Avaliação da atividade antioxidante e identificação dos ácidos fenólicos presentes no bagaço de maçã cv. Gala

No processamento da maçã para obtenção do suco, ocorre a formação de uma elevada quantidade de resíduo, representado pelas cascas e sementes, no qual são encontradas diversas substâncias, como os compostos fenólicos, aos quais são atribuídas as propriedades antioxidantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante in vitro de extratos e frações de ácidos fenólicos livres, esterificadas solúveis e esterificadas insolúveis, obtidos por diferentes solventes, a partir do resíduo da maçã cv. Gala pelos métodos DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo) e ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolin) 6-ácido sulfônico], além da identificação dos ácidos fenólicos por cromatografia gasosa. O sistema acetona 75% (v/v) em água foi mais eficaz na extração dos compostos fenólicos totais. A atividade antioxidante neste extrato foi 4,83 e 25,46 µmol TEAC.g-1 de amostra com o método ABTS e de 7,43 e 39,15 µmol TEAC.g-1 pelo método DPPH, expressos em base úmida e seca, respectivamente. O teor de flavanóis foi 11,05 e 58,20 mg.100 g-1 em base úmida e seca, respectivamente. Houve uma correlação positiva entre o conteúdo de fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante (r² = 0,9283). Foram identificados os ácidos fenólicos salícilico, gálico, propilgalato e sináptico nas três frações avaliadas, o primeiro estando presente em maior concentração em todas as frações estudadas. Os resultados indicam o potencial antioxidante do bagaço de maçã.

Utilização de abacaxi (Ananas comosus L.) cv. Pérola e Smooth cayenne para a produção de vinhos: estudo da composição química e aceitabilidade

Foram estudadas as características químicas de vinhos produzidos com as cultivares de abacaxi Pérola e Smooth cayenne, com vistas a predizer a qualidade das bebidas, tomando-se como base a sua composição e aceitabilidade. Os mostos de abacaxi foram analisados quanto ao pH, acidez total, ácidos orgânicos fixos, açúcar total, pectina total, compostos fenólicos, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, N e P, enquanto nos vinhos analisou-se também a acidez volátil, teor alcoólico, alcoóis superiores, acetaldeído, acetato de etila, glicerol, metanol e cor. Os resultados indicaram que existem semelhanças em relação à composição química de mostos e vinhos de abacaxis e uvas. A análise dos compostos voláteis formados durante a fermentação alcoólica indicou que a composição do mosto de abacaxi interferiu nas quantidades de alguns voláteis produzidos pela levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. O teste de aceitabilidade com escala hedônica de nove pontos indicou que os vinhos elaborados com as duas cultivares de abacaxi foram igualmente aceitos.

Caracterização físico-química e aminas bioativas em vinhos da cv. Syrah I: efeito do ciclo de produção

A ocorrência sistemática de dias chuvosos ou com alta nebulosidade e temperaturas ambientais elevadas prejudicam a maturação e a sanidade das uvas. Estudos recentes indicam que a alteração do ciclo de produção da videira através da poda possibilita colher uvas em épocas mais favoráveis à maturação, e com níveis de produção aceitáveis. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil analítico dos vinhos de Syrah de safras de verão e inverno dos anos 2005 e 2006 produzidos em Três Corações (MG). Os vinhos do inverno de 2005 apresentaram valores superiores de pH (3,91 × 3,59), polifenóis totais (49,2 × 32,5), intensidade de cor (10,75 × 5,68), antocianinas (121,48 × 41,09 mg.L-1 ), fenólicos totais (2,06 × 1,21 g.L-1), álcool (12,65 × 10,78% v/v) e aminas bioativas (10,36 × 4,46 mg.L-1) quando comparados aos de verão. Comportamento semelhante foi obtido na safra de 2006. Os vinhos de inverno apresentaram maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos, o que indica maior qualidade e maior potencial de guarda. Entretanto, o cultivo em estação seca e o elevado pH do mosto contribuíram para um aumento no teor de aminas bioativas, cuja evolução deve ser controlada na vinificação para evitar riscos à saúde humana.

