Exploration of implicit theories in the formation of expert opinion in portuguese criminal law

This dissertation examines different aspects involved in the formation of psychologists’ expert opinion in the Portuguese criminal justice system, more precisely, as this opinion is reflected in assessment reports. The present dissertation is comprised of three qualitative studies, the first sought to provide a general portrait of a sample of 106 forensic psychological reports as to their overall quality as measured in terms of relevance and coherence. Results show that the formal markers of quality are present in the sample analysed, a certain number of weaknesses have been observed, notably concerning the internal coherence of the reports as well as the relevance of the information reported on. The second study explored the opinions of 17 Portuguese judges and state prosecutors concerning the use they make of this type of forensic report. It appears that they consider these reports to be useful and very credible, specially so when they have been produced under the auspices of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, which is the state forensic institution. Furthermore, it appears that judges and prosecutors were particularly interested in data that allowed for a personalised portrait of the assessee. The third study sought to better comprehend the conceptual bases on which psychologists construct their reports. To this end, an exploratory study was undertaken with a sample of key-actors; the analysis of their interviews shows that they define their judicial mandate as well as the basic concepts that are associated to this mandate in different ways. A theoretical framework provided by an implicit theories model was used to help understand these results.

Étude des conceptions alternatives et des processus de raisonnement des étudiants de chimie du niveau collégial sur la molécule, la polarité et les phénomènes macroscopiques

La chimie est un sujet difficile étant donné ses concepts nombreux et souvent peu intuitifs. Mais au-delà de ces difficultés d’ordre épistémologique, l’apprentissage de la chimie peut être en péril lorsqu’il s’appuie sur des fondations instables, mêlées de conceptions alternatives. Les conceptions alternatives sont les représentations internes, tacites, des étudiants, qui sont en désaccord avec la théorie scientifiquement acceptée. Leur présence dans leur esprit peut nuire à la compréhension conceptuelle, et elle peut mener les étudiants à expliquer le comportement de la matière incorrectement et à faire des prédictions inexactes en chimie. Les conceptions alternatives sont réputées répandues et difficiles à repérer dans un cadre traditionnel d’enseignement. De nombreuses conceptions alternatives en chimie ont été mises en lumière par différents groupes de chercheurs internationaux, sans toutefois qu’une telle opération n’ait jamais été réalisée avec des étudiants collégiaux québécois. Le système d’éducation postsecondaire québécois représentant un contexte unique, une étude des difficultés particulières de ces étudiants était nécessaire pour tracer un portrait juste de la situation. De plus, des chercheurs proposent aujourd’hui de ne pas faire uniquement l’inventaire des conceptions, mais de s’attarder aussi à étudier comment, par quel processus, elles mènent à de mauvaises prédictions ou explications. En effet, ils soutiennent que les catalogues de conceptions ne peuvent pas être facilement utilisés par les enseignants, ce qui devrait pourtant être la raison pour les mettre en lumière : qu’elles soient prises en compte dans l’enseignement. Toutefois, aucune typologie satisfaisante des raisonnements et des conceptions alternatives en chimie, qui serait appuyée sur des résultats expérimentaux, n’existe actuellement dans les écrits de recherche. Plusieurs chercheurs en didactique de la chimie suggèrent qu’une telle typologie est nécessaire et devrait rendre explicites les modes de raisonnement qui mettent en jeu ces conceptions alternatives. L’explicitation du raisonnement employé par les étudiants serait ainsi la voie permettant de repérer la conception alternative sur laquelle ce raisonnement s’appuie. Le raisonnement est le passage des idées tacites aux réponses manifestes. Ce ne sont pas toutes les mauvaises réponses en chimie qui proviennent de conceptions alternatives : certaines proviennent d’un manque de connaissances, d’autres d’un agencement incorrect de concepts pourtant corrects. Comme toutes les sortes de mauvaises réponses d’étudiants sont problématiques lors de l’enseignement, il est pertinent de toutes les considérer. Ainsi, ces préoccupations ont inspiré la question de recherche suivante : Quelles conceptions alternatives et quels processus de raisonnement mènent les étudiants à faire de mauvaises prédictions en chimie ou à donner de mauvaises explications du comportement de la matière? C’est pour fournir une réponse à cette question que cette recherche doctorale a été menée. Au total, 2413 étudiants ont participé à la recherche, qui était divisée en trois phases : la phase préliminaire, la phase pilote et la phase principale. Des entrevues cliniques ont été menées à la phase préliminaire, pour explorer les conceptions alternatives des étudiants en chimie. Lors de la phase pilote, des questionnaires à choix multiples avec justification ouverte des réponses ont été utilisés pour délimiter le sujet, notamment à propos des notions de chimie les plus pertinentes sur lesquelles concentrer la recherche et pour mettre en lumière les façons de raisonner des étudiants à propos de ces notions. La phase principale, quant à elle, a utilisé le questionnaire à deux paliers à choix multiples « Molécules, polarité et phénomènes » (MPP) développé spécifiquement pour cette recherche. Ce questionnaire a été distribué aux étudiants via une adaptation de la plateforme Web ConSOL, développée durant la recherche par le groupe de recherche dont fait partie la chercheuse principale. Les résultats montrent que les étudiants de sciences de la nature ont de nombreuses conceptions alternatives et autres difficultés conceptuelles, certaines étant très répandues parmi leur population. En particulier, une forte proportion d’étudiants croient que l’évaporation d’un composé entraîne le bris des liaisons covalentes de ses molécules (61,1 %), que tout regroupement d’atomes est une molécule (78,9 %) et que les atomes ont des propriétés macroscopiques pareilles à celles de l’élément qu’ils constituent (66,0 %). D’un autre côté, ce ne sont pas toutes les mauvaises réponses au MPP qui montrent des conceptions alternatives. Certaines d’entre elles s’expliquent plutôt par une carence dans les connaissances antérieures (par exemple, lorsque les étudiants montrent une méconnaissance d’éléments chimiques communs, à 21,8 %) ou par un raisonnement logique incomplet (lorsqu’ils croient que le seul fait de posséder des liaisons polaires rend nécessairement une molécule polaire, ce qu’on observe chez 24,1 % d’entre eux). Les conceptions alternatives et les raisonnements qui mènent à des réponses incorrectes s’observent chez les étudiants de première année et chez ceux de deuxième année du programme de sciences, dans certains cas avec une fréquence diminuant entre les deux années, et dans d’autres, à la même fréquence chez les deux sous-populations. Ces résultats permettent de mitiger l’affirmation, généralement reconnue dans les écrits de recherche, selon laquelle les conceptions alternatives sont résistantes à l’enseignement traditionnel : selon les résultats de la présente recherche, certaines d’entre elles semblent en effet se résoudre à travers un tel contexte d’enseignement. Il demeure que plusieurs conceptions alternatives, carences dans les connaissances antérieures de base et erreurs de raisonnement ont été mises en lumière par cette recherche. Ces problèmes dans l’apprentissage mènent les étudiants collégiaux à faire des prédictions incorrectes du comportement de la matière, ou à expliquer ce comportement de façon incorrecte. Au regard de ces résultats, une réflexion sur l’enseignement de la chimie au niveau collégial, qui pourrait faire une plus grande place à la réflexion conceptuelle et à l’utilisation du raisonnement pour la prédiction et l’explication des phénomènes étudiés, serait pertinente à tenir.

