Improving turbomachinery design process management

It is widely acknowledged that a company's ability to aquire market share, and hence its profitability, is very closely linked to the speed with which it can produce a new design. Indeed, a study by the U.K. Department of Trade and Industry has shown that the critical factor which determines profitability is the timely delivery of the new product. Late entry to market or high production costs dramatically reduce profits whilst an overrun on development cost has little significant effect. This paper describes a method which aims to assist the designer in producing higher performance turbomachinery designs more quickly by accelerating the process by which they are produced. The adopted approach combines an enhanced version of the 'Signposting' design process management methodology with industry-standard analysis codes and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). It has been specifically configured to enable process-wide iteration, near instantaneous generation of guidance data for the designer and fully automatic data handling. A successful laboratory experiment based on the design of a large High Pressure Steam Turbine is described and this leads on to current work which incorporates the extension of the proven concept to a full industrial application for the design of Aeroengine Compressors with Rolls-Royce plc.

Trace Metal Sensors for Coastal Monitoring, Seaside, California, April 11-13, 2005: workshop proceedings

The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) Workshop on Trace Metal Sensors for Coastal Monitoring was convened April 11-13, 2005 at the Embassy Suites in Seaside, California with partnership from Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML) and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). Trace metals play many important roles in marine ecosystems. Due to their extreme toxicity, the effects of copper, cadmium and certain organo-metallinc compounds (such as tributyltin and methylmercury) have received much attention. Lately, the sublethal effects of metals on phytoplankton biochemistry, and in some cases the expression of neurotoxins (Domoic acid), have been shown to be important environmental forcing functions determining the composition and gene expression in some groups. More recently the role of iron in controlling phytoplankton growth has led to an understanding of trace metal limitation in coastal systems. Although metals play an important role at many different levels, few technologies exist to provide rapid assessment of metal concentrations or metal speciation in the coastal zone where metal-induced toxicity or potential stimulation of harmful algal blooms, can have major economic impacts. This workshop focused on the state of on-site and in situ trace element detection technologies, in terms of what is currently working well and what is needed to effectively inform coastal zone managers, as well as guide adaptive scientific sampling of the coastal zone. Specifically the goals of this workshop were to: 1) summarize current regional requirements and future targets for metal monitoring in freshwater, estuarine and coastal environments; 2) evaluate the current status of metal sensors and possibilities for leveraging emerging technologies for expanding detection limits and target elements; and 3) help identify critical steps needed for and limits to operational deployment of metal sensors as part of routine water quality monitoring efforts. Following a series of breakout group discussions and overview talks on metal monitoring regulatory issues, analytical techniques and market requirements, workshop participants made several recommendations for steps needed to foster development of in situ metal monitoring capacities: 1. Increase scientific and public awareness of metals of environmental and biological concern and their impacts in aquatic environments. Inform scientific and public communities regarding actual levels of trace metals in natural and perturbed systems. 2. Identify multiple use applications (e.g., industrial waste steam and drinking water quality monitoring) to support investments in metal sensor development. (pdf contains 27 pages)

水蒸气对氧化钙脱氯效率影响的实验研究

本文采用实验方法,在一个流化床反应器中研究160～750℃下水蒸气的存在对HCl脱除效率(RE)的影响.实验结果表明:在低温区,水蒸气对RE的影响不明显;380℃时水蒸气的存在抑制反应进行;580℃和750℃时,脱除效率先下降,当水蒸气含量达到15%时,又呈现上升趋势.对于水蒸气含量为5%、10%和15%情况下,580℃的脱氯效率最高.最后通过对暴露的反应物表面积和HCl气体穿越产物层扩散过程的分析解释实验得到的规律.

