Study on the layer structure of W/C multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering using x-ray reflectivity

A study on the layer structure of W/C multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering is reported. In the study, soft x-ray resonant reflectivity and hard x-ray grazing incidence reflectivity of the W/C multilayers were measured. The imperfections at the interface such as interdiffusion and formation of compounds were dealt with by two methods. On analyzing the experimental results, we found that the incorporation of an interlayer was a more suitable method than the traditional statistical method to describe the layer structure of a W/C system we fabricated. The optical constants of each layer at a wavelength of 4.48 nm were also obtained from the analysis. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Portable canvas tanks for culture of hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus x Clarias macrocephalus) by small-scale farmers in Malaysia

This paper describes the trials made with a simple portable canvas-tarpaulin tank system developed at the University Sains Malaysia for culture of hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus x Clarias macrocephalus) by Malaysia small scale farmers.

Análise multielementar em folhas de Nerium oleander L. usando fluorescência de raios X por dispersão em energia

Desde o início do século XX, a poluição do ar nos grandes centros piorou em consequência processo de industrialização e urbanização, juntamente com o rápido crescimento populacional e do transporte motorizado. Algumas espécies de plantas absorvem os poluentes atmosféricos pelas suas folhas e então, fixa-os em sua matriz, tornando-se assim um biomonitor de poluição nessa área. Assim, a análise foliar dessas espécies de vegetal pode ser usado como monitoramento ambiental. Uma das plantas que tem a habilidade de reter certos elementos químicos do ambiente e pode ser usada como biomonitor é a Nerium oleander L.. Neste estudo utilizou-se folhas de Nerium oleander L. para avaliar os níveis de poluição ambiental em uma sub-região da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro através da Fluorescência de Raios X (EDXRF). O sistema de EDXRF foi desenvolvido no próprio laboratório e consiste de um sistema portátil de XRF formado por um mini tubo raio X de baixa potência (anodo de Ag e operação em 20 kV/50 μA) e um detector de SiPIN. As amostras de Nerium oleander L. foram coletadas de plantas adultas. As amostras foram coletadas durante as quatros estações do ano (verão, outono, inverno e primavera). Todas as folhas foram coletadas a uma distância superior de 1,5 m em relação ao solo. As amostras foram acondicionadas em sacos plásticos e depois da chegada ao laboratório foram colocados sob refrigeração a 5 C. No laboratório, as amostras foram limpas com um pincel com cerdas macias para retirar a poeira. Depois disso, as amostras foram colocadas na estufa a 60 C por 48 h. Em seguida, as amostras foram pulverizadas (44 μm). Depois desse processo, alíquotas de 500 mg de massa foram prensadas a uma pressão de 2.32×108 por cerca de 15 minutos, afim de se obter pastilhas finas com diâmetro de 2,54 cm e densidade superficial de 100 mg/cm2. Foi possível detectar a concentração de 13 elementos: S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Ba e Pb. A partir da concentração de cada elemento foram obtidos os mapas de distribuição elementar da área de estudo para cada estação. A análise da correlação de Pearson mostrou que existe uma correlação significativa entre os elementos Fe, Zn, Ba e Pb, entre os elementos Ca e Sr e entre os elementos Cl, K, Rb. A análise do PCA (Análise por Componentes Principais) mostrou que existem dois fatores principais da emissão de poluição ambiental: emissão por ressuspensão do solo (Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Rb e Sr) e emissões veiculares e industriais (Fe, Zn, Ba e Pb). O estudo da poluição ambiental através da técnica de EDXRF utilizando folhas de Nerium oleander L. como biomonitor se mostrou uma técnica de baixo custo e eficiência substancial na determinação da concentração elementar dos poluentes atmosféricos.

