Sintesi ed ottimizzazione di una pressa a ginocchiera per stampaggio di materiale plastico

L’elaborato affronta l’ottimizzazione di una pressa a doppia ginocchiera a 5 punti impiegata nello stampaggio a iniezione. Il processo di ottimizzazione coinvolge la sintesi dimensionale dei membri del meccanismo e la pianificazione della traiettoria del suo organo cedente. L’obiettivo finale è di ottenere una geometria del meccanismo ed una legge oraria che minimizzino il picco di coppia richiesto all’attuatore, oltre a rispettare i vincoli fisici dell’applicazione (ingombri, velocità massima, forza massima, ecc.). La soluzione ottima viene raggiunta applicando in serie l’algoritmo genetico e l’algoritmo SQP (programmazione quadratica sequenziale) ad un modello dinamico rigido del meccanismo. I due algoritmi vengono scelti in quanto efficaci nel risolvere un problema di ottimizzazione vincolato. Per quanto riguarda la loro applicazione in serie, l’algoritmo genetico permette l’esplorazione dello spazio di progettazione e l’individuazione di una soluzione "buona", a partire da questa l’algoritmo SQP trova l’ottimo locale. L’intero processo di modellazione ed ottimizzazione è implementato tramite il software MATLAB. I risultati sono validati con un software di analisi dinamica (SolidWorks Motion) ed in parte in maniera sperimentale. Infine, la soluzione attuale viene confrontata con quelle ottenute. Il confronto è descritto nel dettaglio nella Sezione 6.5 ed in forma riassuntiva nella Sezione 6.5.5.

ottimizzazione del modello di gestione delle scorte dei reparti attrezzeria e sicurezza e definizione dei picking-point degli operatori

Il sistema logistico rappresenta una variabile fondamentale nel contesto organizzativo: se efficiente e ben strutturato può rivelarsi un vantaggio competitivo per le organizzazioni. Nel presente elaborato viene posta l’attenzione proprio su un particolare ambito del sistema logistico, ossia quello della logistica interna. L’obiettivo di questa tesi, svolta a margine di un tirocinio in Marchesini Group, azienda del bolognese leader nella fornitura di sistemi automatici per il packaging farmaceutico e cosmetico, è stato quello di ottimizzare i processi di gestione delle scorte e di picking di due categorie specifiche di prodotti: gli utensili, gestiti dal reparto attrezzeria ed i DPI, gestiti dal reparto sicurezza. Dopo una fase iniziale di osservazione diretta sul campo, finalizzata rilevare le principali criticità dei processi, lo studio si è concentrato sull'identificazione degli articoli principalmente consumati dai reparti e sulla definizione del loro consumo medio. In funzione delle esigenze dei diversi settori coinvolti, sono state, per entrambi i reparti, avanzate delle proposte di soluzione che riguardano sia l'introduzione di un nuovo modello di gestione delle scorte, accompagnato da un nuovo sistema di monitoraggio delle giacenze, che la riorganizzazione del flusso informativo relativo alla gestione degli ordini. Oltre che sul flusso informativo, il focus è stato posto anche sul flusso fisico degli articoli, con l’obiettivo di eliminare gli sprechi legati alle movimentazioni degli operatori tra i reparti. A tale scopo, dopo aver analizzato l'attuale processo di picking, è stata avanzata una proposta di soluzione che prevede l'introduzione di alcuni punti di prelievo direttamente all’interno dei reparti produttivi, appositamente collocati e dimensionati per minimizzare gli spostamenti degli operatori. Nella parte finale dell’elaborato vengono trattate le soluzioni proposte dal punto di vista economico e ne vengono illustrati i possibili sviluppi futuri.

