and self-reported anxiety/depression were similar in the Well London population and the national Health Survey for England. Levels of physical activity were higher in the Well London population but this is likely to be due to the different measurement tools used in the two surveys. Conclusions Randomisation of social interventions such as Well London is acceptable and feasible and in this study the intervention and control arms are well balanced with respect to the primary outcomes and key sociodemographic characteristics. The matched design has improved the statistical efficiency of the study amongst adults but less so amongst adolescents. Follow-up data collection will be completed 2012.

Aprendizagem baseada em projetos na consolidação de conceitos de programação de linguagens SCRIPT

Relatório da prática de ensino supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino de Informática, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Children’s Friendships and Learning in School: Cognitive Enhancement Through Social Interaction?

Background. Recent literature has identified that children's performance on cognitive (or problem-solving) tasks can be enhanced when undertaken as a joint activity among pairs of pupils. Performance on this ‘social’ activity will require quality relationships between pupils, leading some researchers to argue that friendships are characterized by these quality relationships and, therefore, that friendship grouping should be used more frequently within classrooms. Aims. Children's friendship grouping may appear to be a reasonable basis for cognitive development in classrooms, although there is only inconsistent evidence to support this argument. The inconsistency may be explained by the various bases for friendship, and how friendship is affected by cultural contexts of gender and schooling. This study questions whether classroom-based friendship pairings will perform consistently better on a cognitive task than acquaintance pairings, taking into account gender, age, and ability level of children. The study also explores the nature of school-based friendship described by young children. Sample. 72 children were paired to undertake science reasoning tasks (SRTs). Pairings represented friendship (versus acquaintance), sex (male and female pairings), ability (teacher-assessed high, medium, and low), and age (children in Years 1, 3, and 5 in a primary school). Method. A small-scale quasi-experimental design was used to assess (friendship- or acquaintance-based) paired performance on SRTs. Friendship pairs were later interviewed about qualities and activities that characterized their friendships. Results. Girls' friendship pairings were found to perform at the highest SRT levels and boys' friendship pairing performed at the lowest levels. Both boy and girl acquaintance pairings performed at mid-SRT levels. These findings were consistent across Year (in school) levels and ability levels. Interviews revealed that male and female friendship pairs were likely to participate in different types of activity, with girls being school-inclusive and boys being school-exclusive. Conclusion. Recommendations to use friendship as a basis for classroom grouping for cognitive tasks may facilitate performance of some pairings, but may also inhibit the performance of others. This is shown very clearly with regard to gender. Some of the difference in cognitive task performance may be explained by distinct, cultural (and social capital) orientations to friendship activities, with girls integrating school and educational considerations into friendship, and boys excluding school and educational considerations.

Active2010 and the Ontario School System: A Top-Down Policy Implementation Analysis

In 2004, the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion and Sport (MHPS) established Active2010: Ontario’s Sport and Physical Activity Strategy. Active2010 demonstrates a strong provincial government policy emphasis regarding sport participation and physical activity (PA), and identifies the school system as a primary vehicle for enhancing PA levels. This study examines the sport and PA initiatives MHPS is undertaking within the school system. Theoretical context regarding neo-liberalism in Canada and Canadian sport frames this study, while a revised version of Van Meter and Van Horn’s (1975) top-down model of policy implementation guides the research process. A case study of the school-based PA system is conducted which relies on the analysis of 11 semi-structured interviews and 47 official organizational documents. Four emergent categories of Jurisdictional Funding, Coercive Policy, Sector Silos, and Community Champions are identified. Additional insight is provided regarding neo-liberalism, provincial level government, interministerial collaboration, and government/non-profit sector partnership.