Printing colour hard proofs using EFI Colorproof XF v. 3.1 and Photoshop CS3, and production substrates.

EFI Colorproof XF was found to be more convenient from a user’s aspect, and had features which are covered in the ISO 12647-7 standard (e.g. the ability to simulate screening and print margin information), which Photoshop CS3 lacked. None of the proofing systems distinguished itself in a clear way from the other; sometimes, on certain substrates, Photoshop CS3 produced most accurate colours, sometimes EFI Colorproof XF did. Further investigations need to be carried out to tell more exactly which system produce most accurate colours. Only 6 out of 34 simulation-combinations had colours within the tolerances in the standard. The result also shows that the production substrates should not be used as proofing substrates. Instead the proofing papers especially made for ink jet should be used to obtain more colour-accurate prints.

Stranger in a Strange Land: The struggle for cultural and personal identity in Haruki Murakami's Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World

In order to explicate Murakami's version of the official culture, I have analyzed the novel with the works of several different theorists. Primarily, I drew my own understanding of the official culture from Raymond Williams's examination of culture in Marxism and Literature. His terminology became helpful in writing about the operation of the System and the Town, though it did not define that operation precisely. Williams's work also introduced me to the theory behind the official culture's manipulation and exclusion of historical aspects in order to create their "official" version of history, from which the official culture draws its identity. For further analysis of the treatment of history, I turned to Friedrich Nietzsche's On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life. Though it examines the official culture's manipulation of history in a much more in-depth manner, it seems to have influenced Murakami's treatment of individual memories and cultural histories. For instance, the herd ofunicoms in the End of the World resembles Nietzsche's description of the ''unhistorical herd," or has the potential to resemble it. With these theories I was able to access the mechanisms of cultural control that Murakami depicts in the form of the System and the Town, and from there I was able to develop a model for how the narrator struggles to subvert that control. Both sides of that struggle are depicted and re-imagined many times throughout Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World.

A Hard Rain's AGonna Fall

The June issue of the Chronicle of Higher Education showcased as its cover story the blaring headlines, “Should the Internet Be Scrapped?” Did this surprise anyone? If it did, you must not have been paying attention. Over the last decade, the Internet, the Web—yes, yes, I know the terms are technically not synonymous but have become so in usage—has become increasingly useless as a scholarly tool. The CHE story discussed the obvious problems: spam, viruses, unreliable connections, not to mention unreliable information, disinformation and even misinformation.

Descentralização, construção de restrições orçamentárias "hard" e a evolução do tamanho dos governos estaduais no Brasil

O objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar a importância das instituições orçamentárias quando se estuda o efeito da descentralização sobre o tamanho dos governos subnacionais. No caso do Brasil, observamos que as mudanças institucionais iniciaram-se com a descentralização, oriunda de alterações determinadas pela Nova Constituição Federal de 1988, e que por sua vez possibilitou um conjunto de mudanças que determinou como resultado final a alteração do tamanho dos governos estaduais ao longo do tempo. Embora essas fossem promovidas pelo governo federal, a grande maioria delas aconteceu no sentido de tornar a restrição orçamentária dos governos estaduais mais hard, ou seja, os governos subnacionais teriam cada vez menos canais para ampliar seu endividamento, e com esse limitado, eles teriam que se adequar a uma realidade orçamentária mais rígida, em que as despesas teriam que seguir o comportamento das receitas; se essas crescessem, as despesas poderiam crescer, mas se houvesse uma diminuição, as despesas teriam que ser adequadas a esse novo montante de recurso. Das quatro mudanças nas instituições orçamentárias encontradas na literatura, três delas se mostraram importantes empiricamente na determinação do tamanho dos governos subnacionais: A Nova Constituição implantada em 1988, a mudança na forma de fazer orçamento (Efeito-Bacha) e a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal. Os resultados demonstraram que a primeira seguiu na direção de aumentar o tamanho dos governos subnacionais através do aumento de recursos transferidos via Fundo de Participação dos Estados; a segunda provocou uma diminuição no tamanho por impor uma nova realidade orçamentária, em que os governos deveriam trabalhar com o orçamento em termos reais de acordo com o que fosse determinado 6 em termos nominais; com relação à Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal que apresentou um comportamento no sentido de aumentar o tamanho dos governos, há a questão da falta de observações em número suficiente para que seu resultado seja robusto, contudo já se percebe o sentido da influência que essa mudança teve. No caso da Renegociação das dívidas ocorrida entre os governos estaduais e a União, seu resultado mostrou-se mais como um choque negativo, do que como uma alteração que provocasse uma mudança de nível no tamanho dos governos. Trabalhamos com vinte e seis estados e um Distrito Federal entre os anos de 1986 e 2003 usando o modelo de Least Squares Dummy Variable (LSDV).

