985 resultados para Ulva flexuosa subsp. pilifera


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本文综述了放线菌分类学研究的目的和作用,分析了放线菌分类学的历史和现状,介绍了当前放线菌多相分类研究中所采用的技术方法及适用范围。同时还重点介绍了极端高温、低温、高盐放线菌分离及分类研究的进展。从云南采集高温温泉水样、火山口土样,从云南、新疆等地采集雪山土样,从新疆、青海等地采集盐碱土样进行放线菌分离,对不同极端环境下的放线菌分离方法进行探讨,并对分离到的部分典型放线菌菌株采用形态特征、培养特征,生理生化测定,细胞化学组份分析,DNA G+C mol%和DNA同源性测定,以及16SrDNA全序列分析等相结合的多相分类技术进行系统的分类研究。从表型、基因型及系统发育三个不同层次对其分类地位进行了最终确定。其中,分离自云南洱源温泉的菌株YIM60013和腾冲火山口的菌株YIM60032分别确定为高温放线菌属的两个新种:白色高温放线菌(Thermoactznomyces albus sp. nov.)和云南高温放线菌(Termoactomyces yunnanensis sp. nov.);分离自新疆北疆地区的一株低温放线菌菌株,结合其形态特征、细胞化学组份及16S rDNA序列分析将其鉴定为链霉菌的一个新种,北疆链霉菌(Streptomyces beijiangensis sp. nov.);来自新疆盐碱土样的6株嗜盐放线菌菌株YIM90001-90006中,菌株YIM90001被命名为嗜盐普氏菌新种(Prauserella halophila sp. nov.),菌株YIM90005被 命名为脱卤普氏菌新种(Prauserella dehalogenans sp. nov.),菌株YIM90002和YIM90003鉴定为拟诺卡氏菌科中的链单抱菌新属Streptomonospora gen. nov.)和它的两个新种:菌株YIM90002定为盐生链单抱菌新种(Streptomonospora saline sp. nov.),菌株YIM90003定为白色链单抱菌新种(Streptomonospora alba sp. nov.);菌株YIM90004和YIM90006分别被确定为拟诺卡氏菌属的一个新种和一个亚种:新疆拟诺卡氏菌新种(Nocardopsi sxiniangensis sp. nov.)和嗜阿拉伯糖新疆拟诺卡氏菌亚种( Noocardiopsi sxiniangensis subsparabicus subspnov,)。

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本文以青藏高原东部的高山草甸为研究对象,设置早融、中间及晚融三个融雪部位,采用实验室测量、野外测量、野外样方调查相结合的 方法,从个体、种群和群落的水平上比较研究了高山雪场植物在同一雪场样地中不同融雪梯度上的特征变异及适应,结果表明: 从早融到晚融的梯度上,随着融雪时间的逐渐推迟,表土日温差降低,冻融交替的强度减弱,土壤水份逐渐增加,总N、总P、总K 以及 可溶性的N、P 和pH 变化不明显,土壤有机质及可溶性的K 和Ca 逐渐降低。冻融交替强度上的差异以及土壤水分差异被认为是融雪梯度上 影响植物生长的主要原因。 从早融到晚融的梯度上,伴随着生态因子的改变,几种常见植物的个体特征也发生相应的变化。首先,物候期推迟。植物开始生长的时间 一般要推迟将近二十天,但同一种植物在不同的融雪部位上的衰老期趋于一致,这预示着在晚融部位同一植物的生长期要缩短。其次,个体生 长特性发生改变。黑褐穗苔草(Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T.Koyama)和西北黄芪(Astragalus fenzelianus Pet.-Stib.)的个体生长(株高、单株叶数、单叶面积和地上生物量)表现为逐渐增加的趋势;斑唇马先蒿(Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph var. tubiformis (Klotz.) Tsoong)和川西小黄菊(Pyrethrum tatsienense (Bur. et Franch.) Ling ex Shih.)则表现为逐渐降低的趋势;长叶火绒草(Leontopodium longifolium Ling)在融雪梯度上的变化趋势不明显。再次,从繁殖特性来看,大卫马先蒿(Pedicularis davidii var. pentodon Tsoong)的单株花数、单花种子数、种子千粒重及种子萌发率随融雪的推迟呈现为逐渐增加的趋势;圆穗蓼(Polygonum macrophyllum D.Don)的种子(小坚果)千粒重和萌发率也表现为逐渐增加,其余繁殖特征变化不明显。 在种群层次上,几个常见物种的分布格局随着融雪的推迟都发生一定的变化,基本上表现为从早融的集群分布到中间或晚融部位的随机分布。物种间的联结性也发生较大的变化,由早融部位的总体上的正关联逐步过度到晚融部位上的总体上的负关联。特定种对间的联结性也发生较大的变化。恶劣环境条件(如剧烈的冻融交替)的影响以及对恶劣条件适应被认为是分布格局及种间联结性发生变化的主要原因。 在群落层次上,物种多样性的变化表现为单峰曲线的格局,即在中间部位多样性最高。早融部位强烈的冻融交替和晚融部位缩短的生长季是早融及晚融部位物种多样性不高的重要原因。几乎所有的只出现在一个融雪部位(雪深级别)上的物种都发生在中间融雪部位。这说明,中等的雪深更有利于许多高山植物的存活,而过浅过深的积雪都不利于植物的生存。另外,相距较近的融雪梯度之间的物种相似性较大,而相距较远的梯度之间物种的替代率较高,物种的相似性较小。在群落的生物量方面,地上生物量随融雪的推迟而升高,地下生物量随融雪的推迟而下降,地上与地下生物量之总和随着融雪的推迟而下降,地下生物量与地上生物量之比随着融雪的推迟而下降。早融部位的地上生物量主要集中于地上0-10cm 的范围内,表明在早融部位植物地上部分有变矮的趋势;早融部位的地下生物量在土壤各深度分布相对较均一,而晚融部位地下生物量则主要集中于地下0-10cm 的范围内。生物量的变化趋势主要与雪场中各部位的土壤水分含量及地表日温度差异有关,是植物适应特定环境的结果。 To detect the plants’ responses to snow-cover gradients in an alpine meadow of eastern Tibetan plateau, laboratory method and field sample plot method were employed, and three gradeients (early-, medium and late-melting)were established in a natural snowbed. The measurements were carried out for two years and was done on three levels——individual, population and community. The results are shown as follows : From early- to late-melting gradients, daily ground temperature difference between day and night decreased, amplitude of freeze-thaw alternation weakened, soil organic matter contents and soluble K and Ca decreased, while soil water content increased. Total