Tunable hydrodynamic chromatography of microparticles localized in short microchannels.

This paper describes a new way to perform hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) for the size separation of particles based on a unique recirculating flow pattern. Pressure-driven (PF) and electro-osmotic flows (EOF) are opposed in narrow glass microchannels that expand at both ends. The resulting bidirectional flow turns into recirculating flow because of nonuniform microchannel dimensions. This hydrodynamic effect, combined with the electrokinetic migration of the particles themselves, results in a trapping phenomenon, which we have termed flow-induced electrokinetic trapping (FIET). In this paper, we exploit recirculating flow and FIET to perform a size-based separation of samples of microparticles trapped in a short separation channel using a HDC approach. Because these particles have the same charge (same zeta potential), they exhibit the same electrophoretic mobility, but they can be separated according to size in the recirculating flow. While trapped, particles have a net drift velocity toward the low-pressure end of the channel. When, because of a change in the externally applied PF or electric field, the sign of the net drift velocity reverses, particles can escape the separation channel in the direction of EOF. Larger particles exhibit a larger net drift velocity opposing EOF, so that the smaller particles escape the separation channel first. In the example presented here, a sample plug containing 2.33 and 2.82 microm polymer particles was introduced from the inlet into a 3-mm-long separation channel and trapped. Through tuning of the electric field with respect to the applied PF, the particles could be separated, with the advantage that larger particles remained trapped. The separation of particles with less than 500 nm differences in diameter was performed with an analytical resolution comparable to that of baseline separation in chromatography. When the sample was not trapped in the separation channel but located further downstream, separations could be carried out continuously rather than in batch. Smaller particles could successfully pass through the separation channel, and particles were separated by size. One of the main advantages of exploiting FIET for HDC is that this method can be applied in quite short (a few millimeters) channel geometries. This is in great contrast to examples published to date for the separation of nanoparticles in much longer micro- and nanochannels.

甘蓝型油菜中脯氨酸积累的分子调控机制

　　渗透胁迫下植物中游离脯氨酸的积累被普遍认为对植物有保护作用。本文对甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus）中的脯氨酸积累及其调控机理进行了研究。正常生长条件下幼苗叶中脯氨酸含量最高，根中脯氨酸含量最低，盐胁迫后不同部位脯氨酸积累程度相近。盐浓度200 mM起，幼苗开始有明显脯氨酸积累,并随着浓度的增加而增加。PEG处理后脯氨酸积累要明显高于ABA和盐胁迫处理后脯氨酸积累。在成株中，生殖器官中脯氨酸含量明显高于营养器官中脯氨酸含量。 　　我们克隆了编码Δ1-二氢吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶（P5CS）,鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)和脯氨酸脱氢酶(PDH)的四个基因的cDNA。通过Southern杂交检测P5CS基因在甘蓝型油菜及其亲本白菜型油菜和甘蓝中的拷贝数，发现杂交条带在4倍体油菜中并没有显著的多于其两个2倍体亲本，推测有可能是在物种进化的过程中发生了基因丢失。 　　利用实时定量PCR的方法检测了渗透胁迫下甘蓝型油菜中BnP5CS，BnOAT和BnPDH等基因的表达水平。在ABA处理，盐处理和干旱处理时，BnP5CS1和BnP5CS2的表达在脯氨酸积累开始前就开始有明显上调，但是BnP5CS1的上调水平要比BnP5CS2高许多。BnOAT在ABA处理后表达水平没有太大的变化，在盐胁迫后甚至有一点下调，在干旱处理后却表现为一定程度的上调。另一方面，BnPDH的表达在ABA处理，盐胁迫和干旱胁迫后都受到了抑制。在成株不同器官相关基因表达的研究中发现，BnOAT在叶中表达量最高，BnP5CS和BnPDH在花蕾和花中的表达水平都比其他器官中要高。 　　我们的结果说明，渗透胁迫下甘蓝型油菜中的脯氨酸积累是脯氨酸合成途径的诱导和脯氨酸降解途径的抑制共同作用的结果。在轻度的渗透胁迫下，谷氨酸合成途径占主导地位，而在较为严重的渗透胁迫后期，谷氨酸合成途径和鸟氨酸合成途径共同起作用。甘蓝型油菜生殖器官花和花蕾中脯氨酸的代谢非常旺盛，说明脯氨酸可能在花发育中起着一定的作用。

