Cathepsin D protects colorectal cancer cells from acetate-induced apoptosis through autophagy-independent degradation of damaged mitochondria

Acetate is a short-chain fatty acid secreted by Propionibacteria from the human intestine, known to induce mitochondrial apoptotic death in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We previously established that acetate also induces lysosome membrane permeabilization in CRC cells, associated with release of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CatD), which has a well-established role in the mitochondrial apoptotic cascade. Unexpectedly, we showed that CatD has an antiapoptotic role in this process, as pepstatin A (a CatD inhibitor) increased acetate-induced apoptosis. These results mimicked our previous data in the yeast system showing that acetic acid activates a mitochondria-dependent apoptosis process associated with vacuolar membrane permeabilization and release of the vacuolar protease Pep4p, ortholog of mammalian CatD. Indeed, this protease was required for cell survival in a manner dependent on its catalytic activity and for efficient mitochondrial degradation independently of autophagy. In this study, we therefore assessed the role of CatD in acetate-induced mitochondrial alterations. We found that, similar to acetic acid in yeast, acetate-induced apoptosis is not associated with autophagy induction in CRC cells. Moreover, inhibition of CatD with small interfering RNA or pepstatin A enhanced apoptosis associated with higher mitochondrial dysfunction and increased mitochondrial mass. This effect seems to be specific, as inhibition of CatB and CatL with E-64d had no effect, nor were these proteases significantly released to the cytosol during acetate-induced apoptosis. Using yeast cells, we further show that the role of Pep4p in mitochondrial degradation depends on its protease activity and is complemented by CatD, indicating that this mechanism is conserved. In summary, the clues provided by the yeast model unveiled a novel CatD function in the degradation of damaged mitochondria when autophagy is impaired, which protects CRC cells from acetate-induced apoptosis. CatD inhibitors could therefore enhance acetate-mediated cancer cell death, presenting a novel strategy for prevention or therapy of CRC.

Protein-based nanodevices for therapeutic applications

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (área de especialização em Biologia Celular e Saúde).

Development of polymeric nanoparticles containing neuroprotective compounds of Hypericum perforatum

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia das Plantas - MAP BIOPLANT

Encapsulation and controlled release of bioactive compounds in lactoferrin-glycomacropeptide nanohydrogels : curcumin and caffeine as model compounds

Curcumin and caffeine (used as lipophilic and hydrophilic model compounds, respectively) were successfully encapsulated in lactoferrin-glycomacropeptide (Lf-GMP) nanohydrogels by thermal gelation showing high encapsulation efficiencies (>90 %). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the encapsulation of bioactive compounds in Lf-GMP nanohydrogels and revealed that according to the encapsulated compound different interactions occur with the nanohydrogel matrix. The successful encapsulation of bioactive compounds in Lf-GMP nanohydrogels was also confirmed by fluorescence measurements and confocal laser scanning microscopy. TEM images showed that loaded nanohydrogels maintain their spherical shape with sizes of 112 and 126 nm for curcumin and caffeine encapsulated in Lf-GMP nanohydrogels, respectively; in both cases a polydispersity of 0.2 was obtained. The release mechanisms of bioactive compounds through Lf-GMP nanohydrogels were evaluated at pH 2 and pH 7, by fitting the Linear Superimposition Model to the experimental data. The bioactive compounds release was found to be pH-dependent: at pH 2, relaxation is the governing phenomenon for curcumin and caffeine compounds and at pH 7 Ficks diffusion is the main mechanism of caffeine release while curcumin was not released through Lf-GMP nanohydrogels.

New approach on the bioconversion of vineyard pruning waste into surface-active compounds by Lactobacillus paracasei

Strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and project ref RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (project number FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) and Xanel Vecino post-doctoral grant (ref SFRH/BPD/101476/2014) funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal

An efficient Azorean thermophilic consortium for lignocellulosic biomass degradation

[Excerpt] Lignocellulosic plant biomass is being envisioned by biorefinery industry as an alternative to current petroleum platform because of the large scale availability, low cost and environmentally benign production. The industrial bioprocessing designed to transform lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels are harsh and the enzymatic reactions may be severely compromised reducing the production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. Thermophilic bacteria consortium are a potential source of cellulases and hemicellulases adapted to extreme environmental conditions, which can be exploited as a new source for the development of more robust enzymatic cocktails. (...)