N, total P, total K,pH soluble N and soluble P kept constant from early- to late-melting portions. Among these factors, the changes of intense freeze-thaw alternation and soil water contents were considered as main factors affecting plants’ growth. From early- to late-melting portions, all phenological phases postponed, e.g. phase of plant emergence postponed almost twenty days. However, the same species’ individuals at different portions withered in step, which implied that the individuals at late-melting portion possessed shorter growing season length. Along the same gradient, both Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T. Koyama and Astragalus fenzelianus Pet.-Stib. increased their individual growth, whereas Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph var. tubiformis (Klotz.) Tsoong and Pyrethrum tatsienense (Bur. et Franch.) Ling ex Shih. decreased their individual growth. Unlike the four plants mentioned above, Leontopodium longifolium L. did not show any evident change. As to reproductive charateristics, the flowers per individual, the number of seeds per flower, the thousand seed weight and the seed germination rate of Pedicularis davidii var. pentodon showed an increasing trend; and Polygonum macrophyllum D.Don also increased its thousand seed weight and seed germination rate along the same gradient. However, the other reproductive charateristics of Polygonum macrophyllum D.Don did not change significantly. At population level, the distribution pattern of several selected species changed from cluster pattern to random pattern as the snowmelt postponed. Overall association among the species changed from positive to negative along the same gradient. Further, interspecific association also changed evidently. Adverse circumstances such as intense freeze-thaw alternation were considered as primary factors resulting in changes of population distribution pattern and interspecific association. At the level of community, species diversity showed a pattern of a unimodal trend, i.e. the highest diversity occurred at medium snow depth,perhaps because of intense freeze-thaw alternation at early-melting portions and the shortest growing season at late-melting portions. Almost all species that only appeared at one snowmelt portion occurred at medium portion, indicating that medium snow depth was more suitable for many species’ survival. Species replacement from one snowmelt portion to its neighboring portion seldom took place. However, while distance between two portions became farther, species replacement between the two portions occurred more frequently. As for biomass, aboveground biomass increased from early- to late-melting portions, whereas belowground biomass, total biomass and the ratio of belowground to aboveground all decreased along the same snow gradient. A majority of aboveground biomass distributed in a height range of 0-10 cm, suggesting that height of plants inhabiting early-melting portion be shorter compared with other portions. In addition, belowground biomass at early-melting portion was evenly distributed at different soil depth in comparison with aboveground biomass, whereas belowground biomass at late-melting portion concentrated 0-10cm soil layer below ground. The changing trend of biomass was also related to two factors. One was soil water content, and the other topsoil temperature difference between day and night.