Design support for turbomachinery

From the steam turbines which provide most of our electricity to the jet engines which have shrunk our World, turbomachines undoubtedly play a major role in life today. Competition in the turbomachinery industry is fiercely strong [Wisler, 1998], hence good aerodynamic design is vital. However, with efficiency levels already close to their theoretical maxima, companies are increasingly looking to reduce costs and increase reliability through improved design practice. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can make a strong contribution to assisting this process as it has the potential to increase performance while reducing cost. The situation is, however, complicated by an ever decreasing number of engineers with sufficient design experience to reap the full benefits offered by CFD. With the large risks involved, novice designers of today are increasingly confined to refining old designs rather than gaining experience, like their forebears, through 'clean sheet' exercises. Hence it is desirable to capture the knowledge and experience of older designers, before it is lost, to assist the engineers of tomorrow. It is therefore the aim of this project to produce a design support tool which will not only store the appropriate CFD codes, but also provide a dynamic signpost (based on elicited knowledge and experience) to advise the engineer in their use. The signposting methodology developed for the aerospace industry [Clarkson and Hamilton, 1997] will provide the basic framework for the tool. This paper reviews current turbomachinery design practice (including an examination of the relevant CFD) in order to establish the important issues which a support tool must address. Current design support methodologies and their propriety are then reviewed, followed by a detailed description of the signposting concept. It then sets out a clear statement of the objectives for the research and the methods proposed to meet them. The paper concludes with a timetable of the work.

Cogeneración con gas natural en una empresa de tratamientos térmicos

[ES]Diseño de una instalación de cogeneración basada en un motor de combustible gas natural para una empresa de tratamientos térmicos y superficiales. Para satisfacer las necesidades energéticas de la planta, la potencia eléctrica la suministrará un alternador conectado al motor y, a su vez, la entalpía de los humos de escape del motor se aprovechará para la producción de vapor de agua, necesario para la actividad industrial de la empresa. Por otro lado, el calor que es necesario disipar de dicho motor se recuperará para el calentamiento de agua de red, con la finalidad de limpiar la taladrina de las piezas tratadas.

Estratégia para validação de processos de esterilização por vapor saturado em autoclaves nas indústrias farmacêuticas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi criar uma metodologia de validação e revalidação dos processos de esterilização por calor úmido em autoclaves horizontais, destacando os pontos críticos do processo e concentrando esforços onde são realmente necessários. Foram realizados estudos de distribuição térmica, de penetração de calor e de desafio microbiológico na validação da autoclave STERIS FINNAQUA 6912. Com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto de uma mudança e compreender a relação entre os fatores e suas interações para o processo de esterilização, foi utilizado o planejamento fatorial 23 dos fatores densidade da carga (quantidade de itens), embalagem do produto e localização na câmara interna. Os estudos de distribuição térmica confirmaram a distribuição homogênea de calor na câmara interna durante o tempo de exposição a 121C. As temperaturas variaram entre 120,35C e 120,92C com desvio padrão máximo de 0,12C. Os estudos de penetração de calor confirmaram exposições equivalentes a 121C por 24 minutos em todos os itens da carga (F0 > 24 minutos). Em todos os estudos para cargas secas, os índices de capacidade do processo (Cpk) foram maiores que 1,33. Os ensaios de desafio microbiológico garantiram níveis de esterilidade (S.A.L.) maiores que 12 reduções logarítmicas em relação aos indicadores biológicos Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Não foi detectada a presença de endosporos sobreviventes nos 132 indicadores biológicos utilizados nos quatro ciclos desafiados. Com base no planejamento experimental verificou-se que, para o nível de significância de 95% , as mudanças nos fatores posição, embalagem e quantidade da carga não são significativas para o processo de esterilização, em autoclave com remoção forçada de ar. Já para o nível de significância de 90%, a interação Posição x Embalagem apresentou significância estatística no processo de esterilização com valor P de 0,080

Forced convection film boiling of subcooled water around a sphere

An experimental investigation was made of forced convection film boiling of subcooled water around a sphere at atmospheric pressure. The water was sufficiently cool that the vapor condensed before leaving the film with the result that no vapor bubbles left the film. The experimental runs were made using inductively heated spheres at temperatures above 740°C. and using inlet water temperatures between 15°C. and 27°C. The spheres used had diameters of 1/2 inch, 9/16 inch, and 3/8 inch and were supported by the liquid flow. Reynolds numbers between 60 and 700 were used.

Analysis of the collected non-condensables indicated that oxygen and nitrogen dissolved in the water accumulated within the vapor film and that hetrogeneous chemical reactions occurred at the sphere surface. An iron-steam reaction resulted in more than 20% by volume hydrogen in the film at wall temperatures above 900°C. At temperatures near 1100°C. more than 80% by volume of the film was composed of hydrogen. It was found that gold plating of the sphere could eliminate this reaction.

Material and energy balances were used to derive equations which may be used to predict the overall average heat transfer coefficients for subcooled film boiling around a sphere. These equations include the effect of dissolved gases in the water. Equations also were derived which may be used to predict the composition of the film for cases in which an equilibrium exists between the dissolved gases and the gases in the film.