Applicazione allo scenario italiano di un modello di costo dinamico per l'ottimizzazione del mix energetico e la gestione della rete elettrica

Nell’attuale contesto energetico di forte instabilità, prezzi e produttività subiscono continue variazioni a causa di fattori politici ed economici. Il sistema elettrico è chiamato a rispondere velocemente ai cambiamenti garantendo continuamente il soddisfacimento del fabbisogno di energia elettrica. Nel presente elaborato viene utilizzato un modello di costo dinamico, estratto dalla letteratura scientifica, con lo scopo di gestire efficientemente i flussi energetici e garantire una programmazione ottimale del mix produttivo. Viene analizzato lo scenario italiano mettendo in relazione produzione, trasmissione e domanda energetica. I dati utilizzati fanno riferimento, quanto più possibile, al contesto attuale. Coerentemente con la situazione reale i risultati ottenuti mettono in risalto le criticità e i punti di forza principali del sistema elettrico italiano delineando i possibili cambiamenti attuabili a medio termine.

Analysis of the emissions of volatile organic compounds from the compression ignition engine fueled by diesel-biodiesel blend and diesel oil using gas chromatography

This paper describes the procedures of the analysis Of Pollutant gases, as volatile organic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene) emitted by engines, using high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC). In a broad sense, CI engine burning diesel was compared with B10 and a drastic reduction was observed in the emissions of the aromatic compounds by using B10. Especially for benzene, the reduction of concentrations occurs on the level of about 19.5%. Although a concentration value below 1 mu g ml(-1) has been obtained, this reduction is extremely significant since benzene is a carcinogenic compound. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Garage-studio interior, Mt. Nebo House

Timber framing and roof skylight detail inside garage-studio.

Lower studio dining room, Mooloomba House, Point Lookout, North Stradbroke Island

View through courtyard to lower studio dining room, as seen from upper living area.

Lower studio dining room, Mooloomba House, Point Lookout, North Stradbroke Island

View through courtyard to lower studio dining room, as seen from upper living area.

Lower studio dining room, Mooloomba House, Point Lookout, North Stradbroke Island

View through courtyard to lower studio dining room, as seen from upper living area.

Dining studio, Mooloomba House, Point Lookout, North Stradbroke Island

View through courtyard to dining studio as seen from upper living room.

L-studio/cpfg: A software system for modeling plants

L-studio/cpfg is a plant modeling software system designed for Windows 95/98/NT platforms. Its key components are the L-system-based plant simulator cpfg and the modeling environment called L-studio. We overview version 1.0 of this system from the user's perspective.

Amphiphilic cerium(III) beta-diketonate as a catalyst for reducing diesel/biodiesel soot emissions

This work reports on the synthesis, characterization and applications of the new cerium(III) beta-diketonate Ce(hdacac)(3)(Hhdacac)(3)center dot 2H(2)O (where hdacac and Hhdacac denote, respectively, the hexadecylpentane-2,4-dionate and hexadecylpentane-2,4-dione ligands) as catalyst for the reduction of automotive emissions. Due to its amphiphilic character, this complex can be solubilized in non-polar fuels, thus generating cerium(IV) oxide particles, which efficiently catalyze the oxidation of diesel/biodiesel soot. The synthesized complex was characterized by microanalysis (C, H), thermal analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and specific surface area measurements attested that the complex can act as a soluble precursor of homogeneous CeO(2) spherical nanoparticles. The efficiency of this compound as catalyst for the reduction of soot emission was evaluated through static studies (comprising carbon black oxidation), which confirmed that increasing concentrations of the complex result in lower carbon black oxidation temperatures and lower activation Gibbs free energies. Dynamic studies, which embraced the combustion of diesel/biodiesel blends containing different amounts of the solubilized complex in a stationary motor, allowed a comparative evaluation of the soot emission through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. These analyses provided very emphatic evidences of the efficiency of this new cerium complex for the control of soot emission in diesel/biodiesel motors. (c) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Biological Effects and Dose-Response Assessment of Diesel Exhaust Particles on In Vitro Early Embryo Development in Mice