Bedside Teaching and Respecting the Pediatric Patient: A Response to Verpaelst

Commentaire / Commentary

ICT Tools for Teaching & Learning

Page 1. ICT Tools for Teaching & Learning G Santhosh Kumar Cochin University Page 2. Agenda • What is ICT? • Why integrate ICT in Education? • What are the Challenges? • What are the good resources? Page 3. Questions # “Despite the increasing use of ICT, the need for teachers is as great as ever” # “Placing ICT in schools will automatically improve the quality of education that children receive” #”The Internet is unsafe for children to use because there is so much dangerous material available on it” Page 4. What is ICT? • ICT is short for ..

A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE I/W-'ll/EA/6'1.-' OF GANDHIJI AND HIS TEACHING ON MODERN HINDI POETRY

Hindi

Applications and modelling in mathematics teaching

The aim of this paper is a comprehensive presentation of some important basic and general aspects of the topic applications and modelling, with emphasis on the secondary school level. Owing to the review character of this paper, some overlap with the survey paper Blum and Niss (1989) for ICME-6 in Budapest is inevitable. The paper will consist of three parts. In part 1, I shall try to clarify some basic concepts and remind the reader of a few application and modelling examples suitable for teaching. In part 2, I shall formulate some general aims for mathematics instruction and, on that basis, summarise the most important arguments for and against applications and modelling in mathematics teaching. Finally, in part 3, I shall discuss some relevant instructional aspects resulting from the considerations in part 2.