The derived equations were compared to the experimental results. It was found that a correlation existed between the Nusselt number for heat transfer from the vapor-liquid interface into the liquid and the Reynolds number, liquid Prandtl number product. In addition, it was found that the percentage of dissolved oxygen removed during the film boiling could be predicted to within 10%.

Optimization of the pyrolysis process for the production of a biomass derived reducing agent and hydrogen-rich gases

221 p.

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Estudio del proceso de valorización energética de los residuos sólidos urbanos en una planta de incineración.

[ES]El objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de Grado consiste en estudiar el proceso desarrollado en la planta de incineración de residuos sólidos urbanos de Zabalgarbi (Bizkaia). La planta consiste en un ciclo combinado basado en una turbina de gas de 43 MW y una turbina de vapor de 56,5 MW. La importancia de su diseño recae en la adaptación de la tecnología de ciclo combinado de gas a la tecnología propia de una planta de valorización energética de residuos municipales. Es decir, se trata de un diseño innovador, del que surge un nuevo proceso industrial que permite dar solución a la problemática generada por los residuos producidos a la vez que se genera energía eléctrica. Gracias a este diseño, se consigue una mejora cualitativa y cuantitativa del rendimiento de la planta, ya que se obtiene energía eléctrica en dos etapas, además de un mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos. La tecnología utilizada para la incineración es el horno-caldera de parrilla deslizante. En este trabajo se analizarán los procesos integrados en la planta y se realizará el estudio energético de los equipos más significativos. Una vez realizada esta parte, se considerarán ciertas mejoras a incorporar en la instalación. Además, se desarrollará la metodología seguida para la realización del estudio así como la planificación y el presupuesto.

Avaliação do possível impacto das técnicas de MEOR (Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery) no fator de recuperação das reservas de petróleo e gás do Brasil

Os métodos tradicionais de estimular a produção de petróleo, envolvendo a injeção de água, vapor, gás ou outros produtos, estabeleceram a base conceitual para novos métodos de extração de óleo, utilizando micro-organismos e processos biológicos. As tecnologias que empregam os processos de bioestimulação e bioaumentação já são amplamente utilizadas em inúmeras aplicações industriais, farmacêuticas e agroindustriais, e mais recentemente, na indústria do petróleo. Dada a enorme dimensão econômica da indústria do petróleo, qualquer tecnologia que possa aumentar a produção ou o fator de recuperação de um campo petrolífero gera a expectativa de grandes benefícios técnicos, econômicos e estratégicos. Buscando avaliar o possível impacto de MEOR (microbial enhanced oil recovery) no fator de recuperação das reservas de óleo e gás no Brasil, e quais técnicas poderiam ser mais indicadas, foi feito um amplo estudo dessas técnicas e de diversos aspectos da geologia no Brasil. Também foram realizados estudos preliminares de uma técnica de MEOR (bioacidificação) com possível aplicabilidade em reservatórios brasileiros. Os resultados demonstram que as técnicas de MEOR podem ser eficazes na produção, solubilização, emulsificação ou transformação de diversos compostos, e que podem promover outros efeitos físicos no óleo ou na matriz da rocha reservatório. Também foram identificadas bacias petrolíferas brasileiras e recursos não convencionais com maior potencial para utilização de determinadas técnicas de MEOR. Finalmente, foram identificadas algumas técnicas de MEOR que merecem maiores estudos, entre as técnicas mais consolidadas (como a produção de biossurfatantes e biopolímeros, e o controle da biocorrosão), e as que ainda não foram completamente viabilizadas (como a gaseificação de carvão, óleo e matéria orgânica; a dissociação microbiana de hidratos de gás; a bioconversão de CO2 em metano; e a bioacidificação). Apesar de seu potencial ainda não ser amplamente reconhecido, as técnicas de MEOR representam o limiar de uma nova era na estimulação da produção de recursos petrolíferos existentes, e até mesmo para os planos de desenvolvimento de novas áreas petrolíferas e recursos energéticos. Este trabalho fornece o embasamento técnico para sugerir novas iniciativas, reconhecer o potencial estratégico de MEOR, e para ajudar a realizar seu pleno potencial e seus benefícios.

