Physical Vapor Deposited Thin Films of Lignins Extracted from Sugar Cane Bagasse: Morphology, Electrical Properties, and Sensing Applications

The concern related to the environmental degradation and to the exhaustion of natural resources has induced the research on biodegradable materials obtained from renewable sources, which involves fundamental properties and general application. In this context, we have fabricated thin films of lignins, which were extracted from sugar cane bagasse via modified organosolv process using ethanol as organic solvent. The films were made using the vacuum thermal evaporation technique (PVD, physical vapor deposition) grown up to 120 nm. The main objective was to explore basic properties such as electrical and surface morphology and the sensing performance of these lignins as transducers. The PVD film growth was monitored via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance, revealing a linear relationship between absorbance and film thickness. The 120 nm lignin PVD film morphology presented small aggregates spread all over the film surface on the nanometer scale (atomic force microscopy, AFM) and homogeneous on the micrometer scale (optical microscopy). The PVD films were deposited onto Au interdigitated electrode (IDE) for both electrical characterization and sensing experiments. In the case of electrical characterization, current versus voltage (I vs V) dc measurements were carried out for the Au IDE coated with 120 nm lignin PVD film, leading to a conductivity of 3.6 x 10(-10) S/m. Using impedance spectroscopy, also for the Au IDE coated with the 120 nm lignin PVD film, dielectric constant of 8.0, tan delta of 3.9 x 10(-3)) and conductivity of 1.75 x 10(-9) S/m were calculated at 1 kHz. As a proof-of-principle, the application of these lignins as transducers in sensing devices was monitored by both impedance spectroscopy (capacitance vs frequency) and I versus time dc measurements toward aniline vapor (saturated atmosphere). The electrical responses showed that the sensing units are sensible to aniline vapor with the process being reversible. AFM images conducted directly onto the sensing units (Au IDE coated with 120 nm lignin PVD film) before and after the sensing experiments showed a decrease in the PVD film roughness from 5.8 to 3.2 nm after exposing to aniline.

Acupuncture with manual and electrical stimulation for labour pain : a two month follow up of recollection of pain and birth experience.

BACKGROUND: In a previous randomised controlled trial we showed that acupuncture with a combination of manual- and electrical stimulation (EA) did not affect the level of pain, as compared with acupuncture with manual stimulation (MA) and standard care (SC), but reduced the need for other forms of pain relief, including epidural analgesia. To dismiss an under-treatment of pain in the trial, we did a long-term follow up on the recollection of labour pain and the birth experience comparing acupuncture with manual stimulation, acupuncture with combined electrical and manual stimulation with standard care. Our hypothesis was that despite the lower frequency of use of other pain relief, women who had received EA would make similar retrospective assessments of labour pain and the birth experience 2 months after birth as women who received standard care (SC) or acupuncture with manual stimulation (MA). METHODS: Secondary analyses of data collected for a randomised controlled trial conducted at two delivery wards in Sweden. A total of 303 nulliparous women with normal pregnancies were randomised to: 40 min of MA or EA, or SC without acupuncture. Questionnaires were administered the day after partus and 2 months later. RESULTS: Two months postpartum, the mean recalled pain on the visual analogue scale (SC: 70.1, MA: 69.3 and EA: 68.7) did not differ between the groups (SC vs MA: adjusted mean difference 0.8, 95 % confidence interval [CI] -6.3 to 7.9 and SC vs EA: mean difference 1.3 CI 95 % -5.5 to 8.1). Positive birth experience (SC: 54.3 %, MA: 64.6 % and EA: 61.0 %) did not differ between the groups (SC vs MA: adjusted Odds Ratio [OR] 1.8, CI 95 % 0.9 to 3.7 and SC vs EA: OR 1.4 CI 95 % 0.7 to 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lower use of other pain relief, women who received acupuncture with the combination of manual and electrical stimulation during labour made the same retrospective assessments of labour pain and birth experience 2 months postpartum as those who received acupuncture with manual stimulation or standard care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01197950.