暖温带山地森林生态系统水分问题研究

本文的研究是中国科学院院重大项目“暖温带森林生态系统结构、功能及生产力持续发展”的主要内容之一。作者以详实的第一手资料，从森林小气候及环境特征、森林降水的水文学效应及降水化学、森林的热量平衡及蒸发散、树木个体的水分生理生态学几个方面阐述、分析了暖温带山地森林生态系统主要林分的水分及其相关生态学问题。 在森林小气候及环境特征一章，作者从不同季节的日变化和生长季的月际变化两个视角，以落叶阔叶混交林和油松林为研究对象，考察了林冠上和林下四个不同梯度的风速、气温、湿度、地温的时空动态。 在森林降水的水文学效应和降水化学一章，笔者以1993、1994年试验年度的83次降雨观测资料为基础，分析了暖温带落叶阔叶混交林、辽东栎林、油松林、落叶松林、次生灌丛降水总量与各降水分量的关系，建立了单次降雨与各降雨分量的经验模型，并给出了生长季林冠作用层和林地作用层的水量分配的月际动态。在探讨上述水量关系的同时，作者还分析了前四类林分大气降水及各降水分量中N、K、Ca、S、Mg、P、Al七种元素的浓度及含量变化，就不同树种对上述元素的选择性交换作了探讨，比较了不同林分的降水化学效应差异。 在第四章，作者以落叶阔叶混交林和油松林为研究对象，分析了两类林分在94试验年度生长季辐射平衡、显热通量、潜热通量、蒸发散以及土壤热通量的季节变化和日变化特征。 在树木个体的水分生理生态部分，作者应用压力室一容积技术测定了暖温带落叶阔叶林、油松林和次生灌丛10种主要树种的水分生理指标：日最低水势值、最大膨压时的渗透势、膨压为零时的渗透势、初始质壁分离时渗透水的相对含量、初始质壁分离时的相对含水量、质外体水的相对含量、细胞最大弹性模量，并比较了不同树种间上述指标与抗旱性的关系。此外，作者还应用Li-1600稳态气孔计测定了上述林分中主要树种的日均蒸腾强度的季节动态，并比较了上下两面叶片蒸腾特性的差异。最后，作者采用九种水分生理指标对10种主要树种的抗旱性作了主分量分析，给出了综合性抗旱指标。 在第六章，作者应用热脉冲技术系统地研究了暖温带山地森林主要乔木树种的树干液流的时空变化特征，并应用时序分析方法对上述树种的树液流量变化建立了自回归模型，在此基础上提出了生理惯性指标，给予了生理学解释。

锡林郭勒典型草原 四种禾本科技牧草对水分胁迫的生理生态防御机制的比较研究

本文以不同水分胁迫下的四种禾本科牧草（羊草、冰草、洽草、糙隐子草）为对象，比较研究了水分胁迫对植物的生理生态损伤，以及植物的渗透调节、内源保护酶系统与水分胁迫的关系。 结果表明：水分胁迫对植物造成一定的影响／伤害，表现在相对含水量、高度、生物量、总叶绿素、总糖及蛋白质含量均降低。在同一水分胁迫梯度时，植物的保水能力以羊草最高，糙隐子草、冰草次之，洽草最低。参与渗透调节的物质以K+、游离非必须氨基酸为主;以Na+，游离必须氨基酸、糖为辅，不同植物渗透调节物质不同。供试植物的渗透调节能力以羊草最强。 在水分胁迫下，植物细胞膜的脂质过氧化程度降低，说明这几种植物具有较强的内源保护酶系统，表现在SOD、POD活性明显增高;ASA和还原性糖的缓慢变化。说明在水分胁迫下植物通过维持较高的保护酶活性，以减轻膜脂过氧化作用和膜的损伤。保护酶系统中的各组分所起的作用与物种有关。在供试植物中冰草、隐子草的这种保护能力强于羊草、洽草。渗透调节和内源保护酶系统或其一可能是这四种牧草具较强抗旱性的原因之一。