Should voters be afraid of hard budget constraint legislation? fiscal responsibility law in brazilian municipalities

This manuscript demonstrates that voters have nothing to be afraid of when new hard budget constraint legislation is implemented. Our claim is that this kind of legislation reduces the asymmetry of information between voters and incumbents over the budget and, as a consequence, the latter have incentives to increase the supply of public goods. As a nationwide institutional innovation, the Fiscal Responsibility Law (FRL) is exogenous to all municipalities; therefore, there is no self-selection bias in its implementation. We show that public goods expenditure increases after the FRL. Second, this increase occurs in municipalities located in the country’s poorest region. Third, our findings can be extended to the supply of public goods because the higher the expenditure with health and education, the greater the probability of incumbents being re-elected. Finally, there exists a “de facto” higher supply of public goods in education (number of per capita classrooms) after the FRL.

Taxing hard-to-tax markets

Tax enforcement costs constrain the government s ability to observe economic transactions, giving rise to hard-to-tax (HTT) markets. In these markets transactions are untaxed and consumers are better o¤ than in taxed markets. This paper studies a novel approach to combat evasion in HTT markets: consumer auditing, which rewards consumers for re- questing transaction receipts. We develop a Hotelling-type spatial model of sales taxation to analyze the welfare and distributional e¤ects of the implementation of this policy. We and that consumer auditing allows for a lower tax rate and greater provision of the public good in the economy. We show that this policy not only can enhance welfare, but also equalize utilities of consumers across markets

Efeitos da hard accountability na gestão das escolas públicas estaduais brasileiras

Este estudo avalia os impactos das políticas de hard accountability sobre a gestão das escolas estaduais das redes públicas brasileiras. Para isto, foi elaborado um indicador de gestão com base nas informações da Prova Brasil dos anos de 2007 e 2013. Posteriormente, através da metodologia diferenças-em-diferenças, foi estimada a relação entre os programas de incentivo via bonificação e a gestão, isolando-se os efeitos distintos entre escolas por meio de variáveis de controles desenhadas para captar o ambiente escolar. Os resultados sugerem que a hard accountability é estatisticamente significativa sobre a gestão das escolas e seu efeito é negativo. Resultados nessa linha também foram encontrados ao segmentar estas escolas de acordo com a experiência dos diretores e nível de proficiência. Adicionalmente, os impactos da hard accountability e gestão foram estudados tendo a proficiência como variável dependente. A hard accountability apresentou efeito positivo sobre a proficiência do 9º ano em Matemática. O indicador de gestão, por sua vez, mostrou relação positiva com as notas médias de todas as séries e disciplinas avaliadas.

A sustainable alternative for cooling the machining processes using a refrigerant fluid in recirculation inside the toolholder

This article presents a cooling system for cutting tool in turning based in a toolholder with cooling fluid flowing inside its body being that this fluid must necessarily be able to phase change due to heat generated from machining processes. In this way, the fluid evaporates just under the cutting tool allowing a heat transfer more efficient than if were used a fluid without phase change once the latent heat of evaporation is beneficial for removal heat. Following, the cooling fluid evaporated passes through a condenser located out of the toolholder where it is condensated and returns to the toolholder again and a new cycle is started. In this study, the R-123, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) fluid, was selected for the turning of a Cr-Ni-Nb-Mn-N austenitic steel of hard machinability. The machining tests were carried out under three different machining conditions: dry machining, external cutting fluid (conventional method), and with the toolholder proposed. As result, the developed system allows a surface roughness up to 10% better than dry machining and a tool life close to the conventional method, but 32% superior to dry machining; moreover, there are environmental and economics advantages once the cooling fluid is maintained in a loop circuit.

Influence of shot peening and hard chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy

Chromium electrodeposition is a technique for the production of functional coatings on engineering components. These coatings are extensively micro-cracked and present high level of hardness, resistance to corrosion and wear and low coefficient of friction. In this paper the shot peening influence on the fatigue strength of aluminum 7050-T7451 alloy chromium electroplated, was investigated.The shot peening process was carried out to create residual stresses using ceramic and glass shots. A hard chromium electroplated coating of 100 mu m thickness was performed on the base material and the shot peened base material surfaces. S-N curves were obtained in axial and bending fatigue tests and compared with the 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy. In order to study the influence of residual stresses on fatigue life, the behavior of compressive residual stress field was measured by an X-ray tensometry.An increase in the axial fatigue strength of 25% and 50% of ceramic and glass shots, respectively, was observed. The lower performance in fatigue life for ceramic-shot peening may be attributed to higher surface damage, as a consequence of the overpeening intensity performed. However, in bending fatigue the behavior was practically equivalent for both processes. Fracture surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy was used to observe crack origin sites from shot peened and chromium electroplated samples. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of WC-17Co thermal spray coating by HVOF and hard chromium electroplating on the fatigue life and abrasive wear resistance of AISI 4340 high strength steel

One of the most interesting alternatives for replacement of hard chrome plating is tungsten carbide thermal spray coating applied by the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process which presents a safer, cleaner and less expensive alternative to chromium plating. The objective of this research is to compare the influence of the tungsten carbide-17cobalt (WC- 17Co) coating applied by high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process with that of hard-chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength and abrasive wear of AISI 4340 steel.