Self-assessment of the outcome of early medical abortion versus clinic follow-up in India : a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial

Background: The need for multiple clinical visits remains a barrier to women accessing safe legal medical abortion services. Alternatives to routine clinic follow-up visits have not been assessed in rural low-resource settings. We compared the effectiveness of standard clinic follow-up versus home assessment of outcome of medical abortion in a low-resource setting. Methods: This randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial was done in six health centres (three rural, three urban) in Rajasthan, India. Women seeking early medical abortion up to 9 weeks of gestation were randomly assigned (1:1) to either routine clinic follow-up or self-assessment at home. Randomisation was done with a computer-generated randomisation sequence, with a block size of six. The study was not blinded. Women in the home-assessment group were advised to use a pictorial instruction sheet and take a low-sensitivity urine pregnancy test at home, 10-14 days after intake of mifepristone, and were contacted by a home visit or telephone call to record the outcome of the abortion. The primary (non-inferiority) outcome was complete abortion without continuing pregnancy or need for surgical evacuation or additional mifepristone and misoprostol. The non-inferiority margin for the risk difference was 5%. All participants with a reported primary outcome and who followed the clinical protocol were included in the analysis. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01827995. Findings: Between April 23, 2013, and May 15, 2014, 731 women were recruited and assigned to clinic follow-up (n=366) or home assessment (n=365), of whom 700 were analysed for the main outcomes (n=336 and n=364, respectively). Complete abortion without continuing pregnancy, surgical intervention, or additional mifepristone and misoprostol was reported in 313 (93%) of 336 women in the clinic follow-up group and 347 (95%) of 364 women in the home-assessment group (difference -2.2%, 95% CI -5.9 to 1.6). One case of haemorrhage occurred in each group (rate of adverse events 0.3% in each group); no other adverse events were noted. Interpretation Home assessment of medical abortion outcome with a low-sensitivity urine pregnancy test is non-inferior to clinic follow-up, and could be introduced instead of a clinic follow-up visit in a low-resource setting.

Gradiente imunoinflamatório sérico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada

Introdução - Diversos estudos têm apontado que uma modulação imunoinflamatória possa desempenhar papel importante na fisiopatologia da insuficiência cardíaca, através da determinação de aumento dos níveis séricos de várias citoquinas em pacientes com a síndrome. No entanto, o sítio da produção aumentada destas moléculas ainda não está claro. Métodos - Foram estudados 18 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca classe III ou IV com fração de ejecão ≤ 35% (47±11 anos; 14/18 com etiologia não isquêmica) e 7 indivíduos controles (38±9 anos). Foram analisadas as concentrações de TNF-α, seus receptores solúveis I e II, da interleucina 6 e do receptor solúvel da interleucina 2 pelo método de ELISA no sangue periférico e sangue do seio coronário de todos os indivíduos. Resultados - Nos pacientes, as concentrações periféricas do TNF-α, e dos receptores solúveis I e II do TNF-α foram significativamente maiores do que nos indivíduos controles (3,9 ± 2,7 vs. 0,6 ± 1,9 pg/ml, p = 0,009; 1477 ± 489 pg/ml vs. 965 ± 214 pg/ml, p = 0,01; 3149 ± 983 pg/ml vs.1700 ± 526 pg/ml, p = 0,001; respectivamente). Apenas o TNF-α e a interleucina 6 apresentaram maior concentração periférica quando comparada ao sangue do seio coronário (3,9 ± 2,7 vs. 2,7 ± 2,1 pg/ml, p = 0,007 e 4,5 ± 2,8 vs. 3,6 ± 2,8 pg/ml, p = 0,01, respectivamente) em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Além disto, foi observada correlação inversa entre a concentração periférica do TNF-α (r = - 0,5, p = 0,01) e seus receptores solúveis I e II (r = - 0,46, p = 0,02 e r = - 0,59, p = 0,001, respectivamente) e a fração de ejeção, bem como a concentração no seio coronário dos receptores solúveis I e II do TNF-α e a fração de ejeção (r = - 0,46, p= 0,02 e r = - 0,58, p = 0,002, respectivamente). Conclusões - A existência de maiores concentrações de TNF-α e interleucina 6 no sangue periférico do que no seio coronário em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sugere que a produção destas citoquinas seja predominantemente periférica. O TNF-α e seus receptores solúveis I e II correlacionaram-se inversamente com a fração de ejeção.

