Metabolismo de fosfolípidos, señal de calcio y sus implicancias en la diferenciación de Trypanosoma cruzi. Phospholipids metabolism, calcium signal and its implications in the differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Trypanosoma cruzi es un protozoo primitivo agente causal de la enfermedad de Chagas. La transmisión de esta enfermedad depende tanto del desarrollo y de la diferenciación del microorganismo en el intestino del vector. Las diferentes formas del parásito se han adaptado a una serie de condiciones impuestas por los distintos ambientes en donde debió habitar. Esta capacidad de sobrevivir a medios externos tan variados está dada por la diversidad en las vías de transducción de señales en el parásito. T. cruzi se multiplica y diferencia (metaciclogénesis) en el recto de los triatominos. A este nivel, los parásitos se enfrentan a un incremento en la osmolaridad causado por un elevado contenido de NaCl en la orina. En nuestro laboratorio se observó que diferentes estímulos son capaces de producir incrementos en los niveles de IP3 y de Ca2+ intracelular, consecuencia de la activación del ciclo del inositol fosfato, y activación de fosfolipasa D (PLD) y fosfatidilinositol 3 quinasa (PI3K). En un medio carente de Na+ los epimastigotes estimulados con carbacol, mostraron una señal de calcio disminuida mientras que la acumulación de IP3 no se modificó. Además, esta señal se incrementó en presencia de PMA, activador de proteína quinasa C, mientras que la acumulación de IP3 se anuló completamente. Estos resultados indujeron a pensar en un mecanismo alternativo y/o paralelo a IP3 en la liberación de Ca2+, en el cual la presencia de un intercambiador Na+/H+ favorecería la liberación del ion desde organelas acídicas. Es conocido que la señal de calcio es requerida para la metaciclogénesis, y que esta señal es independiente del Ca2+ extracelular (Lammel y col. 1996, Marchesini y col., 2002). De este modo se propone que "los epimastigotes de T. cruzi utilizan como elementos conservados a lo largo de la evolución a los elementos del ciclo del inositol fosfato, uno de los sistemas de transducción de señales más antiguo, para responder a estímulos que inducen la diferenciación del parásito". Por lo tanto, para el desarrollo de este proyecto se propone determinar la presencia de un RcIP3 en epimastigotes y conocer su compromiso en la liberación de Ca2+ desde reservorios intracelulares. Además, establecer si un intercambiador Na+/H+ en membrana de acidocalcisomas estaría relacionado con la señal de calcio intracelular y su posible regulación por proteina quinasa C y A (PKC y PKA, respectivamente). Por otro lado, para dilucidar la implicancia de estos mecanismos en el proceso de metaciclogénesis, se propone estudiar la activación del intercambiador Na+/H+ y la señal de calcio en condiciones de hiperosmolaridad, tal como ocurre en el recto del triatomino. Ademas, ya que el proceso de diferenciación involucra una reorganización de los microtubulos del citoesqueleto se pretende estudiar el compromiso del metabolismo de fosfolípidos y tubulina en procesos que contribuyen a la inducción de la metaciclogenesis. El alcance de los objetivos mencionados ayudará a dilucidar la presencia de componentes tales como RcIP3 y el intercambiador Na+/H+ involucrados en la señalización del ion bivalente. Por otro lado, se espera demostrar que los isotipos de tubulina encontrados en T. cruzi cambien en cantidad relativa y nivel de expresión cuando los epimastigotes sean estimulados con posibles inductores de la diferenciación. Además, se espera observar simultáneamente un aumento en la actividad de dos enzimas relacionadas con la reorganización de microtúbulos: PI-3K y PLD. En tal caso, y para comprobar su implicancia en el proceso, se espera que la inhibición de tales enzimas sea capaz de revertir el efecto producido por los estímulos. Como la PLC se expresa principalmente en las forma epimastigotes mas que en los tripomastigotes (forma infectiva), la señal de Ca2+ inducida por IP3 se relacionaría con la capacidad del parásito para responder a ciertos cambios de pH y osmolaridad que enfrenta el microorganismo en el tracto digestivo del insecto vector.

Atividade sexual pós-infarto do miocárdio: tabu ou desinformação?