Effect of sulfate and iron (III) on LCFA degradation by a methanogenic community

[Excerpt] Under anaerobic conditions long chain fatty acids (LCFA) can be converted to methane by syntrophic bacteria and methanogenic archaea. LCFA degradation was also reported in the presence of alternative hydrogenotrophic partners, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron-reducing bacteria (IRB), which generally show higher affinity for H2 than methanogens and are more resistant to LCFA [1,2,3]. Their presence in a microbial culture degrading LCFA can be advantageous to reduce LCFA toxicity towards methanogens, although high concentrations of external electron acceptor (EEA) can lead to outcompetition of methanogens and cease methane production. In this work, we tested the effect of adding sub-stoichiometric concentrations of sulfate and iron(III) to methanogenic communities degrading LCFA. (...)

Interrelationship between partition behavior of organic compounds and proteins in aqueous dextran-Polyethylene glycol and Polyethylene glycol-sodium sulfate two-phase systems

Partition behavior of adenosine and guanine mononucleotides was examined in aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol (PEG) and PEG-sodium sulfate two-phase systems. The partition coefficients for each series of mononucleotides were analyzed as a functions of the number of phosphate groups and found to be dependent on the nature of nucleic base and on the type of \ATPS\ utilized. It was concluded that an average contribution of a phosphate group into logarithm of partition coefficient of a mononucleotide cannot be used to estimate the difference between the electrostatic properties of the coexisting phases of ATPS. The data obtained in this study were considered together with those for other organic compounds and proteins reported previously, and the linear interrelationship between logarithms of partition coefficients in dextran-PEG, PEG-Na2SO4 and PEG-Na2SO4-0.215 M NaCl (all in 0.01 M Na- or K/Na-phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 or 6.8) was established. Similar relationship was found for the previously reported data for proteins in Dex-PEG, PEG-600-Na2SO4, and PEG-8000-Na2SO4 ATPS. It is suggested that the linear relationships of the kind established in \ATPS\ may be observed for biological properties of compounds as well.

Conversion of Cn-unsaturated into Cn-2-saturated LCFA can occur uncoupled from methanogenesis in anaerobic bioreactors

Fat, oils, and grease present in complex wastewater can be readily converted to methane, but the energy potential of these compounds is not always recyclable, due to incomplete degradation of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) released during lipids hydrolysis. Oleate (C18:1) is generally the dominant LCFA in lipid-containing wastewater, and its conversion in anaerobic bioreactors results in palmitate (C16:0) accumulation. The reason why oleate is continuously converted to palmitate without further degradation via β-oxidation is still unknown. In this work, the influence of methanogenic activity in the initial conversion steps of unsaturated LCFA was studied in 10 bioreactors continuously operated with saturated or unsaturated C16- and C18-LCFA, in the presence or absence of the methanogenic inhibitor bromoethanesulfonate (BrES). Saturated Cn-2-LCFA accumulated both in the presence and absence of BrES during the degradation of unsaturated Cn-LCFA, and represented more than 50\% of total LCFA. In the presence of BrES further conversion of saturated intermediates did not proceed, not even when prolonged batch incubation was applied. As the initial steps of unsaturated LCFA degradation proceed uncoupled from methanogenesis, accumulation of saturated LCFA can be expected. Analysis of the active microbial communities suggests a role for facultative anaerobic bacteria in the initial steps of unsaturated LCFA biodegradation. Understanding this role is now imperative to optimize methane production from LCFA.