Perfil plasmático da ICAM-1 e da VCAM-1 no pós-operatório cardíaco de lactentes submetidos à circulação extracorpórea

Introdução – Grande parte da população de crianças portadoras de defeitos cardíacos congênitos torna-se criticamente doente durante o primeiro ano de vida e necessita tratamento cirúrgico. No entanto, durante cirurgias cardíacas, ocorre uma resposta inflamatória intensa desencadeada pelo período de circulação extracorpórea (CEC), o que provoca disfunção de órgãos e tecidos. Os neutrófilos assumem um papel importante e complexo neste período, envolvendo a ligação às células endoteliais, ativação e liberação de mediadores inflamatórios. Esse processo é iniciado e mantido através de moléculas de adesão específicas, como a molécula de adesão intercelular-1 (ICAM-1) e a molécula de adesão celular-vascular-1 (VCAM-1). Formas solúveis destas moléculas apresentam variações de seus níveis durante cirurgias cardíacas com uso de CEC. Há poucos dados na literatura relacionados ao comportamento destas moléculas após cirurgia cardíaca com uso de CEC em lactentes, estando seu significado no plasma ainda por ser decifrado. Objetivos – Mensurar os níveis plasmáticos das moléculas de adesão solúveis ICAM-1 e VCAM-1 em condições basais e após exposição ao circuito de CEC em lactentes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca para correção de defeitos cardíacos congênitos. Comparar os níveis plasmáticos destas moléculas entre pacientes acianóticos e cianóticos. Métodos – Foram estudados 21 lactentes, durante o período de junho de 1998 a março de 1999, submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com uso de CEC. Foram analisados os níveis plasmáticos da ICAM-1 e da VCAM-1 solúveis pelo método de ELISA, na indução anestésica, ao término da CEC e 8 e 26 horas após o término da CEC. Resultados – As patologias cardíacas congênitas mais comuns foram defeito do septo atrioventricular e tetralogia de Fallot. As médias de idade e de peso foram 6,6 meses e 5,8 Kg. As medianas dos tempos de CEC e de clampeamento de aorta foram, respectivamente, 87 e 53 minutos. Todos os lactentes utilizaram inotrópicos. As medianas dos tempos de intubação e de internação foram 72 horas e 21 dias. A taxa de mortalidade dos pacientes foi de 9,5%. Os níveis basais da ICAM-1 e da VCAM-1 foram significativamente mais elevados do que aqueles considerados normais (P<0,0001). Os níveis da ICAM-1 diminuíram significaticamente ao término da CEC (P<0,001), voltando a aumentar significativamente 8 horas após o término deste período (P<0,005), sem no entanto, alcançar os valores basais 26 horas depois. A VCAM-1 apresentou comportamento semelhante. No entanto, 26 horas após CEC houve diminuição significativa de seus níveis em relação ao valor identificado 8 horas após tal período (P<0,005). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto aos valores das moléculas entre pacientes acianóticos e cianóticos (P>0,1). Não houve associação entre os valores das moléculas e as variáveis perioperatórias e os desfechos clínicos. Conclusões – Os níveis plasmáticos das moléculas de adesão solúveis ICAM-1 e VCAM-1 são aumentados em lactentes com cardiopatias congênitas acianóticas e cianóticas no seu estado basal. Os níveis plasmáticos de ICAM-1 e VCAM-1 solúveis variam após exposição ao circuito de CEC em lactentes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca para correção de cardiopatias congênitas, apresentando um comportamento característico nestes pacientes. Não há diferenças no comportamento das moléculas entre pacientes acianóticos e cianóticos.