FUNDAMENTO: O retorno à atividade sexual após síndrome coronária aguda (SCA), apesar da importância clínica e social, é assunto pouco abordado pela equipe de saúde, e que tem recebido pouca ênfase durante a internação. A disfunção erétil tem sido uma queixa freqüente entre pacientes cardiopatas, aliada a dúvidas sobre a segurança no retorno à atividade sexual após evento cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Descrever o conhecimento dos pacientes quanto ao infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e às orientações recebidas para o retorno à atividade sexual. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado entre junho e julho de 2005. Foram incluídos pacientes que se encontravam no sexto dia pós-IAM. Foi aplicado um instrumento relacionado ao conhecimento sobre o IAM, à freqüência e às expectativas de retorno à atividade sexual no período pós-alta hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 96 pacientes, dos quais 70% eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 59 ± 12 anos, e 80% eram vítimas de primeiro infarto agudo do miocárdio. Desses pacientes, 96% desconheciam as manifestações clínicas e as possíveis limitações provocadas pelo IAM, 63% relataram ter vida sexual ativa antes do evento, 60% tinham dúvidas quanto ao retorno à atividade sexual após a alta, e apenas 4% dos pacientes receberam orientações pelos profissionais de saúde durante o período de internação. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados indicam que as orientações dispensadas pela equipe aos pacientes durante a internação são subótimas, no que tange tanto ao IAM quanto ao retorno à atividade sexual. A atualização da equipe de saúde, principalmente dos enfermeiros que despendem mais tempo com os pacientes, são estratégias que podem melhorar esses resultados.

FISIOLOGÍA REPRODUCTIVA DE Chinchilla lanigera: CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL CICLO SEXUAL DE LA HEMBRA Y REGULACIÓN EXÓGENA DEL EJE HIPOTÁLAMO-HIPÓFISO-GONADAL.”

La chinchilla es un roedor autóctono de Sudamérica que ha sido domesticado y seleccionado genéticamente debido a la fineza y valor de su piel, la más cotizada en el mercado peletero mundial. La situación coyuntural tanto a nivel mundial como nacional ha dispuesto circunstancias muy favorables para la expansión de esta actividad especialmente en nuestro país, en función de un costo de producción bajo en pesos, con una demanda mundial creciente y con firmes precios en dólares o euros. En base a estas condiciones y a la alta calidad de las pieles producidas en nuestro país, Argentina se proyecta como uno de los mayores productores mundiales de pieles de chinchillas. Sin embargo, no se ha desarrollado aún una zootecnia acorde con las necesidades locales de producción. Lo que es más, la aplicación de técnicas que permitan maximizar y optimizar la productividad de los establecimientos de cría (como las técnicas de reproducción asistida) aún no ha sido concretada debido a la falta a nivel mundial de información en lo que respecta a las bases de la fisiología de la reproducción de esta especie. Un área de vacancia fundamental es la referente a la fisiología del eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-gonadal de la hembra. Con esto en mente, el objetivo general del presente proyecto es estudiar en Chinchilla lanigera doméstica los procesos fisiológicos que regulan el ciclo sexual natural de la hembra y evaluar la eficacia de diferentes sustancias activadoras del eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-gonadal para el control exógeno del mismo. La identificación de factores relevantes de la fisiología reproductiva en la chinchilla doméstica, es de vital importancia para establecer las bases para la aplicación de técnicas de reproducción asistida y herramientas de manejo que permitan incrementar la eficacia reproductiva y acelerar el mejoramiento genético del plantel animal. Paralelamente, el desarrollo de estas técnicas en la chinchilla doméstica como modelo experimental permitirá la transferencia de conocimientos para el desarrollo de programas de cría ex situ de la especie silvestre y la conservación del recurso natural, actualmente en peligro de extinción (CITES I). Así, el presente proyecto tendría un doble impacto y se generarán conocimientos no disponibles al presente para la comunidad científica ni para los criadores de chinchilla. Este estudio por lo tanto, está relacionado con áreas de investigación de gran interés en la actualidad como la conservación de la biodiversidad, la ecología reproductiva, la biotecnología y el mejoramiento de programas de cría de especies no tradicionales de interés económico. Constituye además un proyecto cuyos resultados podrán ser rápidamente transferibles.