Isolamento de fungos associados a grãos de café cv. Iapar 59 de origem de solo e árvore em diferentes tempos de colheita

O Brasil vem perdendo espaço no mercado internacional devido à piora da qualidade do café. As substâncias tóxicas liberadas pelos fungos além de alterarem a qualidade da bebida, também podem ser prejudiciais à saúde dos consumidores. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o isolamento de fungos a partir de grãos de café da variedade IAPAR 59, relacionando-os com a qualidade da bebida. Foram realizadas colheitas de grãos da árvore e do solo em diferentes tempos (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). O isolamento dos fungos foi feito pelo método Pour-plate e para a identificação dos fungos utilizou-se o Microcultivo e a Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Houve diferença significativa no número absoluto de fungos encontrados nos grãos da árvore (5393), em relação aos grãos coletados no solo (1523). Foram identificados 7 gêneros: Absidia, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Paecilomyces e Penicillium. Verificaram-se elevados níveis de Ocratoxina A em algumas amostras de café. A bebida perdeu a qualidade em função do tempo de permanência dos grãos na árvore e no solo, portanto, para a obtenção de uma bebida de melhor qualidade, deve-se evitar a permanência prolongada dos grãos em seus locais de origem.

Carbohydrate composition of ripe pineapple (cv. perola) and the glycemic response in humans

Brazil is the third largest producer of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and the market for fresh pineapple is sustained by the Hawaii and Perola cultivars. In this work the Perola cultivar was divided into three main parts, shell, core and pulp, for characterization. Moisture in the pulp was higher (between 10 and 15%) than in the shell and core. The amount of protein was higher in the core (35%) than in the pulp and shell. Perola contained relatively low concentrations of total ascorbic acid in the edible parts, although higher levels of ascorbic acid in the shell. Citric acid corresponded to almost 60% of the total organic acids. The total soluble sugars [~7-12% (FW)] were predominantly sucrose, fructose and glucose. The core had almost twice as much total sugar (12%) than the pulp (6.8%). The amount of insoluble dietary fiber was around 1%, and the soluble fiber was less than 0.1%. The pulp showed the highest concentration of polyphenols (0.49%) and antioxidant activity (33 µmol.g-1) out of the parts. The consumption of the pineapple pulp or core produced a high glycemic index (~93%), but considering the glycemic load, this fruit can be considered as low dietary.

Atraso no amadurecimento de atemoia cv. African Pride após tratamento pós-colheita com 1-metilciclopropeno

Atemoias cv. African Pride foram colhidas na maturidade fisiológica com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre a maturação pós-colheita. Foram testados: doses de 1-MCP (0, 100, 200 e 400 nL.L-1); e tempo de armazenamento (0, 8 e 15 dias sob refrigeração, a 14,5 ± 2,0 ºC e 60 ± 6% de UR, seguidos de 2, 4 e 5 dias a 23,8 ± 2,0 ºC e 65 ± 5% UR). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 4x 6 (dose de 1-MCPx tempo de armazenamento) e quatro repetições. Apesar da interação estatisticamente significativa entre os fatores sobre a perda de massa, as diferenças entre tratamentos em cada avaliação não foram superiores a 1,3%. Os frutos tratados apresentaram-se mais firmes, com acidez titulável ligeiramente maior e atraso inicial no acúmulo de sólidos solúveis. A redução no conteúdo de pectina somente foi observada a partir do 15º dia, quando já havia ocorrido a maior taxa de amaciamento. A aparência também foi preservada pelo 1-MCP, verificando-se, nos frutos tratados, ausência de manchas e/ou microrganismos até o 17º dia. A dose de 200 nL.L-1 foi a mais eficiente, pois atrasou a perda de firmeza e manteve o teor de pectina ligeiramente maior.

Influence of temperature on the respiration rate of minimally processed organic carrots (Daucus Carota L. cv. Brasília)

The objective of this work was to study the influence of temperature on the respiration rate of minimally processed organic carrots (Daucus Carota L. cv. Brasília) with and without the application of a gelatin film. The samples were packed in flexible bags and stored at 1, 5 and 10 °C. During the five days of storage, the CO2 and O2 concentrations in the headspace of the package were monitored by gas chromatography, and the mathematical model based on enzymatic kinetics was used to estimate the respiration rate of minimally processed organic carrots. The effect of temperature on the respiration rate was evaluated by the Arrhenius equation. The results showed that the O2 concentration decreased during the storage period and the CO2 concentration increased. The lowest O2 concentrations of 2.59 and 2.66% were found for the samples stored at 10 °C with and without the film, respectively. For the CO2 concentration, the highest concentrations of 16.25 and 16.32% were again found for the temperature of 10 °C with and without the application of the film, respectively. At the temperature of 1 °C, the maximum respiratory rates for the samples without and with the film were 10.82 and 10.44 mL CO2.kg-1/hour, respectively, after 72 hours of storage. The greatest respiratory rate was obtained at 10 °C, the maximum peak being reached after 50 hours. Activation energy values were of 50.59 kJ.mol-1, for the samples with the film, and 51.88 kJ.mol-1 for the samples without the film.