Caracterização e reconstrução mineralógica de carvão, caulim, calcários e de cinzas sulfatadas geradas à temperatura de um leito fluidizado visando sua aplicação na indústria cimenteira

Neste trabalho foram estudadas cinzas de carvão do tipo sílico-aluminosas e sulfatadas. As primeiras são aquelas obtidas normalmente pela queima do carvão acima de 850 °C. As cinzas sulfatadas estudadas são aquelas obtidas pela combustão, a 850 °C, do carvão em presença de calcário o qual retém o enxofre, liberado na combustão, na forma de anidrita (CaSO4). As cinzas sulfatadas foram classificadas de acordo com as misturas que as deram origem em “sulfocalcíticas”, “sulfodolomíticas” e “sulfocalcocauliníticas”. Estas cinzas foram obtidas, respectivamente, da combustão de misturas de carvão e calcita, de carvão e dolomita e de carvão, calcita e caulim. Os minerais estudados provêm do Rio Grande do Sul e todas análises foram efetuadas na École des Mines d’Alés (França). Assim, se estudaram cinzas de carvão, de calcário (calcítico e dolomítico), de caulim e de misturas destes a fim correlacionar as cinzas obtidas aos minerais que as deram origem. A reconstrução mineralógica destes materiais foi possível graças ao cruzamento de várias técnicas de análise tais como: método dos ajustes dosados, difração e fluorescência de raios X, determinação da perda ao fogo, densidade, calcimetria, termogravimetria, microscopia ótica e eletrônica etc. O carvão de Candiota é constituído por uma fase amorfa (52 %), quartzo (20 %), caulinita (16 %), muscovita (8 %), pirita (3 %), dolomita (1 %) e hematita (< 1 %). O caulim apresenta caulinita (80,6 %), muscovita (9,8 %), albita (6,8 %) e hematita (1,2 %) O calcário dolomítico possui calcita (42,8 %), antigorita (34,1 %), magnesita (11,7 %), dolomita (10,7 %), flogopita (3 %), caulinita (1,8 %) e quartzo (0,7 %). O calcário calcítico contém calcita (86,1 %), dolomita (12,2 %), quartzo (3,6 %), caulinita (0,7 %) e muscovita (0,4 %). As cinzas “sílico-aluminosas” são compostas por hematita e sílica. As cinzas sulfatadas são compostas por muscovita, quartzo, anidrita, guelenita, cal e hematita. As cinzas “sulfodolomíticas” apresentam, além destas fases, a periclasita. Foram realizados alguns ensaios de hidratação com cinzas “sílico-aluminosas”, “sulfocalcíticas” e “sulfocalcocauliníticas”. Após 28 dias de hidratação as cinzas “sílicoaluminosas” não sofreram alterações e a difração de raios X evidenciou, principalmente, o quartzo e a hematita. As cinzas sulfatadas com apenas 2 dias de hidratação, ou seja, antes do período de “pega” do cimento, apresentaram a formação de silicatos de cálcio hidratados (CSH) e etringita (primária). Estes dois compostos melhoram as propriedades mecânicas das cinzas. Após 28 dias de hidratação a etringita desapareceu em favor da formação da gipsita e de mais silicatos de cálcio hidratados. Os resultados mostraram que as cinzas sulfatadas têm propriedades físicas; superfície (específica, Blaine, BET), volume poroso e índice de aglomeração; e químicas; CSH e etringita; mais interessantes que as cinzas sílico-aluminosas. Os resultados indicam que as cinza sulfatadas têm um grande potencial de aproveitamento.