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高等植物种子胚乳贮藏蛋白是种子发芽时的主要氮源,也是人类和动物食用植物蛋白的主要来源。大麦种子胚乳贮藏蛋白主要是醇溶蛋白(hordeins),占大麦胚乳总蛋白的50–60%。根据大麦醇溶蛋白的大小和组成特点,大麦醇溶蛋白被划分为三种类型:富硫蛋白亚类(B,γ-hordeins)、贫硫蛋白亚类(C-hordeins)以及高分子量蛋白亚类(D-hordeins)。B组和C组醇溶蛋白是大麦胚乳的两类主要贮藏蛋白,它们分别占大麦总醇溶蛋白成分的70–80%和10–12%。遗传分析表明,大麦B、C、D和γ-组醇溶蛋白分别是由位于大麦第五染色体1H(5)上的Hor2、Hor1、Hor3和Hor5位点编码。Hor2位点编码大量分子量相同但组成不同的B组醇溶蛋白(B-hordein)。B-hordein的种类、数量和分布是影响大麦酿造、食用及饲养品质的重要因素之一。为深入了解B-hordein基因家族的结构和染色体组织,探明Hor2位点基因表达的发育调控机制,最终达到改良禾谷类作物籽粒品质的目的,本研究以青藏高原青稞为材料,采用同源克隆法,分别克隆B-hordein基因和启动子,通过原核生物表达验证B-hordein基因功能,并利用实时定量PCR探索B-hordein基因表达时空关系,取得如下研究结果: 1. 以具有特殊B组醇溶蛋白亚基组成的9份青藏高原青稞为材料,根据GenBank中三个B-hordein基因序列(GenBank No. X03103, X53690和X53691)设计一对引物,通过PCR扩增,获得23个B-hordein基因克隆并对其进行了序列分析。核苷酸序列分析表明,所有克隆均包含完整的开放阅读框。有11个克隆都存在一个框内终止密码子,推测这11个克隆可能是假基因。推测的氨基酸序列分析表明,所有大麦B-hordein具有相似的蛋白质基本结构,均包括一个高度保守的信号肽、中间重复区以及C-端结构域。不同大麦种重复区内重复基元的数目有较大差异。青稞材料Z07–2和Z26的B-hordeins仅具有12个重复基元结构,更接近于野生大麦。这些重复基元数目的差异导致了重复区序列长度和结构的变异。这种现象极可能是由于醇溶谷蛋白基因在进化过程中染色体的不平衡交换或复制滑动所造成的。对所克隆基因和禾本科代表性醇溶谷蛋白基因进行聚类分析,结果表明所有来自栽培大麦的B-hordeins聚类成一个亚家族,来自野生大麦的B-hordeins以及普通小麦的LMW-GS聚类成另外一个亚家族,表明这两个亚家族的成员存在显著差异。此外,我们发现B-hordein基因推测的C-末端序列具有一些有规律的特征:即具有相同C-末端序列的B-hordein基因在系统发生树中聚类为同一个亚组(除BXQ053,BZ09-1,BZ26-5分别单独聚为一类外)。这个特征将有助于我们对所有B组醇溶蛋白基因家族成员进行分类,避免了在SDS-PAGE电泳图谱上仅依靠大小分类的局限性。 2. 根据上述克隆的青稞B-hordein基因的5’端序列设计三条基因特异的反向引物,以青稞Z09和Z26的基因组DNA为模板,采用SON-PCR和TAIL-PCR技术分离克隆出8个B-hordein基因的上游调控序列(命名为Z09P和Z26P)。序列分析表明,推测的TATA box位于–80 bp,CAAT–like box位于–140 bp处。此外,Z09P和Z26P中有六个序列在–300 bp处均存在一个由高度保守的EM基序和类GCN4基序构成的胚乳盒(Endosperm Box,EB),在约–560 bp处存在一个胚乳盒类似结构。而Z09P-2和Z26P-3不存在保守的胚乳盒或其类似结构,预示着这两个启动子所调控的基因表达可能受不同类型反式作用因子的调节,推测该启动子对基因的表达调控具有多样性。 3. 将B-hordein基因的开放阅读框定向克隆到表达载体pET-30a中,将其导入大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21中进行外源基因的诱导表达以验证所克隆基因的功能。结果表明仅含重组子pET-BZ07-2和pET-BZ26-5的BL21细菌有目的表达蛋白产生。在诱导3 h时的蛋白表达量最高;3 mM IPTG诱导的蛋白表达量要高于1 mM IPTG诱导的表达量。这为分离纯化B-hordein蛋白以及进一步研究其对大麦籽粒品质的影响奠定基础。 4. 根据从青稞Z09和Z26中分离克隆的B-hordein基因序列设计一对基因特异的引物,同时,选择大麦α-微管蛋白基因(GenBank no. U40042)为看家基因并设计特异引物,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测了青稞籽粒4个胚乳发育时间段的B-hordein基因表达,荧光定量结果显示:两份材料中B-hordein基因的表达量均随发育过程的进行而逐渐升高。Z09中B-hordein基因在开花后7天开始转录,而Z26开花4天后就有低水平B-hordein的表达,这表明Z26中B-hordein基因可能比Z09表达的较早或者Z09中B-hordein基因表达水平较低以致于不能被检测到。此外,在4个不同的胚乳发育时期中,Z26中B-hordein基因的表达量均高于Z09材料。在开花12天到18天的过程中,Z09和Z26中B-hordein基因的表达水平有一个急剧性的升高。这说明在不同胚乳发育时期,Hor2位点的B-hordein等位基因变异体存在mRNA的差异表达。 Seed endosperm storage proteins in higher plants are the main resources of nitrogen for germinating and plant proteins for human and animals. Barley prolamins (also called hordeins) are the major storage proteins in the endosperm and account for 50–60% of total proteins. Hordeins are classically divided into three groups: sulphur-rich (B, γ-hordeins), sulphur-poor (C-hordeins) and high molecular weight (HMW, D-hordeins) hordeins based on the size and composition. B-hordeins and C-hordeins are two major groups and each respectively account for about 70-80% and 10-12% of the total hordein fraction in barley endosperm. Genetic analysis showed that B-, C-, C-, γ-hordeins are encoded by Hor2, Hor1, Hor3 and Hor5 locus on the chromosome 1H (5). Hor2 locus is rich in alleles that encode numerous heterogeneous B-hordein polypeptides. It is reported that B-hordein species, quantity and distribution are significant factors affecting malting, food and feed quality of barley. To understand comprehensively the structure and organization of B-hordein gene family in hull-less barley and explore the developmental control mechanisms of Hor2 locus gene expression and eventually to better exploitation in crop grain quality improvement, we isolated and cloned B-hordein genes and