Nutritional value of organic acid lime juice (Citrus latifolia T.), cv. Tahiti

Acid lime can be used as fresh fruit or as juice to increase the flavor of drinks. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze organic acid lime nutritional composition in order to evaluate if there are important differences among those conventionally produced. No significant differences in total titrable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid, sucrose, calcium, and zinc were found between the acid lime juice from organic biodynamic crops and conventional crops. However, the organic biodynamic fruits presented higher peel percentage than the conventional ones leading to lower juice yield. On the other hand, fructose, glucose, total soluble solids contents, potassium, manganese, iron, and copper were higher in the conventional samples. These results indicated few nutritional differences between organic and conventional acid lime juices in some constituents. Nevertheless, fruit juice from biodynamic crops could be a good choice since it is free from pesticides and other agents that cause problems to human health maintaining the levels similar to those of important nutritional compounds.

Study of the volatile compounds from plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Horvin) and estimation of their contribution to the fruit aroma

Simultaneous Distillation-Extraction (SDE) and headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC-FID and GC-MS were used to analyze volatile compounds from plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Horvin) and to estimate the most odor-active compounds by application of the Odor Activity Values (OAV). The analyses led to the identification of 148 components, including 58 esters, 23 terpenoids, 14 aldehydes, 11 alcohols, 10 ketones, 9 alkanes, 7 acids, 4 lactones, 3 phenols, and other 9 compounds of different structures. According to the results of SDE-GC-MS, SPME-GC-MS and OAV, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, hexyl acetate, (E)-2-nonenal, ethyl butanoate, (E)-2-decenal, ethyl hexanoate, nonanal, decanal, (E)-β-ionone, Γ-dodecalactone, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, pentyl acetate, linalool, Γ-decalactone, butyl acetate, limonene, propyl acetate, Δ-decalactone, diethyl sulfide, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, ethyl heptanoate, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate, eugenol, (E)-2-hexenal, ethyl pentanoate, hexyl 2-methylbutanoate, isopentyl hexanoate, 1-hexanol, Γ-nonalactone, myrcene, octyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde, 1-butanol, isobutyl acetate, (E)-2-heptenal, octadecanal, and nerol are characteristic odor active compounds in fresh plums since they showed concentrations far above their odor thresholds.

Sugar fractionation and pectin content during the ripening of guava cv. Pedro Sato

Guava is one of the most complete and balanced fruits in in terms of s nutritional value. Highly perishable, due to its intense metabolism during ripening, its shelf life can reach 3 to 5 days under room temperature. The firmness of the green and mature fruits is due mainly to the pectin polymers. The loss of firmness during the guava ripening is due to hydrolytic enzyme activity, which promotes intense solubilization of the cell wall pectins. Given the above, with the purpose of trying to explain the rapid firmness decrease, the centesimal composition and sugar fraction of the guava fruit were determined during ripening at room temperature. The guavas were picked at the half-mature stage and stored for 8 days at 22 ± 1 ºC and 78 ± 1% relative humidity. The analyses conducted were: centesimal composition, sugar fractionation, and infrared absorption spectrometry. The results showed that the guava sugars did not vary during ripening. The estimated pectin levels (5.7%) were higher than those mentioned in the literature (2.4%), which can better explain the role of the pectin in the fruit firmness.