Estudo de difusão de In e Pd em [alfa]-Ti utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de retroespalhamento de Rutherford e canalização

O objetivo da presente dissertação é o estudo de difusão de In e Pd na matriz de a-Ti. O interesse deste estudo baseia-se na investigação sistemática, realizada pelo grupo de Implantação Iônica, de difusão de impurezas substitucionais em a-Ti com o fim de determinar uma relação entre tamanho, valência e solubilidade e os respectivos coeficientes de difusão. Considerações de tamanho, diferença de valência e solubilidade indicam que o In deverá difundir substitucionalmente. Por outro lado, não está claro qual será o mecanismo de difusão do Pd, pois a sua solubilidade não é muito alta e seu raio atômico é menor que o da matriz. A dependência do coeficiente de difusão desses dois elementos com a temperatura foi estudada entre 823 e 1073 K no caso do In, e entre 673 e 1073 K no caso do Pd. Em ambos os casos, a técnica de RBS foi utilizada para determinar os perfis de concentração. Esta técnica tem uma alta resolução em profundidade (tipicamente 10 nm), o que permite a determinação das baixas difusividades esperadas no presente experimento (D ≤ 10-17 m² s-¹). Adicionalmente, utilizamos para o caso do Pd a técnica de canalização, com a finalidade de determinar o grau de substitucionalidade dos átomos de Pd, tanto imediatamente após a implantação, quanto depois de efetuados os recozimentos e, portanto, determinar o mecanismo de difusão do mesmo em α - Ti. No caso do In, os coeficientes de difusão seguem uma lei de Arrhenius com parâmetros de difusão Q = (260 ± 10) kJ/mol e Do = (2,0 ± 1,3) x 10-6 m² s-¹ , valores estes, típicos de um comportamento difusivo substitucional. No entanto, para o Pd, os coeficientes de difusão também seguem um comportamento tipo Arrhenius, com Q = (264 ± 9) kJ/mol e Do = (2,8 ± 1,3) x 10-3 m² s-¹. Quando se comparam os resultados do Pd com outros substitucionais, tais como Pb, Au, Sn e In, os resultados indicam que o Pd é um difusor rápido, porém mais lento que os intersticiais do tipo Fe, Co ou Cu. Por outro lado, os experimentos de canalização indicam que no intervalo de temperatura estudado, 30% dos átomos de Pd ficam em posição intersticial na rede. Isto é um forte indício de que o mecanismo de difusão é do tipo misto.

Estudos sobre uma estratégia de atualização de professores

o presente trabalho foi elaborado no intuito de ofere cer um modelo alternativo, certamente mais econômico e mais funcional, de atualização de professores. Inicialmente ele se propos a avaliar a opinião dos professores face ao problema de sua atualização, em uma escola de demonstração - o Instituto de Educação do Rio de Janeiro. A partir da constatação de opiniões classificadas co mo altamente positivas, na mal0ria dos casos em estudo (apesar do desprestigio social e salarial da carreira do magisterio),e da constatação de que essas opiniões ocorriam independenteme~ te de uma serie de variáveis relativas ao professor, procedeuse a uma análise, atraves de pesquisa documental, das condi çoes oferecidas pela Instituição, nos últimos anos, em que vem dedicando parte da carga horária semanal dos professores aos (entros de Estudos. Esse segundo momento do trabalho baseou-se no press~ posto de que a escola, ao voltar-se para a valorização de seu corpo docente, promovendo o encontro semanal dos professores no horãrio de trabalho para estudarem, possivelmente encontre uma das melhores formas de tratamento do problema. A partir desse pressuposto, a pesquisa documental es tendeu-se ao Centro Educacional de Niterói, que vem realizando uma experiincia semelhante, com a mesma finalidade. Verificou-se, então, que, apesar de serem muitos os entraves no sentido de atualizar os professores no próprio es ~ tabelecimento de ensino, é possivel continuar apesar deles e obter algum ixito.