promotors of hull-less barley from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by PCR, and testified their expression founction in bacteria expression system and explore their spatial and temporal expression pattern by quantitative real time PCR. Our results are as followed, 1. Twenty-three copies of B-hordein gene were cloned from nine hull-less barley cultivars of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with special B-hordein subunits and molecularly characterized by PCR, based on three B-hordein genes published previously (GenBank No. X03103, X53690 and X53691). DNA sequences analyses confirmed that the six clones all contained a full-length coding region of the barley B-hordein genes. Eleven clones all contain an in-frame stop codon and they are probably pseudogenes. The analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the genes shows that they have similar structures including signal peptide domain, central repetitive domain, and C-terminal domain. The number of the repeats was largerly variable and resulted in polypeptides in different sizes or structures among the genes. Twelve such repeated motifs were found in Z07–2 and Z26, and they are close to those of the wild barleys, and it is most probably caused by unequal crossing-over and/or slippage during replication as suggested for the evolution of other prolamins. The relatedness of prolamin genes of barley and wheat was assessed in the phylogenetic tree based on their polypeptides comparison. Our phylogenetic analysis suggested that the predicted B-hordeins of cultivated barley formed a subfamily, while the B-hordeins of wild barleys and the two most similar sequences of LMW-GS of T. aestivum formed another subfamily. This result indicated that the members of the two subfamilys have a distinctive difference. In addition, we found the B-hordeins with identical C-terminal end sequences were clustered into a same subgroup (except BXQ053,BZ09-1 and BZ26-5 as a sole group, respectively), so we believe that B-hordein gene subfamilies possibly can be classified on the basis of the conserved C-terminal end sequences of predicted polypeptide and without the limit of SDS-PAGE protein banding patterns. 2. The specific primers were designed according to the published sequences of barley B-hordein genes from Z09 and Z26. Using total DNA isolated from them as the templates, eight clones (designated Z09Pand Z26P) of upstream sequences of the known B-hordein genes was obtained by TAIL-PCR and SON-PCR. Sequences analysis shows that the putative TATA box was present at position –80 bp and CAAT-like box at position –140 bp. Besides, a putative Endosperm Box including an Endosperm Motif (EM) and a GCN4-Like Motif was found at position –300 bp in six clones, and another Endosperm-like box was found at positon –560 bp. While the Endosperm Box or Endosperm-like box was not found in Z09P-2 and Z26P-3. This may indicate that gene expression drived by the two promtors was probably controlled by different trans-acting factors and the genetic control mechanism of corresponding gene expression may be diverse. 3. The B-hordein genic region coding for the mature peptide was cloned into expression vector pET-30a and transformed into bacterial strain BL21 for identifying gene expression fountion. Protein SDS–PAGE analysis showed that only the transformed lysate with the pET-BZ07-2 and pET-BZ26-5 constructs produced proteins related to B-group hordeins of barley, and the mounts of proteins induced by 3 mM IPTG and 3 h were higher than other conditions. This established a base for isolating and putifying B-hordein and further exploring their effects on barley grain quality. 