Difração de raios X por policristais: uma ferramenta para caracterização e determinação estrutural do protótipo a fármaco LASSBio-1755

Novos protótipos de fármacos estão constantemente a ser sintetizados e muitas estruturas cristalinas de outros ainda são desconhecidas. Tão importante quanto o planejamento e síntese de novos fármacos é a sua caracterização estrutural, uma vez que a sua estrutura (conformação) pode estar diretamente relacionada com a ação terapêutica. O uso da difração de raios X tem sido muito importante na determinação estrutural dos novos compostos sintetizados. Neste trabalho foi feita a determinação da estrutura de LASSBio-1755 com os dados de difração de raios X por policristais. Este composto foi sintetizado no Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. O composto LASSBio-1755 pertence a uma nova série de compostos cicloalquil-N-acilidrazônicos planejados para o desenvolvimento de protótipos com atividades antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatórios. Este composto cristalizou-se num sistema triclínico com grupo espacial (P ), com parâmetros de cela unitária a = 4,86647(9) Å, b = 9,3108(2) Å, c = 11,3402(2) Å, α = 106,649(1), β = 101,958(1), γ = 82,629(2) e V = 480,30(2) Å3. A estrutura cristalina de LASSBio-1755 consiste em duas fórmulas unitárias por cela unitária (Z = 2), acomodando uma molécula na unidade assimétrica (Z' = 1). O Método de Rietveld foi utilizado para refinar a estrutura cristalina e o indicador de qualidade do ajuste, bem como os fatores R foram, respectivamente: χ2 = 1,131, RBragg = 0,856%, Rwp =4,174% e o Rexp= 3,692%. As técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial, termogravimetria e espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier também foram utilizadas para análise do composto LASSBio-1755 e os seus resultados corroboraram com os obtidos através da técnica de difração de raios X por policristais.

Comparação da difusão de fósforo em solos brasileiros para diferentes fertilizantes granulados usando fluorescência de raios X por reflexão total por radiação síncroton (SR-TXRF)

O fósforo (P) é um nutriente essencial para o crescimento das plantas. Milhões de toneladas de P são aplicados aos solos anualmente. No entanto, apenas uma pequena fração do P aplicado com fertilizantes é aproveitada nas lavouras no ano de aplicação, bem como a eficácia do fertilizante fosfatado diminui com o tempo. Para melhorar a nossa compreensão dos mecanismos, a esta resposta do P no campo, este trabalho visa estudar a migração desse elemento em solos tropicais brasileiros (Latossolo vermelho e Latossolo amarelo) tratados com três tipos de fertilizantes: fosfato monoamônico (MAP), o polímero revestido de fosfato monoamônio (MAPP) e fosfato organomineral (OMP) em um experimento de placa de Petri. Fluorescência de Raios X por Reflexão Total (TXRF) foi usada para determinar o fluxo difusivo P a distâncias radiais diferentes (entre 0 e 7,5 mm, entre 7,5 e 13,5 mm, 13,5 e 25,5 mm e entre 25,5 e 43 mm) a partir do grânulo de fertilizante. As análises usando TXRF foram realizadas no Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS), em Campinas, São Paulo, na linha de Fluorescência de Raios X (Beamline D09B). Depois de um período de cinco semanas, a concentração total de P, Ca e Al foram obtidas e comparadas analisando o tipo de solo/textura, o pH e o respectivo extrator de P, que nesse estudo foram usados o Mehlich 1 e água régia. De forma geral, concluiu-se que 80,0 % de fósforo proveniente dos fertilizantes usados nessa proposta ficaram concentrados em distâncias menores que 10 mm do ponto de aplicação dos fertilizantes, independentemente do tipo de solo, do pH e da respectiva textura. Em relação à utilização da técnica TXRF, o sistema foi eficiente, dentre outras características, na discriminação dos picos de fósforo dos picos de enxofre, principalmente nas amostras de solo usadas a partir da extração com Mehlich 1. Destaca-se isso, pois os raios X característicos desses elementos são muitos próximos.

Establishing species–habitat associations for 4 eteline snappers with the use of a baited stereo-video camera system