Evaluation of Sexual Dimorphism in the Efficacy and Safety of Simvastatin/Atorvastatin Therapy in a Southern Brazilian Cohort

Background: Dyslipidemia is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and statins have been effective in controlling lipid levels. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of statins contribute to interindividual variations in drug efficacy and toxicity. Objective: To evaluate the presence of sexual dimorphism in the efficacy and safety of simvastatin/atorvastatin treatment. Methods: Lipid levels of 495 patients (331 women and 164 men) were measured at baseline and after 6 ± 3 months of simvastatin/atorvastatin treatment to assess the efficacy and safety profiles of both drugs. Results: Women had higher baseline levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared with men (p < 0.0001). After treatment, women exhibited a greater decrease in plasma TC and LDL-C levels compared with men. After adjustment for covariates, baseline levels of TC and LDL-C influenced more than 30% of the efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy (p < 0.001), regardless of sex. Myalgia [with or without changes in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels] occurred more frequently in women (25.9%; p = 0.002), whereas an increase in CPK and/or abnormal liver function was more frequent in in men (17.9%; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Our results show that baseline TC and LDL-C levels are the main predictors of simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy efficacy, regardless of sex. In addition, they suggest the presence of sexual dimorphism in the safety of simvastatin/atorvastatin. The effect of sex differences on receptors, transporter proteins, and gene expression pathways needs to be better evaluated and characterized to confirm these observations.

