La cooperación internacional para el desarrollo como herramienta de política exterior japonesa en África Subsahariana

El presente caso de estudio tiene como objetivo explicar el rol de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo en Tanzania, Mozambique, Nigeria para la consolidación del liderazgo político internacional de Japón. El interés de realizar esta investigación es la ampliación del conocimiento sobre el uso del poder blando, para alcanzar los objetivos de política exterior japonesa. Por eso, se llevara a cabo una revisión bibliográfica para el análisis de documentos oficiales y artículos académicos para la consolidación de información. A partir de ello, se pretende demostrar que la cooperación al desarrollo es una herramienta de política exterior japonesa para consolidarse como líder, en la medida en que el uso de herramientas propias de la cooperación y el presupuesto destinada a la ejecución de éstas tienen incidencia en los votos de estos Estados africanos para las iniciativas japonesas en las Naciones Unidas.

Desterrando minas

Desterrando minas es, a su vez, un documental de contexto y un documental de proceso. A partir de la inmersión en los mismos campamentos en los que viven los desminadores se cuenta la historia de Nariño como la vivieron sus pobladores, se muestra la manera en la que el miedo fue el principal configurador de las relaciones entre la comunidad y su territorio y cómo el desminado ha transformado ese miedo

Logística humanitaria en las agrocadenas en América Latina

Entre muchas de las preocupaciones en el ámbito internacional está la desnutrición y la desigualdad social, por eso, esta investigación propone la logística humanitaria como herramienta para hacer más eficientes las Agrocadenas de suministro llegando de esta forma a las poblaciones más vulnerables. Gracias a esto, nace este proyecto a nivel internacional Con alianzas de Universidades en Colombia y Argentina. Para esta investigación es necesario responder preguntas como: ¿Qué es la Logística humanitaria? ¿Cuál es el alcance de la logística humanitaria? ¿Qué es una Agrocadenas? ¿Cómo se pueden optimizar las Agrocadenas a partir de la logística humanitaria? ¿Qué impacto tendría en Latinoamérica la mejora en los procesos de las Agrocadenas? Por Ultimo es importante resaltar, que en este proyecto se hará la caracterización de las Agrocadenas de tres productos importantes para la economía de los países anteriormente mencionados: maíz, arroz y trigo; se visualizaran sus puntos fuertes y débiles y así, lograr tener un mejor enfoque en cuanto los puntos más importantes a optimizar en toda la cadena.

La contribución del PNUD y la OACNUDH en la formulación de una política pública integral de DD.HH. y DIH durante la primera administración de Juan Manuel Santos (2010-2014)

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la influencia de las agencias de Naciones Unidas, PNUD y OACNUDH, en la formulación de una política pública de DD.HH. y DIH en Colombia entre 2010 y 2014. Se argumenta que la cooperación internacional brindada por el PNUD y la OACNUDH, a través de su asesoría técnica, influyó determinantemente en el proceso de formulación de una política pública en materia de DD.HH y DIH durante el primer gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Lo anterior, permitió no solo un cambio en la forma de construir políticas públicas, sino en la manera en que se aborda la situación de DD.HH. en el país, teniendo en cuenta la coyuntura de las negociaciones de paz con las FARC.

Ajuda humanitària dels quàquers als infants de Catalunya durant la Guerra Civil

Durant la Guerra Civil, els quàquers es van plantejar ajuda calia detectar els punts de conflicte a Catalunya i cercar l'ajuda directa i alimentar els infants a través de les cantines per evitar desplaçaments que desarrelessin encara més els infants refugiats. Després van veure la necessitat de recolzar i organitzar colònies infantils al camp i a la muntanya per tal d'allunyar els infants dels focus insalubres i destruïts, estimular el seu estat de salut, millorar la seva educació i superar l'estat de desnutrició. Els testimonis en parlen agraïts. La xarxa que van establir els quàquers fou coherents, cohesionada i eficaç. També van coordinar algunes fonts d'ajuda humanitària de procedència estrangera a través d'una Comissió Internacional per tal d'unificar criteris de treball, aprofitar millor els recursos i canalitzar de manera òptima l'ajut econòmic i en espècies que arribava de diferents països. La seva ajuda fou excel·lent i van salvar moltes vides.