With the use of a baited stereo-video camera system, this study semiquantitatively defined the habitat associations of 4 species of Lutjanidae: Opakapaka (Pristipomoides filamentosus), Kalekale (P. sieboldii), Onaga (Etelis coruscans), and Ehu (E. carbunculus). Fish abundance and length data from 6 locations in the main Hawaiian Islands were evaluated for species-specific and size-specific differences between regions and habitat types. Multibeam bathymetry and backscatter were used to classify habitats into 4 types on the basis of substrate (hard or soft) and slope (high or low). Depth was a major influence on bottomfish distributions. Opakapaka occurred at depths shallower than the depths at which other species were observed, and this species showed an ontogenetic shift to deeper water with increasing size. Opakapaka and Ehu had an overall preference for hard substrate with low slope (hard-low), and Onaga was found over both hard-low and hard-high habitats. No significant habitat preferences were recorded for Kalekale. Opakapaka, Kalekale, and Onaga exhibited size-related shifts with habitat type. A move into hard-high environments with increasing size was evident for Opakapaka and Kalekale. Onaga was seen predominantly in hard-low habitats at smaller sizes and in either hard-low or hard-high at larger sizes. These ontogenetic habitat shifts could be driven by reproductive triggers because they roughly coincided with the length at sexual maturity of each species. However, further studies are required to determine causality. No ontogenetic shifts were seen for Ehu, but only a limited number of juveniles were observed. Regional variations in abundance and length were also found and could be related to fishing pressure or large-scale habitat features.

Vocational education for the development of knowledge system in fisheries sector

The paper aims to give the concept and functional approach of knowledge system with reference to the fisheries sector. The background and strategies to develop knowledge workers by translating the concept of knowledge system are presented. The job opportunities given in the paper strengthen the need of the development of knowledge workers through vocational education and training. The Vocational Education Programme in the backdrop can be effective both in the formal system of education through different models suggested and through the non-formal system. The modular courses varying from 50 hours and 2-3 weeks to 6 months or one year can be introduced in the formal system as pre-vocational modules (50-h duration) in IX-X classes in vocational institutions, and the non-governmental organizations/Krishi Vigyan Kendras/Indian Council of Agricultural Research may offer occupation-based modules (2-3 weeks to 6 months). The strategic approach for the development of knowledge system highlighting various issues is also suggested.

Diffusive coevolution and mutualism maintenance mechanisms in a fig-fig wasp system

In reciprocal mutualism systems, the exploitation events by exploiters might disrupt the reciprocal mutualism, wherein one exploiter species might even exclude other coexisting exploiter species over an evolutionary time frame. What remains unclear is how such a community is maintained. Niche partitioning, or spatial heterogeneity among the mutualists and exploiters, is generally believed to enable stability within a mutualistic system. However, our examination of a reciprocal mutualism between a fig species (Ficus racemosa) and its pollinator wasp (Ceratosolen fusciceps) shows that spatial niche partitioning does not sufficiently prevent exploiters from overexploiting the common resource (i.e., the female flowers), because of the considerable niche overlap between the mutualists and exploiters. In response to an exploiter, our experiment shows that the fig can (1) abort syconia-containing flowers that have been galled by the exploiter, Apocryptophagus testacea, which oviposits before the pollinators do; and (2) retain syconia-containing flowers galled by Apocryptophagus mayri, which oviposit later than pollinators. However, as a result of (2), there is decreased development of adult non-pollinators or pollinator species in syconia that have not been sufficiently pollinated, but not aborted. Such discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in offspring development of exploiters while rewarding cooperative individuals with higher offspring development by the fig will increase the fitness of cooperative pollinating wasps, but decrease the fitness of exploiters. The fig fig wasp interactions are diffusively coevolved, a case in which fig wasps diversify their genotype, phenotype, or behavior as a result of competition between wasps, while figs diverge their strategies to facilitate the evolution of cooperative fig waps or lessen the detrimental behavior by associated fig wasps. In habitats or syconia that suffer overexploitation, discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in the offspring development of exploiters in syconia that are not or not sufficiently pollinated will decrease exploiter fitness and perhaps even drive the population of exploiters to local extinction, enabling the evolution and maintenance of cooperative pollinators through the movement between habitats or syconia (i.e., the metapopulations).

Modified water spray chumming system for pole and line fishing of tuna

A water spray chumming system consisting of a 65 x 50 mm centrifugal pump driven by the propulsion engine through a PTO clutch and 'V' pulley power transmission system has been developed for the pole and line fishing of tuna. Water is sprayed through pipe loop system fitted on the edge of the fishing platform of the boat through small holes. The distance of the spray length can be adjusted by controlling the flow of the pump discharge water through a wheel valve.

