Análise da produção de carga líquida e sólida na bacia do ribeirão do Gama- DF através do modelo SWAT

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, 2016.

Influência da adição do NaCl e KCl em sistemas de pastas contendo sílica para poços de petróleo em zonas evaporíticas e carbonáticas

One of the major challenges faced nowadays by oil companies is the exploration of pre-salt basins. Thick salt layers were formed in remote ages as a consequence of the evaporation of sea water containing high concentrations of NaCl and KCl. Deep reservoirs can be found below salt formations that prevent the outflow of oil, thus improving the success in oil prospection. The slurries used in the cement operations of salt layers must be adequate to the properties of those specific formations. At the same time, their resulting properties are highly affected by the contamination of salt in the fresh state. It is t herefore important to address the effects of the presence of salt in the cement slurries in order to assure that the well sheath is able to fulfill its main role to provide zonal isolation and mechanical stability. In this scenario, the objective of the present thesis work was to evaluate the effect of the presence of NaCl and KCl premixed with cement and 40% silica flour on the behavior of cement slurries. Their effect in the presence of CO2 was also investigated. The rheological behavior of slurries containing NaCl and KCl was evaluated along with their mechanical strength. Thermal and microstructural tests were also carried out. The results revealed that the presence of NaCl and KCl affected the pozzolanic activity of silica flour, reducing the strength of the hardened slurries containing salt. Friedel´s salt was formed as a result of the bonding between free Cl- and tricalcium aluminate. The presence of CO2 also contributed to the degradation of the slurries as a result of a process of carbonation/bicarbonataion

Modelação da evapotranspiração de um olival intensivo utilizando o modelo SIMDualKc

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Valorização integrada de resíduos e subprodutos da extração do azeite: extração e caraterização de compostos bioativos do bagaço de azeitona

Dissertação de Mestrado, Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Influência da profundidade e dos parâmetros ambientais sobre o desenvolvimento de Gracilaria birdiae (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) em viveiro de camarão

This study evaluates the influence of depth and environmental parameters on the development of Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & Oliveira (Gracilariaceae Rhodophyta) in an organic shrimp pound (Litopenaeus vannamei) under euthrophical conditions. PVC structures (module) witch four ropes laden with 150 g of macroalgae each, were kept during 35 days at three different depths (surface, 10 and 20 cm depth). Wet biomass weighing and environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH, transparence, precipitation, evaporation, insolation, accumulated solar radiation, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and orthophosphate) were measured weekly. At all three proposed depths, the macroalgae displayed a higher biomass at the end of experiment than at the initial inoculations. The module kept at a 10 cm depth presented the greatest average biomass (186,3), followed by that kept at 20 cm (180,4 g) and the surface module (169,9 g). Biomass variations showed algae to suffer the direct effects of depths. Biomass loss was associated with the factors that influence light penetration, such as sediment deposits above the thallus, rate of evaporation and precipitation. The smallest loses occurred in the algae kept on surface (0,16%), followed by the algae kept at 20 cm (0,20%) and 10 cm (0,22%). The specific growth rate (SGR) of G. birdiae showed no significant difference between the three depths nor the sample periods. Nevertheless, the modules kept at 10 and 20 cm depths presented similar growth evolution, both growing 0,38%·per day-1, while the module kept on surface had an average SGR of 0,36%·day-1. The models related to growth rate demonstrated temperature, salinity, pH, orthophosphate, ammonium, precipitation and turbidity as the principal environmental parameters influencing the development of G. birdiae

Aspectos hidrológicos e hidrogeológicos da bacia do Rio Fervida, Aquífero Cartste, Colombo, Paraná.

A segurança das áreas metropolitanas quanto ao abastecimento de água é um grande desafio para os próximos anos, especialmente no Brasil, devido ao crescimento descontrolado dos grandes centros urbanos, a expansão das áreas de mananciais e poluição. A bacia de Fervida, sub-bacia de Ribeirão da Onça, faz parte do Aquífero Carste presente na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná. Nessa bacia há extração de água subterrânea e uma elevada demanda de água para a produção de hortaliças. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi dimensionar a evapotranspiração e também o escoamento superficial, confrontando os dados obtidos nesse trabalho com os dados de pesquisa já efetuados e, dessa forma, colaborar para a compreensão do balanço hídrico dessa região. Para isso, foram analisados dados de vazão e precipitação entre 1998 e 2003, quando havia também monitoramento de vazão no exutório da bacia. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a pluviosidade média anual na bacia, para o período proposto no trabalho, foi de 1609 mm/a e a média anual de evaporação foi de, aproximadamente, 892 mm/a. Considerando o escoamento superficial e a extração de água por meio dos poços, verificou-se que o balanço hídrico da bacia foi negativo em 395 mm/a. Isso sugere que há entrada de fluxos subterrâneos, corroborando com resultados obtidos em outros trabalhos.

Espécies vegetais para adubação verde e/ou cobertura do solo em cultivo rgânico de fruteiras na região ssemi-árida do Nordeste Brasileiro.