Patrocínios no Desporto Como Meio de Comunicação : caso Sporting Clube de Portugal

Este trabalho tem como objectivo perceber se o patrocínio começa cada vez mais a ser visto como um meio de comunicação viável para as empresas inseridas no mundo do desporto. Foi feita uma revisão de literatura em que abordaremos os tópicos de marketing, desporto em Portugal, marketing desportivo e patrocínio, e faremos a associação devida entre eles para que possamos perceber como estes temas se relacionam e quais os resultados finais. Iremos também abordar as visões sobre o patrocínio, tanto do patrocinado como do patrocinador, e quais os seus objectivos e diferenças, com um exemplo prático do Sporting Clube de Portugal e de três dos seus patrocinadores: Puma, Portugal Telecom e a Caixa Geral de Depósitos.

A universidade e o seu contributo para o desenvolvimento da União Europeia

O trabalho presente é uma investigação sobre a Universidade sua génese e diversidade, caminhada e desenvolvimento, prosperidade em crescimento, papel cultural e fonte de conhecimento seus momentos de glória, seu de impasse e de crise e tentativas para devolver a glória e prestigio de outrora. Nasceu na Europa Meridional com o título de “Studium Generale”. Não nasceu nem “ex abrupto” nem “ex nihilo”, a sua génese remonta às escolas religiosas dos conventos e catedrais onde se conservavam os documentos da cultura greco – latina que mais tarde imperará na Europa sob o antropocentrismo, em oposição ao Teocentrismo. O “Studium General” nasce sobre o patrocínio da Igreja que mantinha como disciplinas principais nestes centros a Teologia e Filosofia, cuja leccionação é circunscrita a poucas Escolas e professores escolhidos. Acorriam à Universidade alunos de todos os cantos da Europa, evidentemente com meios e frades alunos pobres e para os frades criaram-se colégios que os acolhiam e protegiam. A reunião de estudantes devido a disturbios gerou ambiente controverso e obrigou as autoridades governamentais a medidas quer de contenção quer de protecção a residentes e forasteiros. O estudante era um estrangeiro que se deslocava no espaço europeu consoante a fama dos professores. A língua latina foi o veiculo de ligação e comunicação. Pouco a pouco os estados foram-se dando conta do valor da universidade e dos seus ensinamentos e disputavam com a Igreja o seu patrocínio. A Universidade contribui para o desenvolvimento dos Estados a nível administrativo, do direito, da criação de leis dando aos Estados uma maior e melhor organização no seu desenvolvimento. As Universidades concediam graus académicos, sendo o maior o de doutor. Todos esperavam o apoio do saber académico e científico para vencer a luta pela existência. O sistema escolático criticado pelo humanismo deu origem a novos modelos de universidade que surgiram com a supervisão dos Estados. Os modelos a partir do século XIX, são: ingês, alemão, americano, francês e russo. A universidade passa a ser o lugar do ensino superior, com o repúdio ao tradicinal e a investigação passa a fazer parte do papel da universidade. Em Portugal criou-se estruturas de apoio à formação de professores especialmente o sector de ciência e educação. Tardiamente a União Europeia dá atenção à educação criando programas como o Sócrates cujas acções são Comenios, Erasmus, Grundvig, Língua e Minerva. A mobilidade estudantil torna-se realidade na Europa e a flexibilidade na educação. A função da universidade actual ocupa-se do sector industrial e pós industrial da sociedade de informação, economia e empresa. Universidade como serviço público e mercado. Foi pena que a União Europeia, não reconhecesse ao Homem a centralidade de que tem direito, e esquecesse que sem o homem não há desenvolvimento nem criatividade. Estruturou-se a economia e a política obliterou a educação, a cultura, a formação, isto é um castelo construído sobre areia. Relembrando Antero cabe dizer: “Abrem-se as portas de ouro com fragor Mas dentro encontro só cheiro de dor Silêncio e escuridão nada mais”. Hoje a nossa Universidade é um problema. O seu caminho terá de ser o da cultura e a da educação. Tem de ser vista como poder em época de crise e o permanente primeiro que o transitório. Donde a necessidade de uma gestão de qualidade e de uma educação permanente.

