953 resultados para Soybean (Glycine max)
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2016
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Fluorescence and stopped-flow spectrophotometric studies on three plant lectins fromPsophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean),Glycine max (soybean) andArtocarpus integrifolia (jack fruit) have been studied usingN-dansylgalactosamine as a fluorescent ligand. The best monosaccharide for the winged bean agglutinin I (WBA I) and soybean (SBA) is Me-agrGalNAc and for jack fruit agglutinin (JFA) is Me-agrGal. Examination of the percentage enhancement and association constants (1.51×106, 6.56×106 and 4.17×105 M–1 for SBA, WBA I and JFA, respectively) suggests that the combining regions of the lectins SBA and WBA I are apolar whereas that of JFA is polar. Thermodynamic parameters obtained for the binding of several monosaccharides to these lectins are enthalpically favourable. The binding of monosaccharides to these lectins suggests that the-OH groups at C-1, C-2, C-4 and C-6 in thed-galactose configuration are important loci for interaction with these lectins. An important finding is that the JFA binds specifically to Galß1-3GaINAc with much higher affinity than the other disaccharides which are structurally and topographically similar.The results of stopped-flow spectrometry on the binding ofN-dansylgalactosamine to these lectins are consistent with a bimolecular single step mechanism. The association rate constants (2.4×105, 1.3×104, and 11.7×105 M–1 sec–1 for SBA, WBA I and JFA, respectively) obtained are several orders of magnitude slower than the ones expected for diffusion controlled reactions. The dissociation rate constants (0.2, 3.2×10–2, 83.3 sec–1 for SBA, WBA I and JFA, respectively) obtained for the dissociation ofN-dansylgalactosamine from its lectin complex are slowest for SBA and WBA I when compared with any other lectin-ligand dissociation process.
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大豆 (Glycine max (L.) Meer.)是人们日常生活中不可缺少的食品,也是一种非常重要的油质、蛋白资源。目前根据大豆种子吸胀阶段对低温敏感性的不同,可将其划分成3种生态型:低温非敏感型、低温敏感型及中间型。对于低温非敏感型的种子来讲,4℃下吸胀24小时对其发芽率影响很小,而敏感型种子萌发率不超过5%。我国属于温带大陆性气候,大豆播种后由于温度波动而造成一部分种子不能萌发,最终导致减产甚至绝产的现象普遍存在。高产是育种工作的主要目标,提高逆境胁迫的适应能力是高产的前提和基础,所以从分子角度研究种子吸胀非常必要,一方面能够挖掘新的基因资源,另一方面为今后育种工作提供必要的理论依据。 本试验以此为立足点,低温吸胀非敏感型大豆品种 (Z22)为材料,利用cDNA-AFLP方法及蛋白质技术分离与低温吸胀相关的基因及蛋白,得到结果如下: 第一,本试验成功的分离出4个受低温诱导的基因,半定量RT-PCR方法进一步验证了这4个基因在种子吸胀24小时内受低温诱导。 第二,利用RACE方法成功的得到2个完整的全长基因,在NCBI数据库中查找后发现其中1个基因为新基因,命名为SCHI基因 (SCHI:Soybean chilling-induced gene)。SCHI全长为390bp,编码分子量大约为14.2KD的蛋白;另外一个基因是已知基因,其同源序列已经在其他的物种中得到分离。由于此基因与核糖体蛋白L34高度同源,所以把把这个基因命名为SOL34 (Soybean L34)。 第三,利用半定量RT-PCR方法对基因表达模型进行分析,结果表明:SCHI在种子低温吸胀18~24小时期间诱导表达量最高,而当种子低温吸胀24小时后转入常温下,其表达量在常温下18小时左右迅速下降;ABA (100μM)、PEG (30%,10000)及NaCl (250mM)能够诱导SCHI的表达,在诱导表达量上,ABA和PEG诱导效果最明显,而NaCl能够微弱的诱导此基因表达;对不同生态型的大豆品种而言,低温吸胀过程中,SCHI在非敏感型种子中的表达量高于敏感型种子,但非敏感型和中间型之间没有差别;另外,SCHI在大豆胚轴中是诱导型表达,在叶片和根尖中则是组成型表达。SOL34的表达在萌发前24小时内被低温诱导,但在不同生态型之间没有差别。SOL34在胚轴和根尖中受低温诱导,在叶片中是组成型表达。 第四,SCHI能够在原核生物中表达出相应蛋白,诱导表达蛋白的分子量在26-29KD,大约为理论值的2倍,说明在大肠杆菌中被表达的蛋白以2聚体形式存在。另外低温试验结果表明SCHI能够提高菌落忍耐短时间-20℃低温的能力。 第五,利用双元表达载体把SCHI转入拟南芥植株,经过低温、干旱和盐胁迫后,转基因植株的成活率均高于野生型植株。超表达SOL34的拟南芥植株降低了对低温的耐性;而抑制拟南芥中L34的表达反而提高了植株对低温的抗性。 第六,本试验利用蛋白质等有关试验检测了大豆种子低温吸胀时蛋白质发生的变化。从吸胀 (4℃和22℃下24h)后的大豆胚轴中成功鉴定出上调蛋白点25个,下调蛋白点15个。其中有参与能量代谢反应 (占10%,例如柠檬酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶等)、细胞生长与分裂相关反应 (20%,例如LEA蛋白和种子成熟蛋白PM26)、胁迫反应 (10%,如乙醇脱氢酶)、种子宿命和贮藏蛋白 (20%,大豆球蛋白)等蛋白在此过程中发生了变化,暗示种子萌发前期低温吸胀过程中多种代谢发生变化。细胞生长变缓、能量代谢增强、胁迫代谢蛋白的高表达以及贮藏蛋白降解速度减慢等变化都有利于种子在吸胀过程中度过低温环境,为以后的生长作好准备。