浑善达克退化生态系统恢复研究

　　浑善达克沙地是我国四大沙地之一，地处北方干旱半干旱区，为草原区向荒漠区过渡的地带。长期以来，由于人类不合理的生产活动，加上这里脆弱的生态环境，已引起了严重的土地退化问题：流动沙丘面积由1950s年占沙地总面积的2%增加到1990s的近50%。因此浑善达克沙地成为我国研究土地退化、防治沙尘暴的重点地区，本文从自然科学和人文科学相结合的角度出发，对浑善达克沙地草地退化原因、自然恢复潜力、恢复过程、适宜物种选择，以及社区生存、生产等方面进行了综合研究，得出以下主要结论： 　　 1) 浑善达克沙地土壤种子库中含有大量的种子，在退化草地自然恢复中表现出极大的潜力。这些种子在摆脱人和牲畜干扰的前提下，可以萌发、定居并形成植物群落，使退化草地恢复;当地表达到一定程度的植被覆盖，可有效减少沙尘暴的危害。土壤种子库中的植物种类与地上植被有极显著的相似性(P<0.05)，这是地上植被形成稳定群落的基础。种子库中的物种组成影响植被恢复演替的进程;反之，恢复演替也制约着种子库组成和幼苗建立。 　　2)退化沙地草地围封后，对不同恢复阶段草地的群落学调查表明，该地区自然恢复过程大致分为3个阶段：围封2年的恢复早期，流动沙丘向半固定沙丘转变;围封3-5年的恢复中期，半固定沙丘向固定沙丘转变;围封6年后的恢复后期，为固定沙丘稳定发展阶段。根据生活型及植物种类随恢复演替的变化规律，浑善达克沙地植被演替的总体趋势可归纳为：沙米 (Agriophyllum squarrosum)+ 雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)群落→黄柳(Salix gordejevii)+ 冰草(Agropyron cristatum)群落→褐沙蒿(Artemisia intramongolica) + 冰草群落→沙地榆(Ulmus pumila var. sabulosa)疏林+冰草群落。在围封禁牧下，浑善达克退化沙地草地在较短时间内实现自然恢复，因此制约退化草地恢复演替的关键因素主要是人为和牲畜的干扰，只要排除了这种干扰因素，浑善达克大面积的退化沙地草地完全能够借助自然力实现生态恢复。 　　3) 浑善达克沙地3种生境下84种植物叶片渗透势值和含水量，表现出不同功能型上的差异。总体变化趋势为： 深根系 > 浅根系;灌木 > 乔木 > 草本;分布在湿地和丘间低地的植物叶片渗透势和含水量较高，而生长在沙丘上的植物叶片渗透势较低，需要有发达的根系吸收土壤深层的水。不同植物具有独特的水分利用特性，使它们能共存于同一生态系统中。这些不同植物功能型表现出的植物水分生理生态特性，表明浑善达克天然分布的植物群落发育有完善的利用水资源的能力，能够保证在很大降水波动条件下分布有丰富的植物群落和较高的生物生产力，构成该特殊类型生态系统很强的恢复潜力。另外，浑善达克沙地沙丘的存在是该类生态系统恢复弹性较高的另一重要原因。 　　4)本地种与引入种在生理生态上表现出不同的适应能力。在相似的太阳辐射和叶片温度下，引入种旱柳的叶片水势较高，而净光合速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率则较低。这表明它的光合潜能在改变环境中没有正常发挥。同时，引入种较低的最大光化学效率进一步表明它抵抗环境胁迫的能力较低。当土壤水分可利用程度降低而导致水分竞争时，引入种很可能在竞争中被淘汰。因此，在生态恢复中，应尽量避免引入外来种，大量使用本地种。 　　5) 生态恢复不仅是自然科学问题，更重要的是社会经济问题。为了充分认识当地社区的参与对生态恢复的作用，在实验过程中，调查了当地居民自本实验开展以来的思想观念、经济收入和生产效益等变化。在生态恢复中当地社区的积极参与是保证恢复成功与否的关键因素。从发挥“自然力” 和“以人为本”的指导思想出发，在生态恢复中应注重充分利用自然的力量;在管理方面，要以解决社区居民的生产生活实际需求为目标。只有这样，才能保证生态、社会和经济可持续发展。

Histopathological changes in gill, kidney and liver of an estuarine mullet, Liza parsia, induced by sublethal exposure to DDT