Aromatic amines sources, environmental impact and remediation

Aromatic amines are widely used industrial chemicals as their major sources in the environment include several chemical industry sectors such as oil refining, synthetic polymers, dyes, adhesives, rubbers, perfume, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and explosives. They result also from diesel exhaust, combustion of wood chips and rubber and tobacco smoke. Some types of aromatic amines are generated during cooking, special grilled meat and fish, as well. The intensive use and production of these compounds explains its occurrence in the environment such as in air, water and soil, thereby creating a potential for human exposure. Since aromatic amines are potential carcinogenic and toxic agents, they constitute an important class of environmental pollutants of enormous concern, which efficient removal is a crucial task for researchers, so several methods have been investigated and applied. In this chapter the types and general properties of aromatic amine compounds are reviewed. As aromatic amines are continuously entering the environment from various sources and have been designated as high priority pollutants, their presence in the environment must be monitored at concentration levels lower than 30 mg L1, compatible with the limits allowed by the regulations. Consequently, most relevant analytical methods to detect the aromatic amines composition in environmental matrices, and for monitoring their degradation, are essential and will be presented. Those include Spectroscopy, namely UV/visible and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR); Chromatography, in particular Thin Layer (TLC), High Performance Liquid (HPLC) and Gas chromatography (GC); Capillary electrophoresis (CE); Mass spectrometry (MS) and combination of different methods including GC-MS, HPLC-MS and CE-MS. Choosing the best methods depend on their availability, costs, detection limit and sample concentration, which sometimes need to be concentrate or pretreated. However, combined methods may give more complete results based on the complementary information. The environmental impact, toxicity and carcinogenicity of many aromatic amines have been reported and are emphasized in this chapter too. Lately, the conventional aromatic amines degradation and the alternative biodegradation processes are highlighted. Parameters affecting biodegradation, role of different electron acceptors in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation and kinetics are discussed. Conventional processes including extraction, adsorption onto activated carbon, chemical oxidation, advanced oxidation, electrochemical techniques and irradiation suffer from drawbacks including high costs, formation of hazardous by-products and low efficiency. Biological processes, taking advantage of the naturally processes occurring in environment, have been developed and tested, proved as an economic, energy efficient and environmentally feasible alternative. Aerobic biodegradation is one of the most promising techniques for aromatic amines remediation, but has the drawback of aromatic amines autooxidation once they are exposed to oxygen, instead of their degradation. Higher costs, especially due to power consumption for aeration, can also limit its application. Anaerobic degradation technology is the novel path for treatment of a wide variety of aromatic amines, including industrial wastewater, and will be discussed. However, some are difficult to degrade under anaerobic conditions and, thus, other electron acceptors such as nitrate, iron, sulphate, manganese and carbonate have, alternatively, been tested.

Persistent organic chemicals of emerging environmental concern

The use of chemicals and chemical derivatives in agriculture and industry has contributed to their accumulation and persistence in the environment. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are among the environmental pollutants of most concern since, when improperly handled and disposed, they can persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and may create serious public health and environmental problems. Development of an effective degradation process has become an area of intense research. The physical/chemical methods employed, such as volatilization, evaporation, photooxidation, adsorption, or hydrolysis, are not always effective, are very expensive, and, sometimes, lead to generation/disposal of other contaminants. Biodegradation is one of the major mechanisms by which organic contaminants are transformed, immobilized, or mineralized in the environment. A clear understanding of the major processes that affect the interactions between organic contaminants, microorganisms, and environmental matrix is, thus, important for determining persistence of the compounds, for predicting in situ transformation rates, and for developing site remediation. Information on their risks and impact and occurrence in the different environmental matrices is also important, in order to attenuate their impact and apply the appropriate remediation process. This chapter provides information on the fate of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their impact, bioavailability, and biodegradation. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014.