Evaluation of reanalysis rainfall estimates over Ethiopia

There is a pressing need for good rainfall data for the African continent both for humanitarian and climatological purposes. Given the sparseness of ground-based observations, one source of rainfall information is Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model outputs. The aim of this article is to investigate the quality of two NWP products using Ethiopia as a test case. The two products evaluated are the ERA-40 and NCEP reanalysis rainfall products. Spatial, seasonal and interannual variability of rainfall have been evaluated for Kiremt (JJAS) and Belg (FMAM) seasons at a spatial scale that reflects the local variability of the rainfall climate using a method which makes optimum use of sparse gauge validation data. We found that the spatial pattern of the rainfall climatology is captured well by both models especially for the main rainy season Kiremt. However, both models tend to overestimate the mean rainfall in the northwest, west and central regions but underestimate in the south and east. The overestimation is greater for NCEP in Belg season and greater for ERA-40 in Kiremt Season. ERA-40 captures the annual cycle over most of the country better than NCEP, but strongly exaggerates the Kiremt peak in the northwest and west. The overestimation in Kiremt appears to have been reduced since the assimilation of satellite data increased around 1990. For both models the interannual variability is less well captured than the spatial and seasonal variability. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society

The Kasparov-World Match

The Kasparov-World match was initiated by Microsoft with sponsorship from the bank First USA. The concept was that Garry Kasparov as White would play the rest of the world on the Web: one ply would be played per day and the World Team was to vote for its move. The Kasparov-World game was a success from many points of view. It certainly gave thousands the feeling of facing the world’s best player across the board and did much for the future of the game. Described by Kasparov as “phenomenal ... the most complex in chess history”, it is probably a worthy ‘Greatest Game’ candidate. Computer technology has given chess a new mode of play and taken it to new heights: the experiment deserves to be repeated. We look forward to another game and experience of this quality although it will be difficult to surpass the event we have just enjoyed. We salute and thank all those who contributed - sponsors, moderator, coaches, unofficial analysts, organisers, technologists, voters and our new friends.

A double-blind placebo-controlled study to establish the bifidogenic dose of inulin in healthy humans

Objective: To evaluate the bifidogenic efficacy of two inulin doses in healthy human adults. Design: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover human study. Setting: Food Microbial Sciences Unit, The University of Reading, Reading, UK. Subjects: Thirty healthy volunteers, 15 men, 15 women ( age range 19-35). Interventions: Subjects consumed a chocolate drink containing placebo ( maltodextrin, 8 g/day), 5 g/day inulin and 8 g/day inulin for a 2-week treatment period. Each treatment was followed by a 1-week washout at the end of which volunteers progressed to the next treatment. Faecal samples were obtained at the start of the study ( baseline) and at the end of each treatment and washout period. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to monitor populations of Bifidobacterium genus, Bacteroides - Prevotella, Lactobacillus - Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens - histolyticum subgroup. Results: Bifidobacterial levels increased significantly upon ingestion of both the low ( 9.78 +/- 0.29 log(10) cells/g faeces, P < 0.05) and the high inulin dose ( 9.79 +/- 0.38 log(10) cells/g faeces, P < 0.05) compared to placebo ( 9.64 +/- 0.23 log(10) cells/g faeces). Conclusions: Both inulin doses exhibited a bifidogenic effect but a higher volunteer percentage responded to the high dose. A dose response effect was not observed but the magnitude of increase in bifidobacteria levels depended on their initial numbers. The higher the initial concentrations the smaller was the increase upon ingestion of the active treatments. Sponsorship: Financial support for the completion of this project was provided by Sensus ( Roosendaal, The Netherlands).