Liza parsia were exposed to sublethal (0.02 ppm) concentration of DDT for 15 days. The gill responded initially with copious secretion of mucus, oedematous separation of epithelial cells from the basement membrane and fusion of secondary gill lamellae. Hyperplasia of the cells lining primary gill lamellae and lamellar telangiectases (or aneurysms) was frequently seen after day 10 of exposure. Kidney exhibited hypertrophy of the epithelial cells lining proximal convoluted tubules which was followed by shrinkage in glomerular tufts, increase in Bowman's space, appearance of amorphous eosinophilic materials in the lumina of the tubules and focal necrosis on day 10 of the treatment. Hyaline droplets and casts were also encountered in the epithelial cells and lumina of the proximal tubules. Liver revealed an initial dilation of canaliculi and increased secretion of bile. Thereafter, the displacement of nuclei towards periphery of the hepatocytes, disorganization of blood sinusoids, pyknotic changes in nuclei, cytolysis and vacuolation as well as focal necrosis were noticed after day 10 of the intoxication.

Bayesian and L1 Approaches to Sparse Unsupervised Learning

The use of L1 regularisation for sparse learning has generated immense research interest, with successful application in such diverse areas as signal acquisition, image coding, genomics and collaborative filtering. While existing work highlights the many advantages of L1 methods, in this paper we find that L1 regularisation often dramatically underperforms in terms of predictive performance when compared with other methods for inferring sparsity. We focus on unsupervised latent variable models, and develop L1 minimising factor models, Bayesian variants of "L1", and Bayesian models with a stronger L0-like sparsity induced through spike-and-slab distributions. These spike-and-slab Bayesian factor models encourage sparsity while accounting for uncertainty in a principled manner and avoiding unnecessary shrinkage of non-zero values. We demonstrate on a number of data sets that in practice spike-and-slab Bayesian methods outperform L1 minimisation, even on a computational budget. We thus highlight the need to re-assess the wide use of L1 methods in sparsity-reliant applications, particularly when we care about generalising to previously unseen data, and provide an alternative that, over many varying conditions, provides improved generalisation performance.

Effect of water on mechanical properties of mineralized tissue composites

In the current study, the effects of polar solvents on tissue volume and mechanical properties are considered. Area shrinkage measurements are conducted for mineralized bone tissue samples soaked in polar solvents. Area shrinkage is used to calculate approximate linear and volume shrinkage. Results are compared with viscoelastic mechanical parameters for bone in the same solvents (as measured previously) and with both shrinkage measurements and mechanical data for nonmineralized tissues, as taken from the existing literature. As expected, the shrinkage of mineralized tissues is minimal when compared with shrinkage of nonmineralized tissues immersed in the same polar solvents. The mechanical changes in bone are also substantially less than in nonmineralized tissues. The largest stiffness values are found in shrunken bone samples (immersed in acetone and ethanol). The mineral phase in bone thus resists tissue shrinkage that would otherwise occur in the pure soft tissue phase. © 2007 Materials Research Society.

Seeded infiltration and growth of bulk YBCO nano-composites

The seeded infiltration and growth (SIG) technique offers near-net shape processing of bulk superconductors with significant improvement in reduced Y2BaCuO5 (Y-211) inclusion size, reduced shrinkage, reduced porosity and improved current density compared to samples fabricated by top seeded melt growth (TSMG). Y2Ba4CuMOy phases where M=Nb, Mo, W, Ta, etc., have been shown to form nano-scale inclusions in the YBa2Cu3Oy (Y-123) phase matrix and to contribute to enhanced magnetic flux pinning in these materials. In this paper, we describe the introduction of Y2Ba 4CuWOy nano-scale inclusions into bulk superconductors processed by the seeded infiltration growth process. Critical current density, Jc, in excess of 105 A/cm2 at 77 K in self-field is observed for samples containing Y2Ba 4CuWOy. © 2011 IEEE.