Effects of fermentation residues on the melt processability and thermomechanical degradation of PHBV produced from cheese whey using mixed microbial cultures

"Available online 28 March 2016"

Proteomic analysis of nitrate-dependent acetone degradation by Alicycliphilus denitrificans strain BC

Alicycliphilus denitrificans strain BC grows anaerobically on acetone with nitrate as electron acceptor. Comparative proteomics of cultures of A. denitrificans strain BC grown on either acetone or acetate with nitrate was performed to study the enzymes involved in the acetone degradation pathway. In the proposed acetone degradation pathway, an acetone carboxylase converts acetone to acetoacetate, an AMP-dependent synthetase/ligase converts acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA, and an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase cleaves acetoacetyl-CoA to two acetyl-CoA. We also found a putative aldehyde dehydrogenase associated with acetone degradation. This enzyme functioned as a -hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase catalyzing the conversion of surplus acetoacetate to -hydroxybutyrate that may be converted to the energy and carbon storage compound, poly--hydroxybutyrate. Accordingly, we confirmed the formation of poly-?-hydroxybutyrate in acetone-grown cells of strain BC. Our findings provide insight in nitrate-dependent acetone degradation that is activated by carboxylation of acetone. This will aid studies of similar pathways found in other microorganisms degrading acetone with nitrate or sulfate as electron acceptor.

Búsqueda de potenciales agentes antivirales a partir de plantas nativas argentinas. Search for potential antiviral compounds from native argentinians plants.

A pesar de de la gran oferta de fármacos, existen aún patologías que no cuentan con un tratamiento farmacológico efectivo o que su terapéutica provoca efectos indeseables. Según la OMS, la mayoría de las enfermedades nuevas, son patologías emergentes y re-emergentes causadas por virus. Además, existen enfermedades virales endémicas que siguen afectando a nuestro país, como el virus Junín (VJ) y el virus Encefalitis San Luis (ESL). Los problemas que plantean las infecciones virales endemo-epidémicas emergentes y re-emergentes con la aparición de brotes de enfermedades sistémicas y/o neurológicas de diferente magnitud, forman parte de nuestra realidad cotidiana y constituyen una constante amenaza, no sólo para nuestro país sino para el resto del mundo. Para la mayoría de estas enfermedades regionales, no existe un tratamiento adecuado, ya que las actuales drogas sintéticas antivirales muchas veces no resultan exitosas y hasta algunos virus se vuelven resistentes a las mismas. Por lo que se hace necesaria la búsqueda de nuevos agentes terapéuticos.La OMS promueve fuertemente la investigación de plantas nativas, utilizadas en la medicina folclórica, para la obtención de nuevos agentes medicinales. Asimismo, existen estudios etnobotánicos que demuestran que varias plantas de nuestro país, pueden ser seleccionadas de acuerdo a su uso en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de distintas infecciones virales. Otra fuente de estudio son las especies reconocidas como tóxicas, ya que contienen sustancias activas que pueden constituirse en posibles agentes terapéuticos, dado que está ampliamente demostrado que regulando la dosis, un principio activo (PA) puede producir un efecto tóxico o beneficioso.Por lo que se plantea como hipótesis que las plantas nativas tóxicas y las utilizadas en la medicina tradicional del centro-norte de Argentina poseen compuestos con potencial efecto antiviral.Este proyecto constituye un trabajo interdisciplinario que tiene como objeto de estudio la evaluación química de diferentes especies autóctonas con el fin de obtener compuestos naturales con potencial actividad antiviral.Los objetivos específicos son: a) Evaluar la actividad citotóxica, virucida y antiviral in vitro de diferentes extractos de plantas autóctonas.b) Aislar, purificar e identificar los metabolitos secundarios mayoritarios de los extractos activos.c) Estudiar la citotoxicidad y actividad virucida y antiviral in vitro de los compuestos purificados químicamente.d) Establecer sus posibles mecanismos de acción.El estudio abarca especies vegetales que habitan la región centro y norte del país. Y se han elegido distintos modelos virales (ADN y ARN), que están asociados a infecciones emergentes, re-emergentes y endémicas que afectan a nuestro país. Los extractos que resulten activos frente a algunos de los virus ensayados, serán seleccionados para el aislamiento, purificación e identificación de sus PA. Para ello se recurrirá a técnicas cromatográficas, aplicando para su identificación técnicas analíticas espectroscópicas (UV-V, IR, EIMS, RMN-1H y 13C). La actividad virucida y antiviral "in vitro" de los compuestos puros se evaluará mediante el ensayo de reducción de placas y mediante el método de captación rojo neutro (RN) y la prueba de reducción del MTT. Para ello, se ensayarán los compuestos a las concentraciones no citotóxicas, determinadas sobre células Vero, mediante la evaluación de la viabilidad celular. Se realizarán transformaciones químicas a los fines de mejorar la actividad biológica en relación a la citotoxicidad exhibida, realizando estudios de estructura - actividad. Se espera obtener compuestos de origen natural con actividad antiviral y con baja o nula toxicidad, estableciendo sus posibles mecanismos de acción. De manera de plantear soluciones terapéuticas y/o preventivas a los problemas derivados de las infecciones virales emergentes, re-emergentes y endémicas que afectan a países en desarrollo.

