On the Effects of Mergers on Equilibrium Outcomes in a Common Property Renewable Asset Oligopoly

This paper examines a dynamic game of exploitation of a common pool of some renewable asset by agents that sell the result of their exploitation on an oligopolistic market. A Markov Perfect Nash Equilibrium of the game is used to analyze the effects of a merger of a subset of the agents. We study the impact of the merger on the equilibrium production strategies, on the steady states, and on the profitability of the merger for its members. We show that there exists an interval of the asset's stock such that any merger is profitable if the stock at the time the merger is formed falls within that interval. That includes mergers that are known to be unprofitable in the corresponding static equilibrium framework.

Novel M(II) beta-diketiminate complexes for the polymerization of lactide

Des ligands diketimines porteurs de substituants N-benzyl, N-9-anthrylmethyl et N-mesitylmethyl (nacnacBnH, nacnacAnH, and nacnacMesH) ont été synthétisés par condensation d’une amine et d’acétyl acétone ou son monoacétal d’éthylène glycol. La chlorination de la position 3 a été effectuée à l’aide de N-chlorosuccinimide conduisant à la formation des ligands ClnacnacBnH et ClnacnacAnH. Cette même position 3 a également été substituée par un groupement succinimide par lithiation du nacnacBnH, suivi de la réaction avec le N-chlorosuccinimide (3-succinimido-nacnacBnH). Les ligands N-aryl nacnacippH et nacnacNaphH (ipp = 2-isopropylphenyl, Naph = 1-naphthyl) ont été préparés selon les procédures reportées dans la littérature. La réaction de ces ligands avec Zn(TMSA)2 (TMSA = N(SiMe3)2) conduit à la formation des complexes nacnacAnZn(TMSA) et ClnacnacBnZn(TMSA). La protonation avec l’isopropanol permet l’obtention des complexes nacnacAnZnOiPr et ClnacnacBnZnOiPr. La réaction avec Mg(TMSA)2 permet quant à elle la formation des complexes nacnacAnMg(TMSA), nacnacMesMg(TMSA), ClnacnacBnMg(TMSA) et ClnacnacAnMg(TMSA). La protonation subséquente à l’aide du tert-butanol permet l’obtention du nacnacMesMgOtBu et du ClnacnacBnMgOtBu, alors que l’on observe uniquement une décomposition avec les ligands possédant des substituants N-anthrylmethyl. La réaction de ces diketimines avec Cu(OiPr)2 conduit aux dimères hétéroleptiques [nacnacBnCu(μ-OiPr)]2 et [3-Cl-nacnacBnCu(μ-OiPr)]2 lors de l’usage des ligands stériquement peu encombrés. Lors de l’utilisation de ligands plus encombrés, la stabilisation du complexe hétéroleptique par dimérisation n’est plus possible, conduisant, par un échange de ligand, à la formation des complexes homoleptiques Cu(nacnacipp)2 et Cu(nacnacNaph)2. Les complexes homoleptiques Cu(nacnacBn)2 et Cu(3-succinimido-nacnacBn)2 ont été obtenus à partir des ligands N-benzyl. Les ligands encore plus encombrés tels que nacnacAnH, nacnacMesH ou ceux comportant des substituants N-methylbenzyl ne présentent alors plus de réactivité avec le Cu(OiPr)2. La plupart des complexes ont été caractérisés par Diffraction des Rayons X. Les complexes homoleptiques ainsi que ceux de TMSA sont monomériques, alors que ceux formés à partir d’alkoxides se présentent sous forme de dimères à l’état solide. Tous les complexes d’alkoxides ainsi que les nacnacAnMg(TMSA)/BnOH et ClnacnacAnMg(TMSA)/BnOH présentent une réactivité modérée à haute en matière de polymérisation du rac-lactide (90% de conversion en 30 secondes à 3 heures). Le nacnacAnZnOiPr permet la synthèse d’un polymère hautement hétérotactique (Pr = 0.90) quand le ClnacnacBnMgOtBu/BnOH génère un polymère isotactique à -30°C (Pr = 0.43). Tous les autres catalyseurs produisent des polymères atactiques avec une légère tendance hétérotactique (Pr = 0.48 – 0.55). Les complexes hétéroleptiques [nacnacBnCu(μ-OiPr)]2 et [3-Cl-nacnacBnCu(μ-OiPr)]2 se révèlent être de très bons catalyseurs pour la polymérisation du rac-lactide présentant une conversion complète du monomère à température ambiante, en solution, en 0,5 à 5 minutes. Le [nacnacBnCu(μ-OiPr)]2 est actif en présence ou absence d’isopropanol, agissant comme agent de transfert de chaine à haute activité (k2 = 32 M–1•s–1) dans le dichlorométhane. Dans l’acétonitrile, le THF, le dichloromethane et le toluène, [nacnacBnCu(μ-OiPr)]2 conduit à une étroite polydispersité, possédant respectivement des kobs = 2.4(1), 5.3(5), 3.6-4.4 and 10(1) min–1. Aucune réaction parasite, telle qu’une trans-esterification, une épimerisation ou une décomposition du catalyseur, n’a été observée. Les complexes homoleptiques en présence d’alcool libre semblent présenter un équilibre avec une petite quantité de leurs équivalents hétéroleptiques, permettant une polymérisation complète, en moins de 60 min, à température ambiante. Tous les catalyseurs de cuivre présentent un haut contrôle de la polymérisation avec une polydispersité égale ou inférieure à 1.1. Les polymères obtenus sont essentiellement atactiques, avec une légère tendance à l’hétérotacticité à température ambiante et -17°C. Le [nacnacBnCu(μ-OiPr)]2 polymérise également la -butyrolactone (BL), l’-caprolactone (CL) et la -valerolactone (VL) avec des constantes respectivement égales à kobs = 3.0(1)•10–2, 1.2–2.7•10–2, et 0.11(1) min–1. Les homopolymères présentent une étroite polydispersité d’approximativement 1.1. Les polymérisations par addition séquentielle ont mis en évidence une trans-estérification (non observée dans les homopolymérisations) si BL ou CL sont introduits après un bloc lactide.