4. The gene-specific primers of B-hordein genes from Z09 and Z26 were used for the quantification of B-hordein gene expression. The α-tubulin gene from Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (GenBank accession number U40042) was used as a control gene. The result shows the transcription of the B-hordein genes in Z09 was found 7 days after flowering, while the transcription of the B-hordein genes in Z26 was found 4 days after flowering, but at a very low level, and it suggested that the B-hordein genes in Z26 probably expressed earlier than those in Z09, or the B-hordein genes in Z09 expressed at so a lower level than Z26 that it can not detected. In addition, B-hordein genes in Z26 accession showed higher expression levels than those in Z09 in four developing stages. Furthermore, a progressive increase in the expression levels of the B-hordein genes between 12 and 18 days after anthesis was observed in both Z09 and Z26. It implies that the B-hordein allelic variants encoded by Hor2 locus exist the differential expression in mRNA levels of during barley endosperm development.

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Problems with tin and copper antifouling compounds have highlighted the need to develop new environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. Bacteria isolated from living surfaces in the marine environment are a promising source of natural antifouling compounds. Four isolates were used to produce extracts that were formulated into ten waterbased paints. All but one of the paints showed activity against a test panel of fouling bacteria. Five of the paints were further tested for their ability to inhibit the settlement of barnacle larvae, Balanus amphitrite, and algal spores of Ulva lactuca, and for their ability to inhibit the growth of U. lactuca. Two paints caused a significant decrease in the number of settled barnacles. One paint containing extract of Pseudomonas sp. strain NUDMB50-11, showed excellent activity in all assays. The antifouling chemicals responsible for the activity of the extract were isolated, using bioassay guided fractionation, and their chemical structures determined.

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PHOTOSYSTEM-II; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; ULVA-ROTUNDATA; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; O-2 EVOLUTION; QUANTUM YIELD; TEMPERATURE; MACROALGAE; RESPONSES

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Financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2010CB833802 and 2007AA09Z446) and from the National Science Foundation of China (30910103914) is gratefully acknowledged.

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The past decade has seen the genetic engineering of various types of seaweed. To date, genetic transformation studies have been carried out in several seaweeds, including the red seaweeds Porphyra, Gracilaria, Grateloupia, Kappaphyclus and Ceramium and the green seaweed Ulva. A genetic transformation model system has been established in the most commonly cultivated seaweed, the brown seaweed Laminaria japonica (kelp), based on the transfer of technology used in land plant transformation and also by modulating the seaweed life cycle. This model showed the potential for application of transgenic kelp to the production of valuable products and an indoor cultivation system for transgenic kelp was proposed, taking into account necessary factors for bio-safety. In this review, the establishment at use of the kelp transformation model is introduced, highlighting the potential for transforming kelp into a marine bioreactor.