3-Hydroxy-4, 5-dimethyl-2 (5 H)-furanone levels in fortified Madeira wines: Relationship to sugar content

The maturation of Madeira wines usually involves exposure to relatively high temperatures and humidity levels >70%, which affect the aroma and flavor composition and lead to the formation of the typical and characteristic bouquet of these wines. To estimate the levels of sotolon [3-hydroxy4,5-dimethyl-2(5 H )-furanone] and their behavior over time, 86 aged Madeira wines samples (1-25 years old), with different sugar concentrations, respectively, 90 g L-1 for Boal, 110 g L-1 for Malvazia, 25 g L -1 for Sercial, and 65 g L-1 for Verdelho varieties, were analyzed. Isolation was performed by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane followed by chromatographic analysis by GC-MS. The reproducibility of the method was found to be 4.9%. The detection and quantification limits were 1.2 and 2.0 µgL-1, respectively. The levels of sotolon found ranged from not detected to 2000 µgL-1 for wines between 1 and 25 years old. It was observed that during aging, the concentration of sotolon increased with time in a linear fashion ( r ) 0.917). The highest concentration of sotolon was found in wines with the highest residual sugar contents, considering the same time of storage. The results show that there is a strong correlation between sotolon and sugar derivatives: furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural. These compounds are also well correlated with wine aging. These findings indicate that the kinetics of sotolon formation is closely related with residual sugar contents, suggesting that this molecule may come from a component like sugar.

Development of a dynamic headspace solid-phase microextraction procedure coupled to GC–qMSD for evaluation the chemical profile in alcoholic beverages

In the present study, a simple and sensitive methodology based on dynamic headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography with quadrupole mass detection (GC–qMSD), was developed and optimized for the determination of volatile (VOCs) and semi-volatile (SVOCs) compounds from different alcoholic beverages: wine, beer and whisky. Key experimental factors influencing the equilibrium of the VOCs and SVOCs between the sample and the SPME fibre, as the type of fibre coating, extraction time and temperature, sample stirring and ionic strength, were optimized. The performance of five commercially available SPME fibres was evaluated and compared, namely polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, 100 μm); polyacrylate (PA, 85 μm); polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB, 65 μm); carboxen™/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS, 75 μm) and the divinylbenzene/carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS, 50/30 μm) (StableFlex). An objective comparison among different alcoholic beverages has been established in terms of qualitative and semi-quantitative differences on volatile and semi-volatile compounds. These compounds belong to several chemical families, including higher alcohols, ethyl esters, fatty acids, higher alcohol acetates, isoamyl esters, carbonyl compounds, furanic compounds, terpenoids, C13-norisoprenoids and volatile phenols. The optimized extraction conditions and GC–qMSD, lead to the successful identification of 44 compounds in white wines, 64 in beers and 104 in whiskys. Some of these compounds were found in all of the examined beverage samples. The main components of the HS-SPME found in white wines were ethyl octanoate (46.9%), ethyl decanoate (30.3%), ethyl 9-decenoate (10.7%), ethyl hexanoate (3.1%), and isoamyl octanoate (2.7%). As for beers, the major compounds were isoamyl alcohol (11.5%), ethyl octanoate (9.1%), isoamyl acetate (8.2%), 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (5.9%), and octanoic acid (5.5%). Ethyl decanoate (58.0%), ethyl octanoate (15.1%), ethyl dodecanoate (13.9%) followed by 3-methyl-1-butanol (1.8%) and isoamyl acetate (1.4%) were found to be the major VOCs in whisky samples.