Analysis of intrinsic cardiac neuron activity in relation to neurogenic atrial fibrillation and vagal stimulation

La fibrillation auriculaire est le trouble du rythme le plus fréquent chez l'homme. Elle conduit souvent à de graves complications telles que l'insuffisance cardiaque et les accidents vasculaires cérébraux. Un mécanisme neurogène de la fibrillation auriculaire mis en évidence. L'induction de tachyarythmie par stimulation du nerf médiastinal a été proposée comme modèle pour étudier la fibrillation auriculaire neurogène. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié l'activité des neurones cardiaques intrinsèques et leurs interactions à l'intérieur des plexus ganglionnaires de l'oreillette droite dans un modèle canin de la fibrillation auriculaire neurogène. Ces activités ont été enregistrées par un réseau multicanal de microélectrodes empalé dans le plexus ganglionnaire de l'oreillette droite. L'enregistrement de l'activité neuronale a été effectué continument sur une période de près de 4 heures comprenant différentes interventions vasculaires (occlusion de l'aorte, de la veine cave inférieure, puis de l'artère coronaire descendante antérieure gauche), des stimuli mécaniques (toucher de l'oreillette ou du ventricule) et électriques (stimulation du nerf vague ou des ganglions stellaires) ainsi que des épisodes induits de fibrillation auriculaire. L'identification et la classification neuronale ont été effectuées en utilisant l'analyse en composantes principales et le partitionnement de données (cluster analysis) dans le logiciel Spike2. Une nouvelle méthode basée sur l'analyse en composante principale est proposée pour annuler l'activité auriculaire superposée sur le signal neuronal et ainsi augmenter la précision de l'identification de la réponse neuronale et de la classification. En se basant sur la réponse neuronale, nous avons défini des sous-types de neurones (afférent, efférent et les neurones des circuits locaux). Leur activité liée à différents facteurs de stress nous ont permis de fournir une description plus détaillée du système nerveux cardiaque intrinsèque. La majorité des neurones enregistrés ont réagi à des épisodes de fibrillation auriculaire en devenant plus actifs. Cette hyperactivité des neurones cardiaques intrinsèques suggère que le contrôle de cette activité pourrait aider à prévenir la fibrillation auriculaire neurogène. Puisque la stimulation à basse intensité du nerf vague affaiblit l'activité neuronale cardiaque intrinsèque (en particulier pour les neurones afférents et convergents des circuits locaux), nous avons examiné si cette intervention pouvait être appliquée comme thérapie pour la fibrillation auriculaire. Nos résultats montrent que la stimulation du nerf vague droit a été en mesure d'atténuer la fibrillation auriculaire dans 12 des 16 cas malgré un effet pro-arythmique défavorable dans 1 des 16 cas. L'action protective a diminué au fil du temps et est devenue inefficace après ~ 40 minutes après 3 minutes de stimulation du nerf vague.