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Molecular biotechnology of marine algae is referred to as the biotechnology on the identification, modification, production and utilization of marine algal molecules. It involves not only the manipulation of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, but also deals with low molecular weight compounds such as secondary metabolites. In the last decade, molecular systematic researches to investigate the relationship and to examine the evolutionary divergence among Chinese marine algae have been carried out by Chinese scientists. For example, RAPD has been widely used in several laboratories to elucidate genetic variations of the reds, such as Porphyra, Gracilaria, Grateloupia and the greens such as Ulva and Enteromorpha. Some important data have been obtained. The study on molecular genetic markers for strain improvement is now in progress. In 1990s, genetic engineering of economic seaweeds such as Laminaria, Undaria, Porphyra, Gracilaria and Grateloupia has been studied in China. For Laminaria japonica, the successfully cultivated kelp in China, a model transformation system has been set up based on the application of plant genetic techniques and knowledge of the algal life history. Progress has been made recently in incorporating a vaccine gene into kelp genome. Evidence has been provided showing the expression of gene products as detectable vaccines. In the present paper, the progress of molecular biotechnological studies of marine algae in China, especially researches on elucidating and manipulating nucleic acids of marine algae, are reviewed.

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The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of marine red alga Grateloupia turutunt Yamada, green alga Ulva pertusa Kjellm and brown alga Laminaria japonica Aresch during natural sustained dehydration were monitored and investigated. The pulse amplified modulation (PAM) system was used to analyze the distinct fluorescence parameters during thallus dehydration. Results proved that the fluorescence kinetics of different seaweed all showed three patterns of transformation with sustained water loss. These were: 1) peak kinetic pattern (at the early stage of dehydration fluorescence enhanced and quenched subsequently, representing a normal physiological state). 2) plateau kinetic pattern (with sustained water loss fluorescence enhanced continuously but quenching became slower, finally reaching its maximum). 3) Platform kinetic pattern (fluorescence fell and the shape of kinetic curve was similar to plateau kinetic pattern). A critical water content (CWC) could be found and defined as the percentage of water content just prior to the fluorescence drop and to be a significant physiological index for evaluation of plant drought tolerance. Once thallus water content became lower than this value the normal peak pattern can not be recovered even through rehydration, indicating an irreversible damage to the thylakoid membrane. The CWC value corresponding to different marine species were varied and negatively correlated with their desiccation tolerance, for example. Laminaria japonica had the highest CWC value (around 90%) and the lowest dehydration tolerance of the three. In addition, a fluorescence "burst" was found only in red algae during rehydration. The different fluorescence parameters F-o, F-v and F-v, F-m were measured and compared during water loss. Both F-o and F-v increased in the first stage of dehydration but F-v/F-m. kept almost constant. So the immediate response of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence to dehydration was an enhancement. Later with sustained dehydration F-o increased continuously while F-v decreased and tended to become smaller and smaller. The major changes in fluorescence (including fluorescence drop during dehydration and the burst during rehydration) were all attributed to the change in F-o instead of F-v This significance of F-o indicates that it is necessary to do more research on F-o as well as on its relationship with the state of thylakoid membrane.

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Scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces of the seaweeds Laminaria japonica, haploid Porphyra yezoensis, Ulva pertusa and the diploid conchocelis of P. yezoensis and P. haitanensis revealed Vibrio and Micrococcus to be abundant on the surfaces of U. pertusa and P. yezoensis. Vibrio, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium and other genera were isolated from the surfaces of L. japonica.

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Based on the sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 5.8 S, and ITS 2, the molecular phylogeny was analyzed on Ulvaceae species collected from Qingdao coasts in summer of 2007, including 15 attached Ulva and Enteromorpha samples from 10 locations and 10 free-floating Enteromorpha samples from seven locations. The result supported the monophyly of all free-floating Enteromorpha samples, implying the unialgal composition of the free-floating Enteromorpha, and the attached Ulvaceae species from Qingdao coasts were grouped into other five clades, suggesting that they were not the biogeographic origin of the free-floating Enteromorpha in that season.