Ação de polissacarídeos sulfatados de Fucus Vesiculosus na Hemostasia e no sistema complemento

Fucans are a family of sulfated homo and teropolysaccharides respectively, composed mainly of a- (1®2) and a- (1®3) linked by L-fucose residues. Properties such as the ability to act as an anti-contraceptive, to reduce cholesterol levels, and to act as an anti-tumor agent are much related. We have focused our attention on the anticoagulant properties, platelet aggregation, hemorrhagic activity and complement system in vitro of commercial fucoidan (F) and their purified fractions (F1, F2 and F3) from Fucus vesiculosus obtained from fractionation of the fucoidan with different concentrations of acetone 1, 2 and 3v. These compounds were chemically characterized and the fucoidan (F) was modified by desulfation. The anticoagulant activity of the compounds was assessment by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombine time assay (PT) using citrated normal human plasma. The results of APPT test showed that F, F1 and F2 have high anticoagulants activities 240.0 s (5 µg). The F3 showed 73.7 s in the same concentrations. The results obtained with PT test to F, F1, F2 and F3 were 81.5 s, 120.0 s, 57.1 and 32.5 s respectively with 50 µg. The dessulfated polymer showed a decrease in the anticoagulant activity in these two tests. Platelet aggregation assay was measured turbidimetrically with platelet aggregometer by method of Born. The aggregation platelet with F and fractions F1, F2 and F3 exhibited a two-phase answer in the concentration of 5 mg/mL with maximum aggregation of 76.36 ± 10.3% ; 69.54 ± 9.40%; 75.94 ± 9.01%; 51.13 ± 9.59% respectively. However, was observed a hipoaggregate profile F (15.17 ± 5.2%), F1 (7.40 ± 3.04 %), F2 (19.1 ± 5.41%) and F3 (5.09 ± 3.02%) at 0.1 mg/mL. The hemorrhagic activity assay was carried in Wistar rats and showed that these compounds have low hemorrhagic effect when compared to heparin. The complement system ( alternative pathway was made using non-sensibilized rabbit red blood cells The results of complement system essay showed that F , F2 and F3 have action inhibitory in relation to the group control 0.544, 0.697, 0.622 and 0.958 respectively The results showed that these compounds have action on this system. Interaction of the polisaccharides with proteins C3 and C4 showed that the fraction F1 stimulated the activity assay hemolytic using red blood cells

Utilização de matérias primas vegetais para aplicabilidade como inibidores de corrosão

In the search for products that act as corrosion inhibitors and do not cause environmental, impact the use of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors is becoming a promising alternative. In this work the efficiency of polar extracts (ethanol extracts) obtained from the plants Anacardium occidentale Linn (AO) and Phyllantus amarus Schum. & Thonn (PA) as corrosion inhibitors were evaluated in different concentrations. For that AO and PA extracts were solubilized in the microemulsion systems (SME) containing saponified coconut oil as surfactant (SME -OCS and SME-OCS-1) in saline (NaCl 3,5 %) solution, which was also used as electrolyte. Both SME-OCS and SME-OCS-1 were characterized by surface tension and viscosity methods showing a Newtonian fluid behavior. The SME-OCS and SME-OCS-1 systems satisfactorily solubilized the polar extracts AO and PA with measurements carried out by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The measurements of corrosion inhibition efficiencies were performed by the electrochemical linear polarization resistance (LPR) technique as well as weight loss, on the surface of AISI 1020 carbon steel. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiencies were determined by extrapolation of Tafel plots, showing the following values: 95,6 % for the system SME-OCS-AO, 98,9 % for the system SME-OCS-AO-1 and 93,4 % for the system SME-OCS-PA

Ecologia alimentar de aves insetívoras de um fragmento de mata decídua do extremo norte da Mata Atlântica