Recuperação do íon amônio gerado durante a evaporação de lixiviados de aterros utilizando resinas poliméricas de troca iônica

O lixiviado gerado em aterro sanitário possui substâncias de difícil degradação e amônia, que dificulta o tratamento biológico. O tratamento do lixiviado gerado em aterros sanitários requer uma série de processos de elevado custo e, outras técnicas de tratamento têm sido investigadas no intuito de reduzir custos e aumentar a eficiência do tratamento. A evaporação do lixiviado é uma técnica que aproveita o gás de aterro como fonte de calor, e é utilizada na redução do volume a tratar; porém as emissões atmosféricas geradas durante essa evaporação indicam a presença de amônia, o que pode causar impactos negativos em torno do aterro. Desta forma, é importante a realização de estudos que aprimorem esta técnica, para que a evaporação torne-se ambientalmente e economicamente viável. A amônia presente em amostras com pH em torno de 8,0 e temperatura em torno de 25C, está na forma de íon amônio, o que favorece ao processo de troca iônica. A troca iônica é um processo que tem sido estudado por muitos pesquisadores e consiste na troca de um ou mais constituintes de uma fase fluida para a superfície de uma fase sólida (resinas poliméricas). Este trabalho apresenta a eficiência de quatro tipos diferentes de resinas poliméricas: Amberlyst 15 Wet, Lewatit VPOC 1800, Dowex Mac-3 e Purolite MN250 na remoção e posterior, recuperação do íon amônio presente nos vapores condensados da evaporação de lixiviados. A princípio foi investigado a quantidade e o momento em que o amônio é lançado durante o processo de evaporação. Em seguida, caracterizaram-se as resinas quanto à eficiência de remoção, o tempo de contato e a quantidade ideal da resina. Estão apresentadas neste estudo as isotermas de adsorção de Langmuir, Freundlich e Temkin em diferentes temperaturas (298-318 K) e as condições ideais do processo. Os resultados apontaram duas resinas com eficiência de remoção, em torno de 40%, para concentrações acima de 1000 mg dm-3 de amônio, utilizando 0,5 g de resina e um tempo de contato de 20 minutos. Diferentes modelos cinéticos foram aplicados: Pseudo-Primeira Ordem, Pseudo-Segunda Ordem, difusão intrapartícula, Elovich e o modelo cinético de difusão externa e os resultados discutidos. Foi possível tratar Através da condensação dos vapores emitidos durante a evaporação do lixiviado, foi possível tratar foi possível obter uma recuperação em torno de 70% do íon amônio contido no vapor condensado proveniente da evaporação do lixiviado.

My Days on the Albatross

Navigation and surveying formed a connecting link, as it were, between what was getting to be called the “Old Navy” and what was soon to take shape as a “New Navy.” Seamanship, as an art of special character, was beginning to change its form with the passing of sail power and its supersession by the steam engine; while requiring in its new form no less ability and practiced judgment in the handling of large ships, it offered a diminished field for expertness in craft of only moderate size and speed among officers doing simple watch duty not in company with other ships; and, therefore, it was threatened with a materially lessened regard.

Emprego da energia solar para pré-aquecimento de água de reposição de caldeira.

Apresenta-se uma avaliação técnico-econômica para o préaquecimento solar da água de reposição em caldeiras de sistemas de vapor abertos. São empregados, para compor um estudo de caso, os dados de uma indústria de laticínios de médio porte situada próximo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Quarenta e oito simulações computacionais do sistema de aquecimento solar (SAS) foram realizadas em TRNSYS, correspondendo aos 5% melhores resultados econômicos de uma série de 2.700 simulações mais simples (método φ-f-chart), programados em MATLAB. Foram empregados dados horários de ano típico meteorológico (TMY) para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O ganho econômico foi baseado no consumo evitado dos três combustíveis mais comuns na indústria de laticínios, enquanto o custo de investimento foi composto a partir de valores comerciais e da literatura. Os resultados da avaliação econômica mostraram-se desfavoráveis para a substituição de óleo combustível, favoráveis no caso de caldeiras a gás natural, condicionado a existência de subsídios, e bem competitivos para a substituição de GLP. A eficiência térmica do sistema mostrou ser o parâmetro técnico chave para o desempenho econômico, consequentemente, uma vez que a eficiência se mostrou inversamente proporcional tanto ao volume do reservatório quanto à área de coletores, não há uma configuração ótima para o sistema. Não obstante, os resultados permitiram a proposição de políticas públicas para incentivar o uso da energia solar na indústria leiteira e, consequentemente, contribuir para a preservação ambiental.