Comparison of Biomass Gasification Technologies for Natural Gas Substitution in Iron Ore Pelletizing Plants

The iron ore pelletizing process consumes high amounts of energy, including nonrenewable sources, such as natural gas. Due to fossil fuels scarcity and increasing concerns regarding sustainability and global warming, at least partial substitution by renewable energy seems inevitable. Gasification projects are being successfully developed in Northern Europe, and large-scale circulating fluidized bed biomass gasifiers have been commissioned in e.g. Finland. As Brazil has abundant biomass resources, biomass gasification is a promising technology in the near future. Biomasses can be converted into product gas through gasification. This work compares different technologies, e.g. air, oxygen and steam gasification, focusing on the use of the product gas in the indurating machine. The use of biosynthetic natural gas is also evaluated. Main parameters utilized to assess the suitability of product gas were adiabatic flame temperature and volumetric flow rate. It was found that low energy content product gas could be utilized in the traveling grate, but it would require burner’s to be changed. On the other hand, bio-SGN could be utilized without any adaptions. Economical assessment showed that all gasification plants are feasible for sizes greater than 60 MW. Bio-SNG production is still more expensive than natural gas in any case.

Efeito residual dos herbicidas imazaquin e imazethapyr, aplicados na soja, sobre o milho safrinha

Com o objetivo de se avaliar os efeitos da persistência dos herbicidas imazaquin e imazethapyr na cultura do milho safrinha em sucessão à da soja, tratada com estes produtos, foi instalado um ensaio na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, solo argiloso (75% de argila), na safra agrícola 1995/96. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas em faixas. Os tratamentos principais foram constituídos pelos herbicidas: 1.Testemunha; 2.Imazaquin PPI -120 g.i.a./ha; 3.Imazaquin PPI - 240 g.i.a./ha; 4.Imazethapyr PRE - 80 g.i.a./ha e 5.Imazethapyr PRE - 160 g.i.a./ha. Os tratamentos secundários foram constituídos pelas épocas de semeadura do milho: 0 (zero), 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a aplicação - DAA. As avaliações, tanto de fitotoxicidade visual como de biomassa seca das plantas e produtividade do milho, revelaram uma maior sensibilidade da cultura ao imazaquin do que ao imazethapyr, embora a quantidade (ppb) de imazethapyr encontrada nas análises cromatográficas das amostras de solo (HPLC) tenha sido maior que a de imazaquin. Nos primeiros plantios, o imazaquin causou dano praticamente total às plantas, enquanto o imazethapyr proporcionou uma injúria de 30-40% na dose normal(80 g.i.a./ha). Nos plantios após 120 DAA esses sintomas foram diminuindo gradativamente até desaparecerem. A curva de regressão dos dados de colheita revelou intervalos de 87 e 112 dias para imazethapyr e imazaquin, respectivamente, para que não mais houvesse diminuição na produtividade do milho semeado após a aplicação da dose normal destes produtos. Correlacionando-se os parâmetros avaliados, observou-se que, mesmo havendo fitotoxicidade no início do desenvolvimento das plantas de milho, essas se recuperaram, tendo produtividade normal após os referidos intervalos. Dos parâmetros avaliados no bioensaio com pepino (Cucumis sativus), a biomassa seca das plantas confirmou a maior sensibilidade do pepino em relação ao milho, sendo prejudicada pela ação residual dos herbicidas no solo até o intervalo mínimo de 127 e 135 DAA para imazethapyr - 80 g.i.a./ha e imazaquin - 120 g.i.a./ha, respectivamente.