Simple and functional photonic devices from printable liquid crystal lasers

In this paper we demonstrate laser emission from emulsion-based polymer dispersed liquid crystals. Such lasers can be easily formed on single substrates with no alignment layers. Remarkably, it is shown that there can exist two radically different laser emission profiles, namely, photonic band-edge lasing and non-resonant random lasing. The emission is controlled by simple changes in the emulsification procedure. Low mixing speeds generate larger droplets that favor photonic band edge lasing with the requisite helical alignment produced by film shrinkage. Higher mixing speeds generate small droplets, which facilitate random lasing by a non-resonant scattering feedback process. Lasing thresholds and linewidth data are presented showing the potential of controllable linewidth lasing sources. Sequential and stacked layers demonstrate the possibility of achieving complex, simultaneous multi-wavelength and "white-light" laser output from a wide variety of substrates including glass, metallic, paper and flexible plastic. © 2011 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

Changes in length and weight of milkfish fry preserved in formalin

Fry shrank immediately after they were preserved in formalin, but from the second week onwards shrinkage was almost nil. Fry in freshwater formalin solutions shrunk less than those in seawater formalin solutions. It is recommended that milkfish Chanos) fry be preserved in formalin solutions for 1 wk prior to length measurement and at least for 3 wks before determining body weight.

A comparative study of various extenders of milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal) sperm preservation

Four chemical extenders in 7 different concentrations (potassium chloride, sodium chloride, glucose, sodium citrate, Ringer s solution, cow serum and milkfish (Chanos chanos) serum) were compared in the preservation of milkfish sperm. Results showed milkfish serum to be the most suitable of the various extenders tested. This may be attributed to suitable osmotic potential and/or presence of proteins which may have directly or indirectly influenced sperm viability. The effects of milkfish serum on the motility and fertilizing capacity of sperm at different durations of storage however need to be investigated.

Effect of salinity and food ration level on the growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

The effect of salinity (0, 10 & 20‰, water temperature 28 ± 1°C) and food ration (3 and 4.5% bw/day) on food consumption and growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (10.77 ± 0.21g) were investigated. Individual food consumption was measured using X-radiography technique. Salinities (0, 10 & 20‰) did not have significant effect on the growth rate of groups of Nile tilapia fed at different ration levels (3 & 4.5% bw/day). This study showed that the growth of all-male fish was significantly better than all-female fish for all three salinities and two rations. Salinities from 0 to 20‰ had no effect on growth performance of males or female fish. In the present study, it was evident that fish fed at 3% bw/day ration ate all the food offered and fish fed at 4.5% bw/day did not consumed all amounts. Also, growth performance did not significantly differ among fish fed at 3% bw/day ration level and reared at different salinities. Fish reared under higher salinities (20‰) and fed at higher ration (4.5% bw/day) level had skin lesions and injuries on their body. It was assumed that fish fed at higher ration under higher salinities (20‰) and maintained higher osmoregulatory costs together with osmotic stress may have a negative influence on the appetite of fish. Another possibility that may have affected the appetite could be the unionized ammonia levels that were high. The high-unionized ammonia levels combined with the osmotic stress may have been the cause, or have aided, development of skin lesions and injuries on the fish at higher salinities.

Biogeochemical study of poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its physiological affection response in mudskipper (Boleophthalmus dussumieri) at coast of Khuzestan