Ripening pattern of guava cv. Pedro Sato

Guava is a fruit with high respiration rates and a very short shelf life. Since information on its respiration pattern is contradictory, the objective was to study the changes occurring in the fruit during ripening and to relate them to the respiration behavior of this fruit. Guavas were picked at the half-ripe stage and stored for 8 days at 22 ± 1 ºC and 78 ± 1% relative humidity. The analyses conducted were: peel and pulp coloration, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), and ethylene production. According to the results, it was verified that the parameters analyzed apparently do not coincide and are ethylene-independent. There was an accentuated ethylene production during ripening, starting from the 4th day. The ethylene synthesis continued increasing up to the 8th day, when the fruits were already decomposing. It was observed that the firmness decreased sharply in the first three days of ripening, and the skin and pulp color changed during ripening. The TSS, total soluble solids, and the TTA, total titratable acidity, practically did not change during the ripening, even with the increased ethylene production. It can be concluded that guava is a fruit that presents characteristics of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.

Study of the enthalpy-entropy mechanism from water sorption of orange seeds (C. sinensis cv. Brazilian) for the use of agro-industrial residues as a possible source of vegetable oil production

Orange seeds are a promising agroindustry-waste which can be implemented in the extraction and production of vegetable oil. The relationship between moisture content and water activity provides useful information for the processing and storage of this waste item. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of water sorption enthalpy-entropy of orange seeds (C. sinensis cv. Brazilians) according to the moisture content. Therefore, desorption isotherms were determined at five different temperature (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 ºC) under a wide range of moisture content (0.005-0.057 kg kg-1 d.b.) and water activity (0.02-0.756). Theoretical and empirical models were used for modeling the desorption isotherms. An analytical solution of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was proposed to compute the isosteric heat of sorption, the differential entropy, and Gibbs free energy using the Oswin model when the effect of temperature on the hygroscopic equilibrium was considered.

Biochemical and color changes of fresh-cut melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Galia) treated with UV-C

The importance of minimally processed commodities in the retail groceries of most developed countries has been rising continuously during the last decades. Cantaloupe melon is used more than any other fruit in fresh-cut processing. Ultraviolet (UV) light has been extensively used to simulate biological stres in plants and for determining resistance mechanisms of plant tissues. In this study the effect of ultraviolet irradiation on some properties of fresh-cut cantalope melon was determined during storage. Freshly cut cantalope melons cubes treated with ultraviolet irradiation at the doses of 1, 2 or 3 min before storage, and then placed in a cold room at 5±1°C temperature and 85-90% RH. Hue angle values of control group is low compared to UV-C treated samples, whereas L values of is high. EL of UV treated samples higher than those of control group. Total soluble solids of fresh-cut melon samples in UC3 treatment increased during storage. The results indicate that UV-C treatments on fresh-cut cantaloupe melon cubes increased total soluble solids independently from water loss.

Bioactive and volatile organic compounds in Southern Brazilian blackberry (Rubus Fruticosus) fruit cv. Tupy

Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus, cultivar Tupy), an expanding fruit crop in southern Brazil, is greatly appreciated for its flavor and bioactive potential with limited characterization of its metabolite content. The purpose of this study was to characterize the bioactive and volatile organic compound (VOC) content of mature blackberry fruit of cultivar Tupy. Gallic acid, (-)-epicatechin, ferulic acid, and quercetin were the main phenolic compounds found in mature fruit. Among the VOCs identified in 'Tupy' blackberry were important flavor components characteristic of fruit berries, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and terpenoids. Some of the VOCs had not been previously found in blackberry, while others have been associated with typical blackberry flavor.

Forced-air, vacuum, and hydro precooling of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis cv. Freemont): part I. determination of precooling parameters

The aim of the present study was to precool cauliflower using forced-air, vacuum and high and low flow hydro cooling methods. The weight of the precooled cauliflower heads (5000±5 g) was measured before they were placed in standard plastic crates. Cauliflower heads, whose initial temperature was 23.5 ± 0.5 ºC, were cooled until the temperature reached at 1 ºC. During the precooling process, time-dependent temperature and energy consumption were measured, and during vacuum precooling, the decreasing pressure values were recorded, and a curve of time-dependent pressure decrease (vacuum) was built. The most suitable cooling method to precool cauliflower in terms of cooling time and energy consumption was vacuum, followed by the high and low flow hydro and forced-air precooling methods, respectively. The highest weight loss was observed in the vacuum precooling method, followed by the forced-air method. However, there was an increase in the weight of the cauliflower heads in the high and low flow hydro precooling method. The best colour and hardness values were found in the vacuum precooling method. Among all methods tested, the most suitable method to precool cauliflower in terms of cooling and quality parameters was the vacuum precooling method.