Estudos experimentais sôbre a origem do milho

1) It may seem rather strange that, in spite of the efforts of a considerable number of scientists, the problem of the origin of indian corn or maize still has remained an open question. There are no fossil remains or archaeological relics except those which are quite identical with types still existing. (Fig. 1). The main difficulty in finding the wild ancestor- which may still exist - results from the fact that it has been somewhat difficult to decide what it should be like and also where to look for it. 2) There is no need to discuss the literature since an excellent review has recently been published by MANGELSDORF and REEVES (1939). It may be sufficient to state that there are basically two hypotheses, that of ST. HILAIRE (1829) who considered Brazilian pod corn as the nearest relative of wild corn still existing, and that of ASCHERSON (1875) who considered Euchlaena from Central America as the wild ancestor of corn. Later hypotheses represent or variants of these two hypotheses or of other concepts, howewer generally with neither disproving their predecessors nor showing why the new hypotheses were better than the older ones. Since nearly all possible combinations of ideas have thus been put forward, it har- dly seems possible to find something theoretically new, while it is essential first to produce new facts. 3) The studies about the origin of maize received a new impulse from MANGELSDORF and REEVES'S experimental work on both Zea-Tripsacum and Zea-Euchlaena hybrids. Independently I started experiments in 1937 with the hope that new results might be obtained when using South American material. Having lost priority in some respects I decided to withold publication untill now, when I can put forward more concise ideas about the origin of maize, based on a new experimental reconstruction of the "wild type". 4) The two main aspects of MANGELSDORF and REEVES hypothesis are discussed. We agree with the authors that ST. HILAIRE's theory is probably correct in so far as the tunicata gene is a wild type relic gene, but cannot accept the reconstruction of wild corn as a homozygous pod corn with a hermaphroditic tassel. As shown experimentally (Fig. 2-3) these tassels have their central spike transformed into a terminal, many rowed ear with a flexible rachis, while possessing at the same time the lateral ear. Thus no explanation is given of the origin of the corn ear, which is the main feature of cultivated corn (BRIEGER, 1943). The second part of the hypothesis referring to the origin of Euchlaena from corn, inverting thus ASCHERSON's theory, cannot be accepted for several reasons, stated in some detail. The data at hand justify only the conclusion that both genera, Euchlaena and Zea, are related, and there is as little proof for considering the former as ancestor of the latter as there is for the new inverse theory. 5) The analysis of indigenous corn, which will be published in detail by BRIEGER and CUTLER, showed several very primitive characters, but no type was found which was in all characters sufficiently primitive. A genetical analysis of Paulista Pod Corn showed that it contains the same gene as other tunicates, in the IV chromosome, the segregation being complicated by a new gametophyte factor Ga3. The full results of this analysis shall be published elsewhere. (BRIEGER). Selection experiments with Paulista Pod Corn showed that no approximation to a wild ancestor may be obtained when limiting the studies to pure corn. Thus it seemed necessary to substitute "domesticated" by "wild type" modifiers, and the only means for achieving this substitution are hybridizations with Euchlaena. These hybrids have now been analysed init fourth generation, including backcrosses, and, again, the full data will be published elsewhere, by BRIEGER and ADDISON. In one present publication three forms obtained will be described only, which represent an approximation to wild type corn. 6) Before entering howewer into detail, some arguments against ST. HILAIRE's theory must be mentioned. The premendelian argument, referring to the instability of this character, is explained by the fact that all fertile pod corn plants are heterozygous for the dominant Tu factor. But the sterility of the homozygous TuTu, which phenotypically cannot be identified, is still unexplained. The most important argument against the acceptance of the Tunicata faetor as wild type relic gene was removed recently by CUTLER (not yet published) who showed that this type has been preserved for centuries by the Bolivian indians as a mystical "medicine". 7) The main botanical requirements for transforming the corn ear into a wild type structure are stated, and alternative solutions given. One series of these characters are found in Tripsacum and Euchlaena : 2 rows on opposite sides of the rachis, protection of the grains by scales, fragility of the rachis. There remains the other alternative : 4 rows, possibly forming double rows of female and male spikelets, protection of kernels by their glumes, separation of grains at their base from the cob which is thin and flexible. 8) Three successive stages in the reconstruction of wild corn, obtained experimentally, are discussed and illustrated, all characterized by the presence of the Tu gene. a) The structure of the Fl hybrids has already been described in 1943. The main features of the Tunicata hybrids (Fig. -8), when compared with non-tunicate hybrids (Fig. 5-6), consist in the absence of scaly protections, the fragility of the rachis and finally the differentiation of the double rows into one male and one female spikelet. As has been pointed out, these characters represent new phenotypic effects of the tunicate factor which do not appear in the presence of pure maize modifiers. b) The next step was observed among the first backcross to teosinte (Fig. 9). As shown in the photography, Fig. 9D, the features are essencially those of the Fl plants, except that the rachis is more teosinte like, with longer internodes, irregular four-row-arrangement and a complete fragility on the nodes. c) In the next generation a completely new type appeared (Fig. 10) which resembles neither corn nor teosinte, mainly in consequence of one character: the rachis is thin and flexible and not fragile, while the grains have an abscission layer at the base, The medium sized, pointed, brownish and hard granis are protected by their well developed corneous glumes. This last form may not yet be the nearest approach to a wild grass, and I shall try in further experiments to introduce other changes such as an increase of fertile flowers per spikelet, the reduction of difference between terminal and lateral inflorescences, etc.. But the nature of the atavistic reversion is alveadwy such that it alters considerably our expectation when looking for a still existing wild ancestor of corn. 9) The next step in our deductions must now consist in an reversion of our question. We must now explain how we may obtain domesticated corn, starting from a hypothetical wild plant, similar to type c. Of the several changes which must have been necessary to attract the attention of the Indians, the following two seem to me the most important: the disappearance of all abscission layers and the reduction of the glumes. This may have been brought about by an accumulation of mutations. But it seems much more probable to assume that some crossing with a tripsacoid grass or even with Tripsacum australe may have been responsible. In such a cross, the two types of abscission layer would be counterbalanced as shown by the Flhybrids of corn, Tripsacum and Euchlaena. Furthermore in later generations a.tu-allele of Tripsacum may become homozygous and substitute the wild tunicate factor of corn. The hypothesis of a hybrid origin of cultivated corn is not completely new, but has been discussed already by HARSHBERGER and COLLINS. Our hypothesis differs from that of MANGELSDORF and REEVES who assume that crosses with Tripsacum are responsible only for some features of Central and North American corn. 10) The following arguments give indirects evidence in support of our hypothesis: a) Several characters have been observed in indigenous corn from the central region of South America, which may be interpreted as "tripsacoid". b) Equally "zeoid" characters seem to be present in Tripsacum australe of central South-America. c) A system of unbalanced factors, combined by the in-tergeneric cross, may be responsible for the sterility of the wild type tunicata factor when homozygous, a result of the action of modifiers, brought in from Tripsacum together with the tuallele. d) The hybrid theory may explain satisfactorily the presence of so many lethals and semilethals, responsible for the phenomenon of inbreeding in cultivated corn. It must be emphasized that corn does not possess any efficient mechanism to prevent crossing and which could explain the accumulation of these mutants during the evolutionary process. Teosinte which'has about the same mechanism of sexual reproduction has not accumulated such genes, nor self-sterile plants in spite of their pronounced preference for crossing. 11) The second most important step in domestication must have consisted in transforming a four rowed ear into an ear with many rows. The fusion theory, recently revived byLANGHAM is rejected. What happened evidently, just as in succulent pXants (Cactus) or in cones os Gymnosperms, is that there has been a change in phyllotaxy and a symmetry of longitudinal rows superimposed on the original spiral arrangement. 12) The geographical distribution of indigenous corn in South America has been discussed. So far, we may distinguish three zones. The most primitive corn appears in the central lowlands of what I call the Central Triangle of South America: east of the Andies, south of the Amazone-Basin, Northwest of a line formed by the rivers São Prancisco-Paraná and including the Paraguay-Basin. The uniformity of the types found in this extremely large zone is astonishing (BRIEGER and CUTLER). To the west, there is the well known Andian region, characterized by a large number of extremely diverse types from small pop corn to large Cuszco, from soft starch to modified sweet corn, from large cylindrical ears to small round ears, etc.. The third region extends along the atlantic coast in the east, from the Caribean Sea to the Argentine, and is characterized by Cateto, an orange hard flint corn. The Andean types must have been obtained very early, and undoubtedly are the result of the intense Inca agriculture. The Cateto type may be obtained easily by crosses, for instance, of "São Paulo Pointed Pop" to some orange soft corn of the central region. The relation of these three South American zones to Central and North America are not discussed, and it seems essential first to study the intermediate region of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. The geograprical distribution of chromosome knobs is rapidly discussed; but it seems that no conclusions can be drawn before a large number of Tripsacum species has been analysed.