Effect of curing temperature , fibre loading and bonding agent on the equilibrium swelling of isora-natural rubbercomposites

Isora fibre-reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites were cured at 80, 100, 120 and 150°C using a low temperature curing accelerator system. Composites were also prepared using a conventional accelerator system and cured at 150°C. The swelling behavior of these composites at varying fibre loadings was studied in toluene and hexane. Results show that the uptake of solvent and volume fraction of rubber due to swelling was lower for the low temperature cured vulcanizates which is an indication of the better fibre/rubber adhesion. The uptake of aromatic solvent was higher than that of aliphatic solvent, for all the composites. As the fibre content increased, the solvent uptake decreased, due to the superior solvent resistance of the fibre and good fibre-rubber interactions. The bonding agent improved the swelling resistance of the composites due to the strong interfacial adhesion. Due to the improved adhesion between the fibre and rubber, the ratio of the change in volume fraction of rubber due to swelling to the volume fraction of rubber in the dry sample (V,) was found to decrease in the presence of bonding agent. At a fixed fibre loading, the alkali treated fibre composite showed a lower percentage swelling than untreated one for both systems showing superior rubber-fibre interactions.

Elastic Constants And Structural Parameters Of Selected Polycrystalline Ceramics By Ultrasonic Technique

The present work is an attempt to probe the elastic properties in some dielectric ceramics, by using ultrasonic pulse echo overlap technique. The base Ba6-xSm8+2xTi18O54 and Ca5Nb2TiO12 are very important dielectrics ceramics used for microwave communication as well as for substrate materials. Ultrasonic is one of the most widely used and powerful techniques to measure elastic properties of solids. The ultrasonic technique is nondestructive in nature and the measurements are relatively straightforward to perform. One unique advantantage of the ultrasonic technique is that both static and dynamic properties can be measured simultaneously. The velocity and attenuation coefficients of the ultrasonic waves propagating through a medium are related to the microscopic structure of the material and they provide valuable information about the structural changes in the system. Among the various ultrasonic techniques, the pulse echo overlap method is the most accurate and precise one. In the present case the decreased elastic properties of Cas-XMg,Nb2TiO12 and Cas-,ZnNb2TiO12 ceramics can be attributed to their mixture phases beyond x = 1. Moreover, the abrupt change in elastic properties observed for x >1 can also be correlated to the structural transformation of the materials from their phase pure form to mixture phases for higher extent of substitution of the concerned material . Ca4(ANb2Ti)012 (A = Mg, Zn) is the strongest compound with the maximum values for elastic properties . This could be due to the possible substitution of Mg/Zn ions with lesser radius [25] than Ca2+ in perovskite B-site of Ca(Cali4Nb2i4Tili4) O3 material to contribute more ordering and symmetry to the system [20]. All other compositions (x > 1) contain mixed-phases and for such mixed-phase samples, the mechanical properties are difficult to explain.