Optimization of thermal material in a flux pump system with high temperature superconductor

Superconductors are known for the ability to trap magnetic field. A thermally actuated magnetization (TAM) flux pump is a system that utilizes the thermal material to generate multiple small magnetic pulses resulting in a high magnetization accumulated in the superconductor. Ferrites are a good thermal material candidate for the future TAM flux pumps because the relative permeability of ferrite changes significantly with temperature, particularly around the Curie temperature. Several soft ferrites have been specially synthesized to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of the TAM flux pump. Various ferrite compositions have been tested under a temperature variation ranging from 77K to 300K. The experimental results of the synthesized soft ferrites-Cu 0.3 Zn 0.7Ti 0.04Fe 1.96O 4, including the Curie temperature, magnetic relative permeability and the volume magnetization (emu/cm3), are presented in this paper. The results are compared with original thermal material, gadolinium, used in the TAM flux pump system.-Cu 0.3 Zn 0.7Ti 0.04 Fe 1.96O 4 holds superior characteristics and is believed to be a suitable material for next generation TAM flux pump. © 2011 IEEE.

Improving LVCSR system combination using neural network language model cross adaptation

State-of-the-art large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems often combine outputs from multiple subsystems developed at different sites. Cross system adaptation can be used as an alternative to direct hypothesis level combination schemes such as ROVER. The standard approach involves only cross adapting acoustic models. To fully exploit the complimentary features among sub-systems, language model (LM) cross adaptation techniques can be used. Previous research on multi-level n-gram LM cross adaptation is extended to further include the cross adaptation of neural network LMs in this paper. Using this improved LM cross adaptation framework, significant error rate gains of 4.0%-7.1% relative were obtained over acoustic model only cross adaptation when combining a range of Chinese LVCSR sub-systems used in the 2010 and 2011 DARPA GALE evaluations. Copyright © 2011 ISCA.

X-ray observation of micro-failures in granular piles approaching an avalanche

An X-ray imaging technique is used to probe the stability of 3-dimensional granular packs in a slowly rotating drum. Well before the surface reaches the avalanche angle, we observe intermittent plastic events associated with collective rearrangements of the grains located in the vicinity of the free surface. The energy released by these discrete events grows as the system approaches the avalanche threshold. By testing various preparation methods, we show that the pre-avalanche dynamics is not solely controlled by the difference between the free surface inclination and the avalanche angle. As a consequence, the measure of the pre-avalanche dynamics is unlikely to serve as a tool for predicting macroscopic avalanches.

Wide Area Passive UHF RFID System using Antenna Diversity Combined with Phase and Frequency Hopping

This paper presents a long range and effectively error-free ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) interrogation system. The system is based on a novel technique whereby two or more spatially separated transmit and receive antennas are used to enable greatly enhanced tag detection performance over longer distances using antenna diversity combined with frequency and phase hopping. The novel technique is first theoretically modelled using a Rician fading channel. It is shown that conventional RFID systems suffer from multi-path fading resulting in nulls in radio environments. We, for the first time, demonstrate that the nulls can be moved around by varying the phase and frequency of the interrogation signals in a multi-antenna system. As a result, much enhanced coverage can be achieved. A proof of principle prototype RFID system is built based on an Impinj R2000 transceiver. The demonstrator system shows that the new approach improves the tag detection accuracy from <50% to 100% and the tag backscatter signal strength by 10dB over a 20 m x 9 m area, compared with a conventional switched multi-antenna RFID system.

An Error Free Passive UHF RFID System using a New Form of Wireless Signal Distribution

A wide area and error free ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) interrogation system based on the use of multiple antennas used in cooperation to provide high quality ubiquitous coverage, is presented. The system uses an intelligent distributed antenna system (DAS) whereby two or more spatially separated transmit and receive antenna pairs are used to allow greatly improved multiple tag identification performance over wide areas. The system is shown to increase the read accuracy of 115 passive UHF RFID tags to 100% from <60% over a 10m x 8m open plan office area. The returned signal strength of the tag backscatter signals is also increased by an average of 10dB and 17dB over an area of 10m x 8m and 10m x 4m respectively. Furthermore, it is shown that the DAS RFID system has improved immunity to tag orientation. Finally, the new system is also shown to increase the tag read speed/rate of a population of tags compared with a conventional RFID system.