Study on the biomarkers types to assess health status of marine ecosystems in environmental biomonitoring has an important value. Accordingly, accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in sediment, water and tissues (liver and gill) of mudskipper(i.e. Boleophthalmus dussumieri) and some physiological responses like lysosomal membrane change performed on haemocytes, stability of red blood cell membrane and the Glutathione-S Transferase (GST) activity in the liver were measured in mudskipper. Samples were obtained from five sites along north western coast of the Persian Gulf (Khuzestan coast). Red blood cell membrane changes after different concentration of PAHs at different time was also studied to evaluate impact of PAHs compound on cell membrane. PAHs concentration was measured by HPLC method. The activity of GST enzyme was analysed by spectrophotometric method. Lysosomal membrane change was measured by NRR time method and stability of red blood cell membrane was evaluated by EOF test. Total PAH concentrations in the coastal sea water, the sediments, the liver and the gill tissues ranged between 0.80-18.34 μg/l, 113.50-3384.34 ng g-1 (dry weight), 3.99-46.64 ng g-1 dw and 3.11-17.76 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Highest PAHs pollution was found at Jafari while the lowest was detected at Bahrakan sampling sites. The lowest enzymatic activity was identified at Bahrakan (7.19 ± 1.541 nmol/mg protein/min), while the highest was recorded at Jafari (46.96 ± 7.877 nmol/mg protein/min). Comparative analysis of GST activity in the liver of mudskippers showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between the locations of Jafari and Bahrakan, and with other sites. Moreover, no significant difference was detected between the locations of Arvand, Zangi and Samayeli (p < 0.05). The mean RT was below 90 minutes in all sampling sites. Values of mean RT of the dye ranged from 34 (for the blood samples of mudskipper collected from Jafari site) to 78 minutes (for the blood samples of mudskipper collected from Bahrakan site). Spatial evaluation revealed the longest RT in fish from Bahrakan as compared with those from other sites. Preliminary results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) among sampling sites except between Arvand and Zangi (p > 0.05). Osmotic fragility curves indicated that erythrocytes collected from mudskippers at Jafari were the most 009 fragile followed by Zangi> Arvand> Samayeli> and Bahrakan. The mean erythrocyte fragility was significantly higher at Jafari site (p < 0.05) when compared to other sites. Significant differences were found between the various sites (p < 0.05).The result indicated no significant differences between the control and treatments of mudskipper RBC exposed to field concentrations of PAHs (P>0.05). The results further indicated significant differences (P<0.05) between the control and treatments of mudskipper RBC exposed to acute. Potency Divisor concentrations. It is clear from the present result that chronic. Potency Divisor concentrations protect red cells against osmotic hemolysis. This study, however, showed that PAH concentrations in this region are not higher than the available standards. The findings showed that Lysosomal membrane destabilization, liver GST activities and fragility of red cell membrane are highly sensitive in the mudskipper, B. dussumieri. Thus, mudskipper perceived to be good sentinel organisms for PAH pollution monitoring. Sediment PAH concentrations were strongly correlated with biomarkers, indicating that PAH type pollutants were biologically available to fish. One of the possible risk assessment implications of this study is that biomarkers can be applied not only to characterize biological effects of pollution exposures, but also to determine the bioavailability of pollution in aquatic systems. The results also indicated that PAHs compound possess anti haemolytic property.

Determination of bioaccumulation and microscopic survey of LAS pollutant effect on the liver, kidney and gill tissues of Rutilus frisii kutum in Caspian sea

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) are widely used in detergent industry. Due to contaminants entering the water, and the effects of their accumulation in fish, LAS, has a great importance in environmental pollution. In the present study, accumulation of LAS and its histological effects on gill tissue, liver and kidney of Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) were studied. Caspian kutum is the most important and most valuable teleosts of the Caspian Sea. Due to releasing Caspian Kutum in rivers and Anzali Lagoon and unlimited entry of wastewater to the aquatic ecosystem, research on the impact of LAS on Caspian kutum is important. In the present study, fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of LAS (0.58, 1.16 and 2.32 mg/l) for 192 hours. Control treatments with three replicates at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 192 hours were done. For assessments of the histological effects of LAS, tissue sections prepared and by using Hematoxylin - Eosin were stained, then the prepared sections, examined by light microscopy. For determination of the bio accumulation of LAS, the soxhlet extraction and solid phase extraction was performed to determine the amount of LAS using HPLC with fluorescence detector. According to results average of bioconcentration factor and LAS concentrations in fish had reached stable levels after approximately 72 h and thus represented steady state BCF values in this species. The value of steady-state bio-concentration factor of total LAS was 33.96 L.Kg- 1 and for each of the homologous C10-n-LAS, C11-n-LAS, C12-n-LAS and C13-n- LAS were 3.84, 6.15, 8.58 and 15.57 L.Kg-1 respectively. According to the results obtained in gills exposed to LAS, histopathological alteration include hypertrophy, lifting of lamella epithelium, edema, clubbing of lamellae hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and aneurysm were seen. In liver tissue exposed to three concentrations of LAS, congestion and dilation of sinusoids, irregular-shaped nuclei and degeneration in the hepatocyte, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis were observed. In kidney exposed to three concentrations of LAS, reduction of the interstitial haematopoietic tissue, degeneration in the epithelial cells of renal tubule, tubular degeneration, necrosis, shrinkage and luminal occlusion were observed. According to the results the most alteration due to exposure to LAS was seen in the gill tissue. None of the control samples showed histological effects of LAS.