Producción de compuestos antimicrobianos por Pseudomonas nativas de la region de Córdoba. Production of antimicrobial compounds by native Pseudomonas from region of Cordoba.

La agricultura moderna se basa en el empleo de fertilizantes y pesticidas químicos para aumentar la productividad y para el control de enfermedades de los cultivos; sin embargo, existe una tendencia a disminuir su uso en la agricultura debido a los efectos negativos sobre la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Una estrategia alternativa al uso de agroquímicos es el empleo de microorganismos capaces de promover el crecimiento vegetal y/o actuar como agentes de biocontrol. A la hora de formular un inoculante se debe tener en cuenta que la cepa sea competitiva. A pesar de que se conoce poco sobre el rol de las bacteriocinas en el medio ambiente; se ha observado que bacterias productoras de bacteriocinas son más competitivas. Además estos metabolitos pueden ser utilizados también para el control biológico de bacterias patógenas. En el laboratorio se cuenta con cepas de Pseudomonas aislados de la rizósfera de cereales de la provincia de Córdoba. Pseudomonas sp. SF4c (cepa nativa de trigo), secreta una bacteriocina de alto peso molecular, aun no caracterizada. HIPOTESIS: El empleo de formulaciones en base a cepas nativas competitivas, altamente eficientes para la promoción del crecimiento vegetal y el control biológico permitirá disminuir el uso de agroquímicos incrementando la producción y/o calidad de los cultivos. Objetivos específicos: 1. Evaluar la capacidad de Pseudomonas nativas de inhibir el crecimiento de hongos fitopatógeno. 2. Analizar la producción de bacteriocinas en Pseudomonas spp. 3. Purificar parcialmente la bacteriocina secretada por Pseudomonas sp. SF4c. Para llevar a cabo este proyecto, - Se probará la capacidad de Pseudomonas de inhibir el crecimiento de hongos fitopatógenos en medio agar dextrosa papa. En las cepas biocontroladoras, se buscarán los genes implicados en la síntesis de metabolitos secundarios, mediante PCR usando primer específicos. - Se analizará la producción de bacteriocinas en Pseudomonas nativas. En las cepas bacteriocinogénicas se realizarán estudios adicionales para conocer la estabilidad de estos compuestos (sensibilidad a enzimas proteolíticas, calor, UV). -Se purificará la bacteriocina secretada por Pseudomonas sp. SF4C, mediante cromatografía de exclusión molecular, las fracciones recogidas serán analizados en geles de poliacrilamida. La identificación de la proteína será realizada por espectrometría de masa MALDI-TOF. Se espera encontrar dentro de la colección, cepas capaces de controlar el desarrollo de hongos fitopatógenos, dilucidar los mecanismos mediante el cual ejerce su efecto de biocontrol y avanzar en el conocimiento de nuevas bacteriocinas. A nivel industrial, existe en el futuro la posibilidad de que estas bacterias puedan ser utilizadas en la formulación de inoculantes para ser usados en la fertilización de cultivos de cereales que son de gran importancia económica para la región, y/o como agentes de control biológico.