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大豆是重要的油料和蛋白植物。在生产实践中,在播种后达到早苗和齐苗是大豆丰收的前提。种子的吸胀冷害是农业生产的严重问题。吸胀冷害发生在种子开始吸水萌动的萌发初始阶段。吸胀冷害不仅发生在高寒地带和低温冷湿地区,尤其在我国东北地区,造成我国乃至全球大豆不同程度的减产。吸胀冷害的原初作用位点在生物膜上,本实验从呼吸代谢的角度研究吸胀冷害对种子活力的影响,探讨吸胀冷害的机制。 本实验选用由黑龙江省黑河农业科学院提供的对低温中度敏感的黑河13 号大豆种子为材料,分别经22°C、10°C 和4°C 恒温培养箱24 h 后,测定其生理指标,通过透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,利用蛋白质组技术研究低温吸胀与种子呼吸代谢的关系,得到的结果如下: 低温吸胀阻碍胚轴膜系统的修复。通过电解质渗漏率测定发现,4°C 到22°C 温度范围内,提高吸胀温度有助于保持细胞膜的完整性,显著降低吸胀后胚轴电解质渗漏。在低温下吸胀,胚轴活性氧清除酶的活性受到抑制,活性氧含量增加,增强了膜脂过氧化作用,进而导致种子活力下降。 通过透射电子显微镜观察,大豆种子在22°C 吸胀24 h 后,胚轴细胞液泡明显变大,在细胞中所占比例很高,并且细胞内膜系统比较发达,能清晰观察到细胞核,线粒体,质膜,内质网整齐有序的形状。胚轴的细胞含有其它结构正常的细胞器,包括细胞壁,胞间连丝,淀粉粒和油体等。线粒体的外膜、内膜、嵴发育较完善。10°C 和4°C 的吸胀严重损伤了胚轴中细胞器的修复,细胞膜不规则,没有发现内质网和胞间连丝,线粒体的体积较小以及膜系统不发达,尤其是4°C 吸胀的胚轴中细胞器的损伤更加严重,细胞膜系统紊乱。 低温吸胀抑制了线粒体从轻线粒体向重线粒体的修复,以及线粒体的耗氧能力。22°C 吸胀的线粒体的总体耗氧能力较高,电子传递主要是利用复合体I 的电子传递途径。10°C 吸胀的线粒体总体耗氧呼吸较低,且其线粒体的电子传递主要以复合体II 的途径。4°C 吸胀的线粒体的耗氧能力则更低。 将分离得到的线粒体进行的蛋白质组分析,共分离400 多个蛋白点,其中有20 个点有表达差异。经ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS 鉴定,六个下调的蛋白质分别为ATP 合成酶的亚基 (线粒体的氧化磷酸化),线粒体延长因子Tu(线粒体基因组转录), 苹果酸脱氢酶(三羧酸循环),精氨酸酶(尿素循环)和2 个线粒体chaperonin-60 (热稳定蛋白)。这些蛋白在低温吸胀时下调表达,影响了线粒体的正常生理代谢,说明它们在维持线粒体正常代谢中起到了重要的作用。 综上所述,低温吸胀影响了线粒体的结构和生理功能的修复,减少了能量和中间物质供应给种子萌发,造成了种子活力的下降。
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快生型大豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium fredii)能浸染野大豆(Glycine soja)和栽培大豆(Glycine max)根部并形成固氮的根瘤。本文研究了R.fredii对野大豆的识别和侵染。通过研究R.fredii与大豆植物凝集素(SBL)结合和根毛吸附,R. fredii的EPS缺失突变株结瘤能力分析。结瘤;能力下降的突变株表面多糖分析等。发现了R.fredii与野大豆识别和侵染过程的特殊性。研究表明,(1)发现R.fredii与B.Jiaponicum和宿主的识别有不同的方式, 这在世界上是首次证明同一豆科宿主对不同的共生根瘤菌有不同的识别机制。这对认识宿主牧民性控制,研究扩大结瘤固氮范围等有重要意义;(2)第一个进行了R.fredii的Exo~-突变型的分离和鉴定。发现R. fredii的EPS产量和组成的严重发迹并不影响识别和侵染。说明在其他一些根瘤菌中发现的EPS作为宿主防御机制的保护层的作用。在R.fredii-野大豆和栽培大豆的共生结瘤中并不着急丰富了对根瘤菌EPS功能的新认识。并提出EPS作为保护层的作用与宿主植物类型有关的假设;(3)首次获得了LPS发生变化的R. fredii突变株Exol。并研究了其结瘤能力下降的现象与侵染能力和表面多糖变化的关系。提出R. fredii SG2的LPS可能在野大豆根毛郑曲和根瘤菌侵染过程中起重要作用。
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As culturas da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merril] e do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) sao de grande importancia economica e social para o Brasil e ambas podem ser capazes de suprir suas necessidades do nutriente nitrogenio pela simbiose com bacterias da familia Rhizobiaceae. Para garantir a maximizacao do processo biologico, porem, deve-se proceder a inoculacao das sementes com estirpes de rizobio eficientes e competitivas, recomendadas pela pesquisa. No Brasil, sao comercializadas, anualmente, cerca de 13 milhoes de doses de inoculantes, sendo 99% destinadas a cultura da soja. Neste trabalho, determinou-se a posicao taxonomica das estirpes de rizobio recomendadas comercialmente para as duas culturas por duas tecnicas, o RFLP-PCR da regiao correspondente ao 16S rRNA (regiao conservada entre bacterias mas suficientemente variavel e carregando informacoes que permitem a determinacao das relacoes filogeneticas entre bacterias) e o sequenciamento parcial dos genes desta regiao. O sequenciamento parcial permitiu definir que duas das estirpes recomendadas para a cultura da soja, SEMIA 587 e SEMIA 5019, pertencem a especie Bradyrhizobium elkanii e as duas outras, SEMIA 5079 e SEMIA 5080, a especie B. japonicum. As duas estirpes recomendadas para a cultura do feijoeiro, SEMIA 4077 e SEMIA 4080, pertencem a especie Rhizobium tropici. As sequencias obtidas para essas estirpes foram depositadas no banco mundial de genes.
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Solos e nutricao vegetal; Conservacao do solo; Correcao de solo e manutencao de fertilidade; Calagem; Qualidade do calcario e condicoes de uso; Correcao da acidez subsupercial; Adubacao em solos do Cerrado; Adubacao fosfatada; Adubacao potassica; Adubacao com micronutrientes; Adubacao foliar com macro e micronutrientes; Inoculacao; Plantas daninhas; Tecnologia de sementes; Estabelecimento de campo de semente; Colheita; Avaliacao; Manejo de pragas; Praticas culturais; Manejo do solo; Rotacao de culturas; Epoca de semeadura; Genetica e melhoramento; Fitopatologia.