A região semiárida é caracterizada, sob o ponto de vista climático, pela escassez e irregularidade das chuvas, e pelas elevadas taxas de evapotranspiração. A baixa precipitação não se constitui problema nos cultivos irrigados, uma vez que a água é fornecida às plantas por meio da irrigação. As altas taxas de evaporação que ocorrem são mais preocupantes, pois aumenta o consumo de água e, com isso, o custo de produção e os riscos de salinização da terra pela adição dos sais dissolvidos nessa água e pela ascensão capilar dos mesmos. Em consequência, nos cultivos da região do Submédio São Francisco (SSF), com o propósito de minimizar os efeitos das altas taxas de evaporação, tem sido recomendado a utilização de sistemas de manejo que priorizam a cobertura do solo, visando a economia da água e de nutrientes aplicados. Diante do exposto, estudos que venham avaliar o desempenho de espécies vegetais para adubação e/ou cobertura do solo constituem fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento da fruticultura orgânica no SSF. Foram estudadas onze espécies, entre leguminosas e gramíneas, no perímetro irrigado Senador Nilo Coelho, em área de agricultor familiar. Os resultados demonstram que o coquetel vegetal é uma alternativa de manejo que contribui para aumentar a biodiversidade (diversificação de espécies) dentro e acima do solo, estabelecendo um ambiente onde as espécies convivem harmoniosamente, permitindo maior proteção ao solo e maior diversidade de nutrientes ao sistema.

Canopy-scale biophysical controls of transpiration and evaporation in the Amazon Basin.

Canopy and aerodynamic conductances (gC and gA) are two of the key land surface biophysical variables that control the land surface response of land surface schemes in climate models. Their representation is crucial for predicting transpiration (λET) and evaporation (λEE) flux components of the terrestrial latent heat flux (λE), which has important implications for global climate change and water resource management. By physical integration of radiometric surface temperature (TR) into an integrated framework of the Penman?Monteith and Shuttleworth?Wallace models, we present a novel approach to directly quantify the canopy-scale biophysical controls on λET and λEE over multiple plant functional types (PFTs) in the Amazon Basin. Combining data from six LBA (Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) eddy covariance tower sites and a TR-driven physically based modeling approach, we identified the canopy-scale feedback-response mechanism between gC, λET, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (DA), without using any leaf-scale empirical parameterizations for the modeling. The TR-based model shows minor biophysical control on λET during the wet (rainy) seasons where λET becomes predominantly radiation driven and net radiation (RN) determines 75 to 80 % of the variances of λET. However, biophysical control on λET is dramatically increased during the dry seasons, and particularly the 2005 drought year, explaining 50 to 65 % of the variances of λET, and indicates λET to be substantially soil moisture driven during the rainfall deficit phase. Despite substantial differences in gA between forests and pastures, very similar canopy?atmosphere "coupling" was found in these two biomes due to soil moisture-induced decrease in gC in the pasture. This revealed the pragmatic aspect of the TR-driven model behavior that exhibits a high sensitivity of gC to per unit change in wetness as opposed to gA that is marginally sensitive to surface wetness variability. Our results reveal the occurrence of a significant hysteresis between λET and gC during the dry season for the pasture sites, which is attributed to relatively low soil water availability as compared to the rainforests, likely due to differences in rooting depth between the two systems. Evaporation was significantly influenced by gA for all the PFTs and across all wetness conditions. Our analytical framework logically captures the responses of gC and gA to changes in atmospheric radiation, DA, and surface radiometric temperature, and thus appears to be promising for the improvement of existing land?surface?atmosphere exchange parameterizations across a range of spatial scales.

Canopy-scale biophysical controls of transpiration and evaporation in the Amazon Basin.

Canopy and aerodynamic conductances (gC and gA) are two of the key land surface biophysical variables that control the land surface response of land surface schemes in climate models. Their representation is crucial for predicting transpiration (?ET) and evaporation (?EE) flux components of the terrestrial latent heat flux (?E), which has important implications for global climate change and water resource management. By physical integration of radiometric surface temperature (TR) into an integrated framework of the Penman?Monteith and Shuttleworth?Wallace models, we present a novel approach to directly quantify the canopy-scale biophysical controls on ?ET and ?EE over multiple plant functional types (PFTs) in the Amazon Basin. Combining data from six LBA (Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) eddy covariance tower sites and a TR-driven physically based modeling approach, we identified the canopy-scale feedback-response mechanism between gC, ?ET, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (DA), without using any leaf-scale empirical parameterizations for the modeling. The TR-based model shows minor biophysical control on ?ET during the wet (rainy) seasons where ?ET becomes predominantly radiation driven and net radiation (RN) determines 75 to 80?% of the variances of ?ET. However, biophysical control on ?ET is dramatically increased during the dry seasons, and particularly the 2005 drought year, explaining 50 to 65?% of the variances of ?ET, and indicates ?ET to be substantially soil moisture driven during the rainfall deficit phase. Despite substantial differences in gA between forests and pastures, very similar canopy?atmosphere "coupling" was found in these two biomes due to soil moisture-induced decrease in gC in the pasture. This revealed the pragmatic aspect of the TR-driven model behavior that exhibits a high sensitivity of gC to per unit change in wetness as opposed to gA that is marginally sensitive to surface wetness variability. Our results reveal the occurrence of a significant hysteresis between ?ET and gC during the dry season for the pasture sites, which is attributed to relatively low soil water availability as compared to the rainforests, likely due to differences in rooting depth between the two systems. Evaporation was significantly influenced by gA for all the PFTs and across all wetness conditions. Our analytical framework logically captures the responses of gC and gA to changes in atmospheric radiation, DA, and surface radiometric temperature, and thus appears to be promising for the improvement of existing land?surface?atmosphere exchange parameterizations across a range of spatial scales.