Imaging beyond structure : novel noninvasive tools for neuroimaging of stem cell function and differentiation

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2013

Functional studies on the role of I[Kappa]B NS in T helper cell differentiation

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2014

The differentiation of character state relationships by binary coding and the monothetic subset method / Hymen Marx, George B. Rabb and Harold K. Voris.

v.72:no.1(1977)

Secondary sexual characters and ecological competition.

v.34:no.6(1952)

Sexual dimorphism in Liolaemus occipitalis (Iguania, Tropiduridae)

The sexual dimorphism in size, morphology and color of the lizard Liolaemus occipitalis Boulenger, 1885 was studied. Thirty-two adult males and twenty-eight adult females were sampled from a population in the Jardim do Éden beach, near Tramandaí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Size related sexual dimorphism occurred in all compared body dimensions. The largest female was 59.6 mm in snout-vent length, and the largest male was 69.3 mm. Males and females also presented differences in ventral and dorsal color pattern, and in the presence of pre-cloacal pores. The results suggest that, in Liolaemus occipitalis, sexual dimorphism in size is determined by sexual selection, competition between males and by the high energetic cost for females a few months after hatching.

The stridulatory setae of Acanthoscurria suina (Araneae, Theraphosidae) and their possible role in sexual communication: an experimental approach

Specialized setae placed on proximal segments of appendages in tarantulas have been related to sound production (stridulation), used in defense or sexual communication. The surface structure of called stridulatory setae of Acanthoscurria suina Pocock, 1903 was studied by SEM. Three morphological types of setae were recognized and at least two of them could be involved in stridulation. Their role in sexual communication was tested by experimental removal. Our results showed no differences in the sexual success between the setaeless and control individuals. Consequently, a defensive function for stridulatory setae seems to be more likely than a sexual function.