The diet study of birds has contributed historically as a model for use to understanding ecological patterns and strategies used by several other groups of vertebrates, which are observed in season patterns and temporal availability of resources, and other. This study has as objective generate information concerning the diet of insectivorous birds during rainy season and dry season, as well as analyze Index food importance, niche overlap, niche breadth, electivity, and seasonal availability of prey. The study was conducted in a fragment of about 270 ha (center coordinates and 5 º 53'S 35 ° 23'W). The sampling of birds occurred between March 2008 and December 2009 in three pre-established trails. Catches of birds were performed using 10 mist nets placed in line, where each trails was sampled once a month. Samples of pellets were obtained by means of tartar emetic. Sampling of availability of prey occurred between February 2009 to December 2009. We used two methods of sampling (pitfall traps and Shake cloths). We captured 269 individuals of 21 species of insectivorous birds. We collected 4116 invertebrates of which 3259 in the rainy season and 857 in the dry season. We obtained 174 samples stomach, where 10 species were exclusively insectivorous diet, nine fed on insect/plant material, an insect/plant material/vertebrate and one for insect/vertebrate. During the rainy season was observing difference between the consumption of items with higher food importance. The Coleoptera was item with higher food importance (73%), followed by Formicidae (7%) and Araneae (6%). During the dry season, no difference was found difference between the consumption of items with higher food importance. The Coleoptera was item with higher food importance (34%), followed by seeds (29%) and Formicidae (18%). The highest levels of niche overlap occurred during the rainy season, while the dry season was characterized by high levels of niche 11 segregation. This indicates that the local insectivorous birds community was structured differently between periods. No was found correlation between the values of niche breadth to the mean weight of the body size. We observed seasonal patterns in prey availability, with the peak availability of invertebrates observed seasonal patterns in rainy season. The insectivorous birds selected the same species richness during both periods, showing a specialized diet. Thamnophilus pelzelni was the only species that had their diet influenced by seasonality. Regarding the overall diet of insectivorous birds, observed a high consumption of prey, whose food availability caused the birds could invest and increase their food resources

Efeitos de absorventes de umidade e de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre o valor nutritivo, o perfil fermentativo e as perdas em silagens de capim-marandu

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the nutritional value, fermentation profile and dry matter losses of Palisadegrass silages ensiled with either dried citrus pulp, soybean hulls, chemical or microbial additives. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design and in a factorial arrangement (3 x 5), with three dry matter levels (wet forage or forage ensiled with pelleted citrus pulp or pelleted soybean hulls) and five additives (without or with the presence of bacterial inoculants or the addition of: sodium benzoate, formic acid in the concentration of 62% or 44%), totalizing 15 treatments and 60 experimental silos. The variables analyzed were: nutritional value, losses due to gases and effluents, and dry matter recovery. The use of dried citrus pulp or soybean hulls at the ensiling time increased the dry matter content (29.4 and 28,9%) and decreased the effluent production (4.1 and 3.8 kg/t of fresh matter), also providing fermentable substrate to microorganisms, resulting in increased fermentation coefficient and digestibility of silages. The use of formic acid resulted in silages with higher digestibility and increased water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein content. This additive was also effective in reducing the losses due to gases and, as a result, increased the total dry matter recovery. The treatment containing homolactic bacteria showed similar trend of increasing the digestibility and reducing the losses due to gases. The use of sodium benzoate was less effective in altering the fermentation pattern of tropical silages. The nutritional value and total dry matter losses of silages ensiled without additives can be considered satisfactory. However, wet forage ensiled with dried citrus pulp and, mainly, with soybeans hulls showed the best results. Treatments containing formic acid had a beneficial effect on the fermentation profile of tropical grass silages.

Avaliação agronômica da aplicação do resíduo da indústria processadora de goiabas em pomar comercial de goiabeiras

Dada a escassez de informações na literatura e a importância do manejo adequado de resíduos orgânicos na agricultura, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do resíduo da indústria processadora de goiabas em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, determinando-se as alterações provocadas na química do solo, no estado nutricional de goiabeiras e na produção de frutos. As doses de resíduo aplicadas no pomar foram estabelecidas em função dos teores de N no resíduo. O delineamento empregado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo as doses do resíduo (moído) de 0, 9, 18, 27 e 36 t ha-1 (peso do material seco). Foram feitas três aplicações do resíduo: em 2006, 2007 e 2008. O resíduo da indústria processadora de goiabas promoveu aumento nos teores de P no solo; as goiabeiras apresentaram aumento dos teores de N, Ca, Mg e Mn; a produção de frutos foi alterada positiva e significativamente no terceiro ano do experimento.