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Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Ulva lactuca, Grateloupia turuturu and Palmaria palmata are Suitable species that fit the requirements of a seaweed-animal integrated aquaculture system in terms of their viable biomass, rapid growth and promising nutrient uptake rates. fit this investigation, the responses of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield of the five algal species in tumble Culture were assessed at a temperature range of 10 similar to 30 degrees C. The results revealed that Ulva lactuca was the most resistant species to high temperature, withstanding 30 degrees C for 4 h without apparent decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield. While the arctic alga Palmaria palmata was the most vulnerable one, showing significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield at 25 degrees C for 2 h. The cold-water species Laminaria japonica, however, demonstrated strong ability to cope with higher temperature (24 similar to 26 degrees C) for shorter time (within 24 h) without significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield. Grateloupia turuturu showed a general decrease in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield with the rising temperature from 23 to 30 degrees C, similar to the temperate kelp Undaria pinnatifida. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence yields of these algae were characterized differently indicating the existence of species-unique strategy to cope with high light. Measurements of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield after short exposure to direct solar irradiance revealed how long these exposures could be without significant photoinhibition or with promising recovery in photosynthetic activities. Seasonal pattern of alternation of algal species in tank culture in the Northern Hemisphere at the latitude of 36 degrees N was proposed according to these basic measurements.

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Thermal analysis and thermolysis kinetics of three kinds of seaweeds and fir wood (M. glyptostriboides Huet Cheng), a kind of typical land plant, had been conducted. The results showed that thermal stability follows the order of Grateloupia filicina < Ulva lactuca < Dictyopteris divaricata < fir wood. A notable difference on heat flow between seaweeds and fir wood during thermolysis was that the former were mainly connected with exothermic processes at relatively lower temperature regimes. while the latter was connected with an apparent endotherm at a relatively higher temperature regime followed by a maximum exothermic peak. This suggested that the heat coupling might be realized if co-thermolysis of seaweeds and fir wood were carried out. The main devolatilization phase of each seaweed could be described by Avrami-Erofeev equation, which indicated that thermolysis of seaweeds follows the mechanism of random nucleation and nuclei growth, whereas that of fir wood by Z-L-T equation and its thermolysis mechanism was three-dimensional diffusion. The activation energies calculated for both seaweeds and fir wood increase as conversion increases. However, those for the former have wider distribution. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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沿海工农业生产的快速发展和人类活动对近海生态系统产生了很大影响,大量化肥的使用和工业污水、生活污水的排放导致近海环境污染,海水富营养化,赤潮频发。另外,由于近海养殖活动的迅猛发展以及养殖的不规范和不科学性导致近海生态系统结构和功能改变,一方面加重了海水富营养化,另一方面养殖动植物病害经常发生,严重影响了海产品的质量和效益。 大型海藻是海区重要的初级生产者,生命周期长、生长快,能通过光合作用吸收固定水体的C、N、P等营养物质来合成自身,同时增加水体溶解氧。因此,大型海藻被称为海洋环境中的生物过滤器。另外,由于大型藻类自身营养成分的复杂性和与藻共生的微生物多样性,大型海藻还可对生态系统中的浮游生物和微生物产生直接和间接影响。 在海洋环境,尤其是海水养殖水体环境存在着两个主要问题:海水富营养化和病源微生物控制,本文针对海洋环境中存在的这两个问题进行了探索研究。 以大型经济藻种长心卡帕藻(Kappaphycus alvarezzi)作为实验材料,分别在实验室内、室外藻类处理系统和海湾养殖现场三种条件下,进行藻类去除海水氮磷的一次性实验、半连续实验和连续实验,研究了其对海水中无机氮、无机磷的吸收速率和去除能力,初步评估了其生态价值。 构建了一种半封闭海域富营养化治理模式,以长心卡帕藻为实验材料,研究了其去除海水富营养化的能力,主要结果如下: (1)室内实验研究发现,长心卡帕藻对氮、磷的吸收速率随底物浓度升高而升高。在氮磷比为10:1,温度28℃条件下,氮浓度为50μmol • L-1时,藻对氮、磷的吸收速率达到最大,分别为0.93µmol • g-1(FW)• h-1和0.072µmol • g-1(FW)• h-1。 (2)人工修建的藻类养殖系统中进行的长心卡帕藻去除氮、磷的半连续实验,结果表明该藻具有连续去除海水DIN、DIP的能力。只要保持足够的底物浓度,长心卡帕藻对无机氮、无机磷的吸收速率达到最大,分别为0.3µmol • g-1(FW) • h-1和0.03µmol • g-1(FW)• h-1。但是对氮磷的吸收速率较室内实验有所降低。 (3)自然条件下,通过调查黎安海湾水质情况发现,长心卡帕藻具有较大的生态效益。在整个海湾大面积养殖卡帕藻,通过收获藻体,每年大约可以从海水中带走33吨氮素,7.5吨磷素。由于在海湾长心卡帕藻的作用,全年海湾水质保持在1-2级国家海水质量标准,产生了明显的生态效益。 另外,我们对大型藻类浒苔(Ulva clathrata)吸收氮磷和抑制鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)的效果进行了初步探索,结果表明:浒苔不仅对培养系统内无机氮和磷具有明显的去除作用,而且在异养细菌总量没有降低的情况下,对鳗弧菌有显著抑制作用,该抑制作用还受到水体中氮磷营养盐浓度的影响。在10g • L-1海藻的条件下,鳗弧菌以105-107 cfu • mL-1接入2天后,无论是否添加外源氮磷,鳗弧菌密度降到10 cfu • mL-1以下,鳗弧菌去除率几乎达到100%。实验数据还显示,添加氮磷营养盐可以增强浒苔对鳗弧菌的抑制作用,但没有降低其中的异养菌群数量,系统内异养细菌总量均维持在较高水平。进一步研究表明,培养浒苔24h后的海水,也对鳗弧菌65#产生抑制作用,这说明浒苔代谢释放到水体中某种化学成分或与藻共栖的微生物对鳗弧菌生长产生了抑制。

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应用稳定碳、氮同位素比值法和脂肪酸标志分析法,较为系统地研究了贝藻混养系统中滤食性贝类的食物来源,评估了大型藻类对混养系统及滤食性贝类的物质贡献。主要研究结果如下: 1.综述了典型生态系统中大型藻类和滤食性贝类各自的生态学地位和作用,大型藻类与滤食性贝类不仅在水体营养盐方面存在互利关系,二者在物质循环与收支方面同样具有耦合性,大型藻类提供的颗粒态有机质可以为滤食性贝类提供饵料来源。 2.总结了稳定同位素比值法和脂肪酸标志法在海洋生态系统食物来源及食物网分析中的应用,并建立了两种方法的具体操作规程。 3.分析了栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri和海带Laminaria japonica混养系统中海带碎屑形成及释放不同阶段的生态学特征,评估了碎屑对扇贝的饵料贡献。海带在6周内释放了自身约27%的碳;碎屑形成及释放过程中C:N比值显著下降,同时伴随着旺盛的细菌降解,碎屑中也发现有大量硅藻类和原生动物存在。稳定同位素分析证实海带碎屑是混养期间扇贝的主要食物来源。 4.查明了春季胶州湾潮间带自然分布的长牡蛎Crassostrea gigas、紫贻贝Mytilus galloprovincialis和湾内浅海筏式养殖栉孔扇贝的可能食物来源。湾内栉孔扇贝饵料组成中浮游硅藻类为最主要部分,同时混杂有陆源有机质和细菌类物质;潮间带自然生长的牡蛎和贻贝饵料组成中,浮游植物占86.2-89.0%,种类组成中除硅藻外还包括一定比例的金藻和甲藻类;潮间带繁盛的孔石莼Ulva pertusa藻床为两种贝类提供了8.7-11.0%的补充食物来源。 5.揭示了桑沟湾贝藻混养海区春、夏季栉孔扇贝饵料来源组成情况及其季节变化,评估了海带养殖区碎屑碳量季节变化及海带来源碳对扇贝组织碳的贡献。结果表明,湾内贝藻混养区碎屑碳量为75.52-265.19 μg l-1,其在水体总颗粒态有机碳中的比例为25.6-73.8%。海带来源碎屑碳对栉孔扇贝组织碳的贡献比例为14.1-42.8%,且与水体碎屑碳比例的季节变化存在极显著相关性(F=0.992, P=0.004)。5月份湾外海带养殖区水体碎屑碳量为110.12-144.71 μg l-1,显著高于湾内无海带区(75.52 μg l-1),湾外养殖的扇贝组织中海带来源碳比例为22.0-24.1%,显著高于湾内单养区扇贝(9.6%)。估算结果表明,桑沟湾每年收获的6967吨(总湿重)栉孔扇贝中,海带提供了约57.1吨碳,换算为海带干物质为219.6吨。脂肪酸标志分析结果表明,2月份至8月份硅藻类在扇贝饵料组成中比例逐渐下降,而细菌类比例逐渐升高。整个采样期间,EPA/DHA比例较低,说明扇贝饵料组成中可能包括高DHA含量的组分。