Chromatographic recovery of chemicals from acidic biomass hydrolysates

Lignocellulosic biomasses (e.g., wood and straws) are a potential renewable source for the production of a wide variety of chemicals that could be used to replace those currently produced by petrochemical industry. This would lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions and waste amounts, and to economical savings. There are many possible pathways available for the manufacturing of chemicals from lignocellulosic biomasses. One option is to hydrolyze the cellulose and hemicelluloses of these biomasses into monosaccharides using concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst. This process is an efficient method for producing monosaccharides which are valuable platforn chemicals. Also other valuable products are formed in the hydrolysis. Unfortunately, the concentrated acid hydrolysis has been deemed unfeasible mainly due to high chemical consumption resulting from the need to remove sulfuric acid from the obtained hydrolysates prior to the downstream processing of the monosaccharides. Traditionally, this has been done by neutralization with lime. This, however, results in high chemical consumption. In addition, the by-products formed in the hydrolysis are not removed and may, thus, hinder the monosaccharide processing. In order to improve the feasibility of the concentrated acid hydrolysis, the chemical consumption should be decreased by recycling of sulfuric acid without neutralization. Furthermore, the monosaccharides and the other products formed in the hydrolysis should be recovered selectively for efficient downstream processing. The selective recovery of the hydrolysis by-products would have additional economical benefits on the process due to their high value. In this work, the use of chromatographic fractionation for the recycling of sulfuric acid and the selective recovery of the main components from the hydrolysates formed in the concentrated acid hydrolysis was investigated. Chromatographic fractionation based on the electrolyte exclusion with gel type strong acid cation exchange resins in acid (H+) form as a stationary phase was studied. A systematic experimental and model-based study regarding the separation task at hand was conducted. The phenomena affecting the separation were determined and their effects elucidated. Mathematical models that take accurately into account these phenomena were derived and used in the simulation of the fractionation process. The main components of the concentrated acid hydrolysates (sulfuric acid, monosaccharides, and acetic acid) were included into this model. Performance of the fractionation process was investigated experimentally and by simulations. Use of different process options was also studied. Sulfuric acid was found to have a significant co-operative effect on the sorption of the other components. This brings about interesting and beneficial effects in the column operations. It is especially beneficial for the separation of sulfuric acid and the monosaccharides. Two different approaches for the modelling of the sorption equilibria were investigated in this work: a simple empirical approach and a thermodynamically consistent approach (the Adsorbed Solution theory). Accurate modelling of the phenomena observed in this work was found to be possible using the simple empirical models. The use of the Adsorbed Solution theory is complicated by the nature of the theory and the complexity of the studied system. In addition to the sorption models, a dynamic column model that takes into account the volume changes of the gel type resins as changing resin bed porosity was also derived. Using the chromatography, all the main components of the hydrolysates can be recovered selectively, and the sulfuric acid consumption of the hydrolysis process can be lowered considerably. Investigation of the performance of the chromatographic fractionation showed that the highest separation efficiency in this separation task is obtained with a gel type resin with a high crosslinking degree (8 wt. %); especially when the hydrolysates contain high amounts of acetic acid. In addition, the concentrated acid hydrolysis should be done with as low sulfuric acid concentration as possible to obtain good separation performance. The column loading and flow rate also have large effects on the performance. In this work, it was demonstrated that when recycling of the fractions obtained in the chromatographic fractionation are recycled to preceding unit operations these unit operations should included in the performance evaluation of the fractionation. When this was done, the separation performance and the feasibility of the concentrated acid hydrolysis process were found to improve considerably. Use of multi-column chromatographic fractionation processes, the Japan Organo process and the Multi-Column Recycling Chromatography process, was also investigated. In the studied case, neither of these processes could compete with the single-column batch process in the productivity. However, due to internal recycling steps, the Multi-Column Recycling Chromatography was found to be superior to the batch process when the product yield and the eluent consumption were taken into account.

Recovery of biomass-derived valuable compounds using chromatographic and membrane separations

Utilization of biomass-based raw materials for the production of chemicals and materials is gaining an increasing interest. Due to the complex nature of biomass, a major challenge in its refining is the development of efficient fractionation and purification processes. Preparative chromatography and membrane filtration are selective, energy-efficient separation techniques which offer a great potential for biorefinery applications. Both of these techniques have been widely studied. On the other hand, only few process concepts that combine the two methods have been presented in the literature. The aim of this thesis was to find the possible synergetic effects provided by combining chromatographic and membrane separations, with a particular interest in biorefinery separation processes. Such knowledge could be used in the development of new, more efficient separation processes for isolating valuable compounds from complex feed solutions that are typical for the biorefinery environment. Separation techniques can be combined in various ways, from simple sequential coupling arrangements to fully-integrated hybrid processes. In this work, different types of combined separation processes as well as conventional chromatographic separation processes were studied for separating small molecules such as sugars and acids from biomass hydrolysates and spent pulping liquors. The combination of chromatographic and membrane separation was found capable of recovering high-purity products from complex solutions. For example, hydroxy acids of black liquor were successfully recovered using a novel multistep process based on ultrafiltration and size-exclusion chromatography. Unlike any other separation process earlier suggested for this challenging separation task, the new process concept does not require acidification pretreatment, and thus it could be more readily integrated into a pulp-mill biorefinery. In addition to the combined separation processes, steady-state recycling chromatography, which has earlier been studied for small-scale separations of high-value compounds only, was found a promising process alternative for biorefinery applications. In comparison to conventional batch chromatography, recycling chromatography provided higher product purity, increased the production rate and reduced the chemical consumption in the separation of monosaccharides from biomass hydrolysates. In addition, a significant further improvement in the process performance was obtained when a membrane filtration unit was integrated with recycling chromatography. In the light of the results of this work, separation processes based on combining membrane and chromatographic separations could be effectively applied for different biorefinery applications. The main challenge remains in the development of inexpensive separation materials which are resistant towards harsh process conditions and fouling.