An increased risk of early pregnancy loss in women briefly exposed to high levels of ambient particulate matter during the preconceptional period was recently observed. The effects of this exposure on early embryo development are unknown. This study was designed to assess the dose-response and biological effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on in vitro embryo development using the in vitro fertilization (IVF) mouse model. Zygotes obtained from superovulated mice after IVF were randomly cultured in different DEP concentrations (0, 0.2, 2, and 20 mu g/cm(2)) for 5 days and observed for their capacity to attach and develop on a fibronectin matrix until day 8. Main outcome measures included blastocyst rates 96 and 120 h after insemination, hatching discriminatory score, total cell count, proportion of cell allocation to inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE), ICM morphology, attachment rate and outgrowth area, apoptosis and necrosis rates, and Oct-4 and Cdx-2 expression. Multivariate analysis showed a negative dose-dependent effect on early embryo development and hatching process, blastocyst cell allocation, and ICM morphology. Although blastocyst attachment and outgrowth were not affected by DEP, a significant impairment of ICM integrity was observed in day 8 blastocysts. Cell death through apoptosis was significantly higher after DEP exposure. Oct-4 expression and the Oct-4/Cdx-2 ratio were significantly decreased in day 5 blastocysts irrespective of DEP concentration. Results suggest that DEP appear to play an important role in disrupting cell lineage segregation and ICM morphological integrity even at lower concentrations, compromising future growth and viability of the blastocyst.

Acute Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Toxicity Induced by Inhalation of Diesel and Biodiesel Exhaust Particles

Analysis of fuel emissions is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of mortality because of air pollution. The objective of this study is to assess cardiovascular and inflammatory toxicity of diesel and biodiesel particles. Mice were exposed to fuels for 1 h. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability, and blood pressure were obtained before exposure, as well as 30 and 60 min after exposure. After 24 h, bronchoalveolar lavage, blood, and bone marrow were collected to evaluate inflammation. B100 decreased the following emission parameters: mass, black carbon, metals, CO, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds compared with B50 and diesel; root mean square of successive differences in the heart beat interval increased with diesel (p < 0.05) compared with control; low frequency increased with diesel (p < 0.01) and B100 (p < 0.05) compared with control; HR increased with B100 (p < 0.05) compared with control; mean corpuscular volume increased with B100 compared with diesel (p < 0.01), B50, and control (p < 0.001); mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration decreased with B100 compared with B50 (p < 0.001) and control (p < 0.05); leucocytes increased with B50 compared with diesel (p < 0.05); platelets increased with B100 compared with diesel and control (p < 0.05); reticulocytes increased with B50 compared with diesel, control (p < 0.01), and B100 (p < 0.05); metamyelocytes increased with B50 and B100 compared with diesel (p < 0.05); neutrophils increased with diesel and B50 compared with control (p < 0.05); and macrophages increased with diesel (p < 0.01), B50, and B100 (p < 0.05) compared with control. Biodiesel was more toxic than diesel because it promoted cardiovascular alterations as well as pulmonary and systemic inflammation.

Subchronic effects of nasally instilled diesel exhaust particulates on the nasal and airway epithelia in mice

Diesel exhaust is the major source of ultrafine particles released during traffic-related pollution. Subjects with chronic respiratory diseases are at greater risk for exacerbations during exposure to air pollution. This study evaluated the effects of subchronic exposure to a low-dose of diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Sixty male BALB/c mice were divided into two groups: (a) Saline: nasal instillation of saline (n = 30); and (b) DEP: nasal instillation of 30 mu g of DEP/10 mu l of saline (n = 30). Nasal instillations were performed 5 days a week, over 30 and 60 days. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg intraperitoneal [i.p.]) and sacrificed by exsanguination. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was performed to evaluate the inflammatory cell count and the concentrations of the interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-13 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The gene expression of oligomeric mucus/gel-forming (Muc5ac) was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histological analysis in the nasal septum and bronchioles was used to evaluate the bronchial and nasal epithelium thickness as well as the acidic and neutral nasal mucus content. The saline group (30 and 60 days) did not show any changes in any of the parameters. However, the instillation of DEP over 60 days increased the expression of Muc5ac in the lungs and the acid mucus content in the nose compared with the 30-day treatment, and it increased the total leukocytes in the BAL and the nasal epithelium thickness compared with saline for 60 days. Cytokines concentrations in the BAL were detectable, with no differences among the groups. Our data suggest that a low-dose of DEP over 60 days induces respiratory tract inflammation.