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Identificar genótipos resistentes ao cancro da haste, causado por Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis, visando o melhoramento genético de soja (Glycine max) e o desenvolvimento de cultivares resistentes.
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RESUMO: A necessidade de controle adequado de plantas voluntárias de soja (Glycine max) tem se intensificado nos últimos anos em função da incidência de doenças da soja, principalmente a ferrugem asiática ( Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Além disso, a competição imposta por essas plantas pode causar perdas de produtividade em culturas implantadas na entressafra. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em condições de campo no município de Rio Verde, Goiás, a fim de avaliar o controle de plantas voluntárias de soja infestantes da cultura do girassol (Helianthus annuus), semeado na época de safrinha. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos aplicados no experimento 1 foram a testemunha capinada, a testemunha sem capina, sulfentrazone 25 g i.a. ha-1, sulfentrazone 50 g i.a. ha -1, sulfentrazone 100 g i.a. ha-1 e sulfentrazone 150 g i.a. ha-1. No experimento 2, foram aplicados os mesmos tratamentos mencionados e acrescentadas as doses de 200 g i.a. ha-1 e 250 g i.a. ha-1 do mesmo herbicida. O sulfentrazone não proporciona morte completa das plantas voluntárias de soja. No entanto, há uma interrupção temporária do crescimento da soja permitindo o arranque inicial da cultura de girassol. As doses de sulfentrazone que variaram de 114,2 a 158,8 g i.a. ha-1 proporcionaram os maiores rendimentos de girassol, evitando a competição das plantas voluntárias de soja com essa cultura. ABSTRACT: The control of volunteer soybean plants (Glycine max ) has intensified in recent years in function of the increasing incidence of soybean diseases mainly the Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Moreover, the competition of volunteer soybean plants can cause yield losses in successive crops. Two experiments were conducted under field conditions in Rio Verde, Goiás State, Brazil, in order to evaluate the control of volunteer soybean plants in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four replications. Treatments applied on experiment 1 were: hoed check; unhoed check, sulfentrazone 25 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 50 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 100 g ai ha-1, sulfentrazone 150 g ai ha-1. The treatments applied on experiment 2 were the same doses described on experiment 1 plus sulfentrazone 200 g ai ha-1 and 250 g ai ha-1. The sulfentrazone is unable to completely kill the volunteer soybean plants. However, there is a temporary stoppage of soybean growth enabling the initial startup of the sunflower plants. Doses ranging from 114.2 to 158.8 g ai ha-1 provided the highest sunflower yield, avoiding the competition of the volunteer soybean plants.
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p.123-126
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p.39-44
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p.291-295
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p.255-261
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p.1-8
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p.63-88