Maturidade sexual das fêmeas de Callinectes danae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Portunidae) nos estuários dos rios Botafogo e Carrapicho, Itamaracá, PE, Brasil

Callinectes danae (Smith, 1869), siri-azul, constitui um importante recurso pesqueiro nos estuários dos rios Botafogo e Carrapicho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a maturidade sexual das fêmeas de C. danae. Os espécimes foram capturados, entre outubro de 2003 a junho de 2004, com auxílio de um barco de pesca equipado com rede de arrasto do tipo "wing-trawl" e arrastados durante 5 minutos. No laboratório, os siris foram contados, numerados, sexados, pesados e mensurados. A largura da carapaça (LC) foi medida na base do espinho lateral e a largura do abdome (LA) mensurada na altura da articulação do quinto esternito abdominal. Um total de 596 fêmeas de C. danae foram analisadas: 417 (69,97%) no rio Botafogo e 179 (30,03%) no Carrapicho; as fêmeas não-ovígeras apresentaram LC de 18,38 a 101 mm (59,14 ± 13,65 mm) e 26,70 a 83,48 mm (59,16 ± 13,77 mm), nos respectivos rios; a LC de fêmeas ovígeras foi de 57,04 a 83,30 mm (67,68 ± 6,56 mm). As médias de larguras das carapaças não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas O conhecimento da maturidade sexual das fêmeas de Callinectes danae é de grande importância para o seu manejo e conservação. O L50 gonadal foi estimado em 63,58 mm (chi2 = 140,47; g.l. = 1; p < 0,01) e 61,59 mm (chi2 = 90,94; g.l. = 1; p < 0,01) e o L50 morfológico foi de 57,13 mm (chi2 = 484,51; g.l. = 1; p < 0,01) e 56,46 mm (chi2 = 257,82; g.l. = 1; p < 0,01), nos estuários dos rios Botafogo e Carrapicho, respectivamente. Em ambos os estuários, a maturidade morfológica de fêmeas de C. danae ocorreu antes da maturidade gonadal e para garantir que esta espécie seja manejada com êxito, sugere-se que a pesca seja permitida apenas em indivíduos com largura da carapaça superior a 65 mm.

Cranial sexual discrimination in hatchling broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris)

Broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) hatchlings present a consistent sexual dimorphism in their cranium shape and size. Male hatchlings have smaller crania than females. Using multivariate statistical analyses it is possible to discriminate sex in broad-snouted caiman hatchlings by their cranial shape with a reasonable efficiency. The understanding of sexual dimorphism of crocodilian hatchlings might be possibly improved by experimental approach considering, genetic and phenotypic variables such as incubation temperature and clutch of origin.

Relative growth and morphological sexual maturity of Chasmagnathus granulatus (Crustacea, Varunidae) from a mangrove area in southeastern Brazilian coast

The relative growth and morphological sexual maturity of Chasmagnathus granulatus Dana, 1851 are presented for the first time to a mangrove population. The crabs were obtained during low tide periods, in the mangrove of Jabaquara Beach, Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All crabs in intermolt stage were sexed and had their body parts measured as follows: body height (BH), carapace length (CL) and width (CW), major cheliped propodus height (PH) and length (PL) for each sex, gonopod length (GL) and abdomen width (AW) for males and females, respectively. The relative growth was described using the allometric equation y=ax b and the size at onset sexual maturity was achieved using the software Mature I. The size of specimens ranged from 4.1 mm to 39.5 mm CW. The growth pattern was different between sexes in the cheliped relationships; the relationships BH vs. CW evidenced positive allometry for juveniles; PL vs. CW and PH vs. CW positive allometry for most crabs except juvenile females; AW vs. CW and GL vs. CW evidenced positive allometry for juveniles and isometry for adults. The relationships that best indicated the change from the juvenile to the adult phase were PH vs. CW for males and AW vs. CW for females. The size in which 50% of males from this population are mature is at 19.7 mm of CW (F=144.14; p<0.05) and for females it is at 19.2 mm of CW (F=166.54; p<0.05). The sizes obtained in this mangrove population are larger than those from previous studies, that could be attributed to a species plasticity concerning the habitat structure.