Overview of the West African monsoon 2011

Although the 2011 West African monsoon (WAM) season was, overall, near normal, rainfall was patchy. The irregularity of the rainfall during the crucial July-August-September (JAS) season proved difficult to predict - highlighting the significant challenges we continue to face for this region. The vagaries of the rainfall in sub-Saharan Africa have profound and often dire effects on African society and economy. To reduce the vulnerability of African communities to variations in the strength of the WAM, the scientific community needs to improve the reliability of forecasts so as to enable forward planning, and national governments need to adopt coordinated policies in order to increase their capacity to cope with extended periods of water shortages due to drought. With the launch of the Africa Climate Exchange (Afclix), the UK and African climate communies are working with both the humanitarian sector and policy-makers to channel the latest climate science into policy. Such policies have the potential to build resilience and in-country capacity for climate compatible development in sub-Saharan Africa. The emphasis is on ‘feet on the (African) ground’ mechanisms of knowledge-sharing activities at the science-policy interface.

Atrocities in theory and practice: An introduction

Classical counterinsurgency theory – written before the 19th century – has generally strongly opposed atrocities, as have theoreticians writing on how to conduct insurgencies. For a variety of reasons – ranging from pragmatic to religious or humanitarian – theoreticians of both groups have particularly argued for the lenient treatment of civilians associated with the enemy camp, although there is a marked pattern of exceptions, for example, where heretics or populations of cities refusing to surrender to besieging armies are concerned. And yet atrocities – defined here as acts of violence against the unarmed (non-combatants, or wounded or imprisoned enemy soldiers), or needlessly painful and/or humiliating treatment of enemy combatants, beyond any action needed to incapacitate or disarm them – occur frequently in small wars. Examples abound where these exhortations have been ignored, both by forces engaged in an insurgency and by forces trying to put down a rebellion. Why have so many atrocities been committed in war if so many arguments have been put forward against them? This is the basic puzzle for which the individual contributions to this special issue are seeking to find tentative answers, drawing on case studies.

Do soldiers' lives matter? A view from proportionality

A military operation is about to take place during an ongoing international armed conflict; it can be carried out either by aerial attack, which is expected to cause the deaths of enemy civilians, or by using ground troops, which is expected to cause the deaths of fewer enemy civilians but is expected to result in more deaths of compatriot soldiers. Does the principle of proportionality in international humanitarian law impose a duty on an attacker to expose its soldiers to life-threatening risks in order to minimise or avert risks of incidental damage to enemy civilians? If such a duty exists, is it absolute or qualified? And if it is a qualified duty, what considerations may be taken into account in determining its character and scope? This article presents an analytic framework under the current international humanitarian law (IHL) legal structure, following a proportionality analysis. The proposed framework identifies five main positions for addressing the above queries. The five positions are arranged along two ‘axes’: a value ‘axis’, which identifies the value assigned to the lives of compatriot soldiers in relation to lives of enemy civilians; and a justification ‘axis’, which outlines the justificatory bases for assigning certain values to lives of compatriot soldiers and enemy civilians: intrinsic, instrumental or a combination thereof. The article critically assesses these positions, and favours a position which attributes a value to compatriot soldiers’ lives, premised on a justificatory basis which marries intrinsic considerations with circumscribed instrumental considerations, avoiding the indeterminacy and normative questionability entailed by more expansive instrumental considerations.

The responsibility to record civilian casualties

The responsibility to record civilian casualties in both armed conflict and civil disturbances must be an integral element of the responsibility to protect, particularly in the application of the just cause principles. The first part of this article examines the threshold issue of the possibility of large-scale civilian casualties which triggers the international community’s responsibility to react. The reports recommending the responsibility to protect emphasise the need to establish the actuality or risk of ‘large scale’ loss of life which is not possible in the current context without a civilian casualty recording structure. The second part of the article outlines the international legal obligation to record civilian casualties based on international humanitarian law and international human rights law. Thirdly, the responsibility to protect and the legal obligation to record casualties are brought together within the framework of Ban Ki-moon’s reports on implementation of the Responsibility to Protect. The fourth and final part of the article reviews the situations in Sri Lanka and Syria. Both states represent egregious examples of governments hiding the existence of casualties, resulting in paralysis within the international community. These situations establish, beyond doubt, that the national obligation to record civilian casualties must be part and parcel of the responsibility to protect.