Ultrasonic measurement of the elastic constants of selected nonlinear optical /semiorganic crystals with orthorhombic symmetry

Ultrasonic is a good tool to investigate the elastic properties of crystals. It enables one to determine all the elastic constants, Poisson’s ratios, volume compressibility and bulk modulus of crystals from velocity measurements. It also enables one to demonstrate the anisotropy of elastic properties by plotting sections of the surfaces of phase velocity, slowness, group velocity, Young’s modulus and linear compressibility along the a-b, b-c and a-c planes. They also help one to understand more about phonon amplification and help to interpret various phenomena associated with ultrasonic wave propagation, thermal conductivity, phonon transport etc. Study of nonlinear optical crystals is very important from an application point of view. Hundreds of new NLO materials are synthesized to meet the requirements for various applications. Inorganic, organic and organometallic or semiorganic classes of compounds have been studied for several reasons. Semiorganic compounds have some advantages over their inorganic and inorganic counterparts with regard to their mechanical properties. High damage resistance, high melting point, good transparency and non-hygroscopy are some of the basic requirements for a material to be suitable for device fabrication. New NLO materials are being synthesized and investigation of the mechanical and elastic properties of these crystals is very important to test the suitability of these materials for technological applications

Thermal characterization of intrinsic and extrinsic InP using photoacoustic technique

An open photoacoustic cell operating in the low range of chopping frequency has been employed to evaluate the thermal diffusivity values of intrinsic InP and InP doped with S, Sn and Fe. The experimental set-up is calibrated by the evaluation of thermal diffusivity value of pure Si and GaAs. The present investigation shows that doped samples show a reduced value for thermal diffusivity compared to intrinsic sample. From the analysis of data it is also seen that nature of dopant clearly influences the thermal diffusivity value of semiconductors. The results are explained in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism in semiconductors

Thermal characterization of intrinsic and extrinsic InP using photoacoustic technique

An open photoacoustic cell operating in the low range of chopping frequency has been employed to evaluate the thermal diffusivity values of intrinsic InP and InP doped with S, Sn and Fe. The experimental set-up is calibrated by the evaluation of thermal diffusivity value of pure Si and GaAs. The present investigation shows that doped samples show a reduced value for thermal diffusivity compared to intrinsic sample. From the analysis of data it is also seen that nature of dopant clearly influences the thermal diffusivity value of semiconductors. The results are explained in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism in semiconductors

Thermal characterization of intrinsic and extrinsic InP using photoacoustic technique

An open photoacoustic cell operating in the low range of chopping frequency has been employed to evaluate the thermal diffusivity values of intrinsic InP and InP doped with S, Sn and Fe. The experimental set-up is calibrated by the evaluation of thermal diffusivity value of pure Si and GaAs. The present investigation shows that doped samples show a reduced value for thermal diffusivity compared to intrinsic sample. From the analysis of data it is also seen that nature of dopant clearly influences the thermal diffusivity value of semiconductors. The results are explained in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism in semiconductors