Efeito residual no solo dos herbicidas imazamox e imazethapyr para as culturas de milho e sorgo

Durante o ano agrícola 1994/95, foi conduzido ensaio de campo, em Capinópolis, MG, visando avaliar o efeito residua l no solo dos herbicidas imazamox (50 e 100 g/ha) e imazethapyr (100 e 200 g/ha), aplicados à cultura da soja, sobre as culturas de milho e sorgo, cultiva das em sistema de sucessão à soja. Foram realizados, em casa de vegetação, bioensaios utilizando o sorgo como planta - teste, em amostras de solo coletadas nas parcelas onde foram aplicados os herbicidas no campo. As amostras de solo foram coletadas aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos herbicidas. Um dia após a colheita da soja, fez-se também a semeadura, no campo, do milho e do sorgo nas parcelas anteriormente ocupadas com a soja, onde haviam sido feitas as aplicações dos herbicidas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o imazamox apresentou menor efeito residual, não influenciando no desenvolvimento da planta-teste quando esta foi semeada aos 120 DAA, até mesmo no dobro da dose recomendada. Todavia, o imazethapyr a 200 g/ha (dobro da dose recomendada) apresentou inibição no desenvolvimento das plantas de sorgo quando estas foram semeadas 120 DAA. Em condições de campo, plantas de sorgo semeadas após a colheita da soja em áreas que receberam o dobro da dose recomendada de imazethapyr evidenciaram menor altura de plantas e menor comprimento de panícula do sorgo, não influenciando, entretanto, a produtividade de grãos.

Wet oxidation of biomass for chemical production

Tämän kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia märkähapetusprosessia jätevesien käsittely-menetelmänä ja mahdollisena menetelmänä kemikaalien tuottamiseksi jätevesistä. Erityishuomio on kiinnitetty paperiteollisuudessa syntyviin jätevesiin. Teoriaosassa käsitellään vesikiertoja paperitehtaassa, paperitehtaalla syntyvän jäteveden ominaisuuksia sekä itse märkähapetusprosessia. Märkähapetusprosessissa perehdytään tavalliseen happea käyttävään märkähapetukseen sekä vetyperoksidia käyttävään menetelmään sekä näissä prosesseissa syntyviin väli- ja lopputuotteisiin. Märkähapetus (WO) on terminen hapetusmenetelmä, jolla voidaan käsitellä jätevesiä, jotka ovat liian konsentroituja biologisiin käsittelyihin tai jotka ovat huonosti biohajoavia. Märkähapetuksen tarkoituksena on parantaa molekulaarisen hapen ja orgaanisen aineen välistä kontaktia, jolloin orgaaninen aines pilkkoutuu muodostaen pääasiassa karboksyylihappoja, aldehydejä, hiilidioksidia ja vettä. Märkähapetuksessa hapettavana kaasuna voidaan käyttää joko puhdasta happea tai ilmaa. Vetyperoksidia käyttävässä märkähapetuksessa (WPO) hapettava kaasu on korvattu nestemäisellä vetyperoksidilla. Kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin orgaanisen aineksen hapetusta käyttäen Fentonin reagenssia, jolloin katalyyttina reaktiossa toimii rautaionit (Fe2+ ja Fe3+) ja hapettimena vetyperoksidi. Hapetettavana jätevetenä käytettiin paperitehtaan hiomolta saatua kiertovettä, TMP-vettä. Hapetuskokeita tehtiin eri vetyperoksidin annoksilla ja katalyytin määrillä eri lämpötiloissa. Hapetuksen jälkeen näytteistä mitattiin kemiallinen hapenkulutus (COD), orgaanisen hiilen kokonaismäärä (TOC) sekä pH. Lisäksi näytteistä määritettiin nestekromatografilla (HPLC) tyypillisten välituotteiden, kuten oksaalihapon, muurahaishapon ja etikkahapon, määrät. Tehdyissä kokeissa COD-arvoja saatiin pienennettyä 50-88 % siten, että suodatetuissa näytteissä muutos oli suurempi kuin suodattamattomissa näytteissä. Lisäksi TOC-arvot laskivat 28-58 %. Tehdyissä kokeissa saatiin myös tuotettua välituotteina karboksyylihappoja, joista etikkahappoa ja oksaalihappoa tuotettiin suurimmat määrät. Myös muurahaishappoa ja meripihkahappoa saatiin tuotettua.

Growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of Rolandra fruticosa (asteraceae) in response to shade

The effects of shade on growth, biomass allocation patterns and photosynthetic response was examined for Rolandra fruticosa (L.) Kuntze, a common perennial weed shrub in cultivated pastures and agricultural areas of Brazilian Amazonia, for plants grown in full sunlight and those shaded to 30 % of full sunlight over a 34-d period. Specific leaf area and leaf area ratio were higher for shade plants during all the experimental period. Shade plants allocated significantly less biomass to root tissue than sun plants and relative growth rate was higher in sun plants. Sun leaves had significantly higher dark respiration and light saturated rates of photosynthesis than shade leaves. The apparent quantum efficiency was higher for shade leaves, while light compensation point was higher for sun leaves. These results are discussed in relation to their ecological and weed management implications.

Controle de tiririca (Cyperus rotundus) e efeito residual sobre a cultura do feijão do herbicida imazapyr

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de doses de imazapyr no controle de tiririca (Cyperus rotundus) em solos de várzea e também seu efeito residual no solo sobre a cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris), cultivar Carioca, cultivado em diferentes períodos após a aplicação do herbicida imazapyr. Para determinação da eficiência de controle da tiririca foram avaliadas três doses de imazapyr - 375, 750 e 1.500 g ha-1 - aplicadas sobre as plantas de tiririca no estádio de quatro ou cinco folhas verdadeiras. As avaliações de eficiência de controle da planta daninha foram feitas aos 14, 35, 56, 70, 77, 84 e 91 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos herbicidas (DAA). Na avaliação do efeito residual do imazapyr no solo foram utilizadas as mesmas doses, porém aplicadas em oito épocas: 98, 84, 63, 42, 28, 21, 14 e 7 dias antes da semeadura (DAS) do feijão. Constatou-se que 375 g ha-1 de imazapyr resultou em bom controle da tiririca até 35 dias após a aplicação do produto; após esse período observou-se reinfestação da área com esta espécie. Para as doses de 750 e 1.500 g ha-1 observou-se controle eficiente por um período de 70 dias após a aplicação do herbicida. Quanto ao efeito residual do herbicida sobre a cultura de feijão, verificou-se que, quanto maior a dose utilizada e mais próximo da semeadura for aplicado o herbicida, menor a produtividade da cultura. A dose de 375 g ha-1 aplicada aos 98 DAS mostrou-se menos prejudicial à cultura, não havendo perda de rendimento.

Greenhouse gas emissions from peat and biomass-derived fuels, electricity and heat — Estimation of various production chains by using LCA methodology

More discussion is required on how and which types of biomass should be used to achieve a significant reduction in the carbon load released into the atmosphere in the short term. The energy sector is one of the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters and thus its role in climate change mitigation is important. Replacing fossil fuels with biomass has been a simple way to reduce carbon emissions because the carbon bonded to biomass is considered as carbon neutral. With this in mind, this thesis has the following objectives: (1) to study the significance of the different GHG emission sources related to energy production from peat and biomass, (2) to explore opportunities to develop more climate friendly biomass energy options and (3) to discuss the importance of biogenic emissions of biomass systems. The discussion on biogenic carbon and other GHG emissions comprises four case studies of which two consider peat utilization, one forest biomass and one cultivated biomasses. Various different biomass types (peat, pine logs and forest residues, palm oil, rapeseed oil and jatropha oil) are used as examples to demonstrate the importance of biogenic carbon to life cycle GHG emissions. The biogenic carbon emissions of biomass are defined as the difference in the carbon stock between the utilization and the non-utilization scenarios of biomass. Forestry-drained peatlands were studied by using the high emission values of the peatland types in question to discuss the emission reduction potential of the peatlands. The results are presented in terms of global warming potential (GWP) values. Based on the results, the climate impact of the peat production can be reduced by selecting high-emission-level peatlands for peat production. The comparison of the two different types of forest biomass in integrated ethanol production in pulp mill shows that the type of forest biomass impacts the biogenic carbon emissions of biofuel production. The assessment of cultivated biomasses demonstrates that several selections made in the production chain significantly affect the GHG emissions of biofuels. The emissions caused by biofuel can exceed the emissions from fossil-based fuels in the short term if biomass is in part consumed in the process itself and does not end up in the final product. Including biogenic carbon and other land use carbon emissions into the carbon footprint calculations of biofuel reveals the importance of the time frame and of the efficiency of biomass carbon content utilization. As regards the climate impact of biomass energy use, the net impact on carbon stocks (in organic matter of soils and biomass), compared to the impact of the replaced energy source, is the key issue. Promoting renewable biomass regardless of biogenic GHG emissions can increase GHG emissions in the short term and also possibly in the long term.