Teaching an Old Robot New Tricks: Learning Novel Tasks via Interaction with People and Things

As AI has begun to reach out beyond its symbolic, objectivist roots into the embodied, experientialist realm, many projects are exploring different aspects of creating machines which interact with and respond to the world as humans do. Techniques for visual processing, object recognition, emotional response, gesture production and recognition, etc., are necessary components of a complete humanoid robot. However, most projects invariably concentrate on developing a few of these individual components, neglecting the issue of how all of these pieces would eventually fit together. The focus of the work in this dissertation is on creating a framework into which such specific competencies can be embedded, in a way that they can interact with each other and build layers of new functionality. To be of any practical value, such a framework must satisfy the real-world constraints of functioning in real-time with noisy sensors and actuators. The humanoid robot Cog provides an unapologetically adequate platform from which to take on such a challenge. This work makes three contributions to embodied AI. First, it offers a general-purpose architecture for developing behavior-based systems distributed over networks of PC's. Second, it provides a motor-control system that simulates several biological features which impact the development of motor behavior. Third, it develops a framework for a system which enables a robot to learn new behaviors via interacting with itself and the outside world. A few basic functional modules are built into this framework, enough to demonstrate the robot learning some very simple behaviors taught by a human trainer. A primary motivation for this project is the notion that it is practically impossible to build an "intelligent" machine unless it is designed partly to build itself. This work is a proof-of-concept of such an approach to integrating multiple perceptual and motor systems into a complete learning agent.

An Application of Augmented Reality (AR) in the Teaching of an Arc Welding Robot

Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging technology that utilizes computer vision methods to overlay virtual objects onto the real world scene so as to make them appear to co-exist with the real objects. Its main objective is to enhance the user’s interaction with the real world by providing the right information needed to perform a certain task. Applications of this technology in manufacturing include maintenance, assembly and telerobotics. In this paper, we explore the potential of teaching a robot to perform an arc welding task in an AR environment. We present the motivation, features of a system using the popular ARToolkit package, and a discussion on the issues and implications of our research.

The Personal tutorial guidance sessions in the framework of the teaching-learning field of the Bologna process: University of Minho (first cycle) courses students’ perceptions

The Bologna Process defends the adoption of a higher education in teaching-learning methodologies that – in contraposition to the previous model based on the transmission of knowledge, which for being essentially theoretical, gives the student a passive role in the knowledge construction process – allows a (pro) active, autonomous and practical learning, where the student acquires and develops his competences. The personal tutorial guidance sessions are included in the teaching contact hours. This abstract presents a study about the University of Minho (first cycle) Courses Students’ perceptions of the personal tutorial guidance sessions’ relevance in the scope of the learning-teaching process, so as to confirm if the implementation/implantation of the commonly called tutorial (type) education, as an approach to an active, autonomous and practical learning, is sensed by the learners themselves

Research and teaching: a holy or an unholy alliance?

Much of the self-image of the Western university hangs on the idea that research and teaching are intimately connected. The central axiom here is that research and teaching are mutually supportive of each other. An institution lacking such a set of relationships between research and teaching falls short of what it means to be a university. This set of beliefs raises certain questions: Is it the case that the presence of such a mutually supportive set of relationships between research and teaching is a necessary condition of the fulfilment of the idea of the university? (A conceptual question). And is it true that, in practice today, such a mutually supportive set of relationships between research and teaching characterises universities? (An empirical question). In my talk, I want to explore these matters in a critical vein. I shall suggest that: a) In practice today, such a mutually supportive set of relationships between research and teaching is in jeopardy. Far from supporting each other, very often research and teaching contend against each other. Research and teaching are becoming two separate ideologies, with their own interest structures. b) Historically, the supposed tight link between research and teaching is both of recent origin and far from universally achieved in universities. Institutional separateness between research and teaching is and has been evident, both across institutions and even across departments in the same institution. c) Conceptually, research and teaching are different activities: each is complex and neither is reducible to the other. In theory, therefore, research and teaching may be said to constitute a holy alliance but in practice, we see more of an unholy alliance. If, then, in an ideal world, a positive relationship between research and teaching is still a worthwhile goal, how might it be construed and worked for? Seeing research and teaching as two discrete and unified sets of activity is now inadequate. Much better is a construal of research and teaching as themselves complexes, as intermingling pools of activity helping to form the liquid university that is emerging today. On this view, research and teaching are fluid spaces, ever on the move, taking up new shapes, and themselves dividing and reforming, as the university reworks its own destiny in modern society. On such a perspective, working out a productive relationship between research and teaching is a complex project. This is an alliance that is neither holy nor unholy. It is an uneasy alliance, with temporary accommodations and continuous new possibilities