Field Equilibrium Finite Elements for Structural Analysis

Many finite elements used in structural analysis possess deficiencies like shear locking, incompressibility locking, poor stress predictions within the element domain, violent stress oscillation, poor convergence etc. An approach that can probably overcome many of these problems would be to consider elements in which the assumed displacement functions satisfy the equations of stress field equilibrium. In this method, the finite element will not only have nodal equilibrium of forces, but also have inner stress field equilibrium. The displacement interpolation functions inside each individual element are truncated polynomial solutions of differential equations. Such elements are likely to give better solutions than the existing elements.In this thesis, a new family of finite elements in which the assumed displacement function satisfies the differential equations of stress field equilibrium is proposed. A general procedure for constructing the displacement functions and use of these functions in the generation of elemental stiffness matrices has been developed. The approach to develop field equilibrium elements is quite general and various elements to analyse different types of structures can be formulated from corresponding stress field equilibrium equations. Using this procedure, a nine node quadrilateral element SFCNQ for plane stress analysis, a sixteen node solid element SFCSS for three dimensional stress analysis and a four node quadrilateral element SFCFP for plate bending problems have been formulated.For implementing these elements, computer programs based on modular concepts have been developed. Numerical investigations on the performance of these elements have been carried out through standard test problems for validation purpose. Comparisons involving theoretical closed form solutions as well as results obtained with existing finite elements have also been made. It is found that the new elements perform well in all the situations considered. Solutions in all the cases converge correctly to the exact values. In many cases, convergence is faster when compared with other existing finite elements. The behaviour of field consistent elements would definitely generate a great deal of interest amongst the users of the finite elements.

Photothermal deflection studies on heat transport in intrinsic and extrinsic InP

Laser induced transverse photothermal deflection technique has been employed to determine the thermal parameters of InP doped with Sn, S and Fe as well as intrinsic InP. The thermal diffusivity values of these various samples are evaluated from the slope of the curve plotted between the phase of photothermal deflection signal and pump-probe offset. Analysis of the data shows that heat transport and hence the thermal diffusivity value, is greatly affected by the introduction of dopant. It is also seen that the direction of heat flow with respect to the plane of cleavage of semiconductor wafers influences the thermal diffusivity value. The results are explained in terms of dominating phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism in semiconductors.

Photoacoustic investigation of intrinsic and extrinsic Si

An open-cell configuration of the photoacoustic (PA) technique is employed to determine the thermal and transport properties of intrinsic Si and Si doped with B (p-type) and P (n-type). The experimentally obtained phase of the PA signal under heat transmission configuration is fitted to that of theoretical model by taking thermal and transport properties, namely, thermal diffusivity, diffusion coefficient, and surface recombination velocity, as adjustable parameters. It is seen from the analysis that doping and also the nature of dopant have a strong influence on the thermal and transport properties of semiconductors. The results are interpreted in terms of the carrier-assisted and phonon-assisted heat transfer mechanisms in semiconductors as well as the various scattering processes occurring in the propagation of heat carriers.

An approximation method for evaluating centrifugal distortion constants in XH2 bent symmetric molecules

University of Cochin

NIR to UV absorption spectra and the optical constants of phthalocyanines in glassy medium

Optical absorption studies of phthalocyanines (Pc-s) in borate glass matrix have been reported for the first time. Measurements have been done corresponding to photon energies between 1.1 and 6.2 eV for free base, manganese, iron, nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and copper phthalocyanines. Several new discrete transitions are observed in the UV–vis region of the spectra in addition to a strong continuum component of absorption in the IR region. Values of some of the important optical constants viz. absorption coefficient (α), molar extinction coefficient (ε), absorption cross-section (σa), band width (Δλ), electric dipole strength (q2) and oscillator strength (f) for the relevant electronic transitions are also presented. All the data reported for Pc-s in the new matrix have been compared with those corresponding to solution, vapor and thin film media.

Third order elastic constants of bcc Cu-Al-Ni

We have measured the changes in the ultrasonic wave velocity, induced by the application of uniaxial stresses in a Cu-Al-Ni single crystal. From these measurements, the complete set of third-order elastic constants has been obtained. The comparison of results for Cu-Al-Ni with available data for other Cu-based alloys has shown that all these alloys exhibit similar anharmonic behavior. By using the measured elastic constants in a Landau expansion for elastic phase transitions, we have been able to give an estimation of the value of a fourth-order elastic constants combination. The experiments have also shown that the application of a stress in the [001] direction, reduces the material resistance to a (110)[110] shear and thus favors the martensitic transition.