Fate of fuel-bound nitrogen and sulfur in biomass-fired Industrial boilers

Användning av biomassa som energikälla för produktion av el och värme är ett sätt att minska beroendet av fossila bränslen och höja självförsörjningen av energi. Fossila bränslen är den främsta källan till koldioxid utsläpp förorsakad av människan. Biomassa, å andra sidan, betraktas som en koldioxidneutral energikälla. Svavlet och kvävet i biomassan bildar dock föroreningar såsom kväveoxider (NOX) och svaveldioxid (SO2), som bidrar till försurning av mark och sjöar. Svavlet i bränslet kan även både förorsaka och förhindra korrosion i en förbränningsanläggning, beroende på förbränningen och bränslet. Huvudsyftet med detta arbete var att få en bättre förståelse om hur utsläppen av NOX och SO2 bildas från bränslebundet kväve och svavel vid förbränning av olika biobränslen. Mätkampanjer i fullskaliga förbränningsanläggningar utfördes, där gassammansättningen mättes i eldstaden och rökgasen. Förståelsen om gaskemin i eldstaden är viktig, för att möjliggöra utvecklandet av renare och effektivare förbränningsanläggningar. Ett annat syfte med arbetet var att klargöra om sulfatering av askkomponenter vid förbränning av biobränslen med olika askegenskaper. Alkaliklorider som bildas vid biomassaförbränning kan orsaka korrosion av värmeöverföringsytor. Svavlet i bränslet visade sig ha en viktig roll i att sulfatera alkaliklorider till mindre korrosiva alkalisulfater. Närvaron av gasformig svavelsyra i rökgaskanalen av förbränningsanläggningar studerades även. Kondensering av svavelsyra leder till korrosion av rökgaskanalen och dess delar. Om svavelsyrakoncentrationen i rökgasen är känd, kan daggpunktstemperaturen beräknas och kondensering av svavelsyra förhindras. I arbetet utvecklades en mätmetod för att mäta låga koncentrationer av gasformig svavelsyra i rökgaser. Denna metod användes för att undersöka risken av lågtemperaturkorrosion orsakad av svavelsyra i förbränningsanläggningar. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Käyttämällä biomassaa energianlähteenä voidaan vähentää sähkön- ja lämmöntuotannon riippuvuutta fossiilisiin polttoaineisiin. Biomassan käytöllä voidaan myös lisätä energiantuotannon omavaraisuutta. Fossiiliset polttoaineet ovat pääasiallinen syy ihmisen aiheuttamiin hiilidioksidipäästöihin. Biomassa sen sijaan luetaan hiilidioksidineutraaleihin energianlähteisiin. Biopolttoaineiden käytössä tosin vapautuu typpi- ja rikkioksideja, jotka edesauttavat maaperän ja merien happamoitumista. Lisäksi biopolttoaineen rikki voi sekä vähentää että aiheuttaa laitteiden korroosiota energiantuotannossa riippuen biopolttoaineesta ja palamisesta. Tämän työn päätavoitteena oli selvittää mitä biopolttoaineeseen sitoutuneelle typelle ja rikille tapahtuu teollisissa polttolaitoksissa. Kyseisten oksidien muodostumista tutkittiin polttamalla eri biomassoja polttolaitoksissa. Tutkimukset toteutettiin mittauskampanjoilla useissa polttolaitoksissa. Kaasujen koostumusta mitattiin sekä tulipesässä, että savukaasuista. Kaasujen koostumus varsinkin tulipesässä on tärkeää, jotta tulevaisuudessa voidaan rakentaa puhtaampia ja tehokkaampia polttolaitoksia. Työn toisena tavoitteena oli selvittää biomassan polton yhteydessä tapahtuvaa tuhkan sulfatoitumista. Alkalikloridit, joita muodostuu biomassan poltossa, voivat aiheuttaa lämmönsiirtopintojen korroosiota. Rikki osoittautui tärkeäksi osaksi prosessia, jossa korroosiota aiheuttavat alkalikloridit sulfatoituivat vähemmän korrosoiviksi alkalisulfaateiksi. Myös kaasumaisen rikkihapon läsnäoloa savukaasuissa tutkittiin. On todettu, että kaasumuotoinen rikkihappo johtaa korroosioon savukaasukanavan kylmässä päässä ja sen eri osissa rikkihapon tiivistyessä lämpötilan laskiessa. Mikäli rikkihapon pitoisuus savukaasussa tiedetään, sen kastepiste voidaan laskea ja tiivistyminen estää. Tässä työssä kehitettiin mittausmenetelmä rikkihapon alhaisten pitoisuuksien mittaamiseen. Menetelmää hyödynnettiin polttolaitoksissa, joissa tutkittiin rikkihapon tiivistymisestä johtuvaa korroosiota.

Efeito residual de herbicidas em pré-plantio do feijoeiro, em dois sistemas de aplicação em plantio direto e sua viabilidade econômica

A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência e a viabilidade econômica de controle de plantas daninhas com alguns herbicidas residuais (registrados ou não), aplicados em pré-plantio na cultura do feijoeiro. O experimento foi realizado em Santo Antônio de Goiás, no ano agrícola de 1999/2000. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em cobertura das plantas daninhas Commelina benghalensis e Bidens pilosa, com 3 t ha-1 de biomassa seca. Os tratamentos foram constituídos do fatorial 2x10x3, arranjados em parcelas subsubdivididas no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições; o primeiro fator consistiu de sistemas de dessecação da área [Sistema Integrado de Controle (SIC) e Aplique e Plante]. No SIC foi usado o sulfosate (720 g ha-1) aos 20 dias antes do plantio e paraquat (200 g ha¹) adicionado aos herbicidas com efeitos residuais, aplicados imediatamente após o plantio do feijoeiro. No sistema Aplique e Plante foi aplicado o sulfosate (720 g ha¹) adicionado aos residuais, cinco dias antes do plantio do feijoeiro. O segundo fator representa a aplicação dos herbicidas com efeitos residuais, em g ha-1: sulfentrazone (200 e 300), dimethenamid (900 e 1.125), clomazone (360), pendimethalin (2.500), smetolachlor (768 e 1.152), diclosulan (12,45) e testemunha; e o terceiro, as doses dos herbicidas de pós-emergência: imazamox (15) + bentazon (240), imazamox (30) + bentazon (480) e testemunha. Os herbicidas residuais aplicados nos sistemas SIC e Aplique e Plante reduziram o crescimento inicial de Bidens pilosa. Para Euphorbia heterophylla somente os herbicidas diclosulan e sulfentrazone proporcionaram efeito semelhante. A aplicação de herbicidas residuais em pré-plantio mostrou ser viável economicamente, em virtude da redução dos de pós-emergência, exceto para os herbicidas dimethenamid e s-metolachlor.

Comportamento de herbicidas com efeito residual em diferentes coberturas na cultura do feijoeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de herbicidas com efeito residual em diferentes tipos de cobertura vegetal no sistema plantio direto, antes da semeadura do feijoeiro. Cada herbicida foi aplicado isoladamente em cinco diferentes coberturas, totalizando 20 ensaios. Os herbicidas e as respectivas doses, em kg ha-1, foram: diclosulan (0,0125), sulfentrazone (0,300), dimethenamid (1,125) e S-metolachlor (1,152). Em Santo Antônio de Goiás utilizou-se a cobertura de Pennisetum glaucum seco e plantas daninhas secas (Commelina benghalensis e Bidens pilosa) no Sistema Integrado de Controle (SIC); e na localidade de Santa Helena de Goiás empregou-se a cobertura de sorgo seco no SIC e Pennisetum glaucum verde e plantas daninhas verdes (C. benghalensis e B. pilosa) no sistema Aplique e Plante, nos anos agrícolas de 1999 e 2000. Cada ensaio constituiu-se de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 e 20 t ha-1 de biomassa com diferentes coberturas vegetais, as quais receberam os cinco herbicidas, separadamente, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. A quantificação dos herbicidas no solo foi determinada em bioensaio, usando-se o Sorghum bicolor como planta-teste. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que diclosulan e sulfentrazone foram encontrados no solo acima de 80% da dose aplicada, independentemente da quantidade e do tipo da cobertura do solo. Para dimethenamid e S-metolachlor, até aproximadamente 50% das doses aplicadas foram detectadas no solo com 8 t ha-1 de palha.

Efeito residual de isoxaflutole após diferentes períodos de seca

O presente trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito residual de diferentes doses de isoxaflutole sob diferentes condições de períodos de seca, após a aplicação do herbicida, em dois solos de textura contrastante. Para isso, foram realizados dois ensaios simultâneos: no primeiro foram utilizadas doses de 0, 230 e 270 g ha-1 de isoxaflutole em amostras de Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico nitossólico (textura argilosa); e, no segundo, as doses foram de 0, 180 e 200 g ha-1 em amostras de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (textura franco-argilo-arenosa). Em cada ensaio, foram combinadas em esquema fatorial três doses, duas espécies bioindicadoras (Brachiaria decumbens e Panicum maximum) e sete períodos de seca após as aplicações do herbicida (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120 dias), com quatro repetições. As avaliações de controle foram feitas aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após a semeadura dos bioindicadores. O isoxaflutole apresentou alta estabilidade (>97% de controle) no Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico nitossólico, independentemente da dose, do bioindicador e do período de seca avaliados. A estabilidade foi menor no Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, porém o efeito residual (>80% de controle) persistiu entre 25 e 50 dias e entre 50 e >120 dias, respectivamente, para B. decumbens e P. maximum, conforme dose (180 e 200 g ha-1) e dias após a semeadura analisados. Esse fato evidenciou a maior sensibilidade de P. maximum ao isoxaflutole do que B. decumbens, sendo a atividade residual deste herbicida maior no solo de textura argilosa.

Manejo de convolvuláceas em dois cultivares de soja semeada diretamente sob palha residual de cana crua

A interferência de convolvuláceas na produtividade dos cultivares de soja (Coodetec 206 e Monsoy 6101) semeados diretamente sob a palha residual (12,8 t ha-1) de cana crua foi estudada em relação aos manejos com o herbicida diclosulam (0,035 kg ha-1) em mistura em tanque com glyphosate (1,440 kg ha-1), aplicados na operação de dessecação da cana-de-açúcar, diclosulam isolado (0,035 kg ha-1), em pré-emergência da cultura da soja, e fomesafen (0,250 kg ha¹), em pós-emergência. Para isso, utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, num esquema fatorial 2x5, com oito repetições. Observou-se pelos resultados que a utilização do herbicida diclosulam isoladamente e em mistura com o glyphosate promoveu controle eficaz das plantas daninhas. A infestação das cordas-de-viola não foi capaz de interferir negativamente nas características de crescimento das plantas, havendo apenas diferenças estatísticas entre os cultivares. As características de produção também não sofreram interferências negativas, exceto quanto à massa seca de 100 sementes no cultivar Monsoy 6101. Este cultivar Monsoy 6101 apresentou-se mais adequado para utilização dentro do período de renovação dos canaviais, por atingir o estádio R8 (colheita) nove dias antes.

Effect of plant row spacing and herbicide use on weed aboveground biomass and corn grain yield

The use of narrow plant spacing in corn (Zea mays) has been suggested as a technological alternative to obtain grain yield increases, due to a better use of resources. The regular pattern could diminish intraspecific competition while favoring interspecific competition with weeds. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of corn row spacing on weed aboveground biomass and corn grain yield. Field experiments were conducted during 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 growing seasons. Three corn hybrids with two-row width (0.70 and 0.35 m) were tested. A greater photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) interception with a lower weed aboveground dry matter in narrow row arrangement was obtained. Corn grain yield was greater in the narrow row arrangement than in the wide row spacing. This increase in grain yield was related to a better resource use that allows for a reduced interspecific competition. The use of reduced spatial arrangement appeared to be an interesting alternative to increase both the grain yield potential and corn suppressive ability against weeds in corn dryland production systems.