中国黑龙江省嘉荫地区乌云组古果实学研究

白垩纪末至第三纪初（K/T界限，距今约65Ma），恐龙大规模灭绝，爬行类的优势地位被哺乳动物所取代;裸子植物和蕨类急剧衰退，被子植物蓬勃发展，并逐渐成为地表植被的主体，研究这一时期的植物群的结构和特征进而揭示植物演化和环境变迁的规律及其相互关系是当今地球科学、生命科学和环境科学的重要研究内容。黑龙江省嘉荫地区的乌云组产有丰富的植物化石，其地质时代虽未定论，但不超出晚白垩世马斯特里赫特期至早第三纪古新世的范围，处于K/T界限，对其植物群的研究意义重大。乌云植物群以往的研究在古果实学研究方面明显不足、在植物群的性质的认识及乌云组时代的确定等方面存在很大争议。本文重点研究了乌云组的果实和种子化石，增添了新的植物类群，丰富了此植物群的研究内容，对乌云组的时代问题的确定提供了新的证据。 本文研究了乌云组的Nordenskioldia borealis（昆兰树科）、Nyssidium jianyinense sp. nov. （连香树科）、Hypericum zhuii sp. nov. （金丝桃科）、Amersinia obtrullate（广义山茱萸科）、Acer wuyunense sp. nov.（槭树科）等5种果实和种子化石。Nordenskioldia borealis的果无柄、为分果、小果瓣环绕中央柱轮状排列。Nyssidium jianyinense的果序为圆锥果序、蓇葖对生、蓇葖腹缝相对、果皮三层。Hypericum zhuii的种子外形呈长椭圆形、端部具乳突、表面网状、种脊明显、种皮两层、外种皮细胞的垂周壁明显加厚。Amersinia obtrullate果序头状、果镘形、3果室。Acer wuyunense果为翅果、小坚果被明显侧翼、翅强烈下延，包围小坚果。经修订和补充，乌云植物群目前共有维管植物48属60种，其中，蕨类植物4属6种、裸子植物7属7种、被子植物37属48种，被子植物占总种数的80%、占总属数的77%，被子植物占绝对优势。当时的群落类型湿生群落和中生群落类型为主，湿生群落主要有：由Sequoia、Metasequoia、Taxodium、Glyptostrobus等组成的针叶林;以Nyssidium、Trochodendroides占优势的阔叶林。 以Metasequoia占优势的针叶林和以Nyssidium、Trochodendroides等占优势的阔叶林。乌云植物群中热带和亚热带成分占种子植物总属数的54%，而温带成分则占36%，亚热带成分占优势，当时的气候-植被类型为亚热带常绿林或常绿夏绿混交林。Nordenskioldia、Nyssidium、Amersinia、Acer化石的地质分布不早于古新世的地层，这—证据不支持乌云组的地质时代划为晚白垩世，而支持划归古新世的观点。

青蒿异源基因的遗传转化及青蒿生物合成相关基因的克隆

本论文由三部分内容组成，一、药用青蒿的遗传转化，即根癌农杆菌和发 根农杆菌介导的转化系统的建立及其影响参数的研究。二、青蒿素生物合成的 分子调控。三、倍半萜生物合成相关基因的克隆。 一、药用青蒿的遗传转化。建立了Ri质粒介导和Ti质粒介导的两种转基因系统， 其中Ri质粒介导青蒿转基因系统的建立是国际上首次报道;以GFP基因为报 告基因，首次获得高效表达的青蒿转绿色荧光蛋白基因的丛生芽，并对GFP基 因的表达进行了组织和细胞水平的定位。此外，对影响两种转基因系统的主要 参数进行了较为详细的研究。上述研究为青蒿素生物合成的分子调控奠定了坚 实的基础。 二、青蒿素生物合成的分子调控。为探索提高青蒿植株或组织和器官中的青蒿 素含量，首次以棉花中克隆的杜松烯合成酶和法呢基焦磷酸合成酶的 cDNA 为 目的基因导入青蒿，对青蒿中青蒿素的生物合成进行了分子调控研究的尝试。 通过已建立的两种转基因系统，将从棉花中克隆的杜松烯合成酶和法呢基焦磷 酸合成酶的 cDNA 导入青蒿，获得转基因发根和转基因植株。结果表明，外源 基因的表达能够影响青蒿素的生物合成，其中法呢基焦磷酸合成酶基因的过量 表达能够促进青蒿素的生物合成，提高转基因发根和植株中的青蒿素的含量。 转基因发根F-26系中青蒿素含量最高达3.01 mg/g.DW，与对照相比青蒿素含量 提高3～4倍;转基因植株的青蒿素含量最高达10.08 mg/g.DW，与对照相比， 转基因植株的青蒿素产物提高2～3倍。此外，研究还表明，在转基因的发根C -37株系中，外源杜松烯合成酶基因的导入和表达可能相应地促进青蒿转基因 发根自身的法昵基焦磷酸基因的表达。 三、倍半萜生物合成相关基因的克隆。采用 RT-PCR 技术，从马铃薯 (Solanum tuberosum L.) 幼叶中克隆了 HMGRII 亚基因家族的一个新的成员 HMGR-c2（GenBank accession No．AF 096838Southem）;杂交分析表明，该基因至少以 两个拷贝以上形式存在于马铃薯基因组中;RT-PCR分析表明，HMGR -c2的 表达在幼苗期无组织特异性，广泛地存在于根、茎、叶等组织中。以青蒿001 株系的苗期叶片为材料，构建了青蒿苗期的λgtll cDNA文库，以PCR筛库方 法从青蒿中克隆一个法呢基焦磷酸合成酶cDNA (Artfps2 GenBank accession No． AF136602)和一个HMGR cDNA(GenBank accession No．AF142473);以青蒿 025株系的苗期叶片为材料，构建了青蒿苗期部分质粒文库以 PCR 筛库方法从 青蒿中克隆一个法昵基焦磷酸合成酶 cDNA (Artfpsl GenBank accession No.AF112881);此外，还从青蒿中克隆了倍半萜合成酶的 cDNA 片段(GenBank accession No.AF156854)。其中青蒿倍半萜合成酶基因的克隆是目前国际上本研 究领域最受关注的焦点和难点之一。至此，本研究已将与青蒿素生物合成相关 的三个重要的关键酶基因基本克隆，这无疑将加速青蒿素生物合成的基础和应 用研究的进程。

Sizes of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) consumed by the western stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska from 1999 to 2000

Prey-size selectivity by Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) is relevant for understanding the foraging behavior of this declining predator, but studies have been problematic because of the absence and erosion of otoliths usually used to estimate fish length. Therefore, we developed regression formulae to estimate fish length from seven diagnostic cranial structures of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius). For both species, all structure measurements were related with fork length of prey (r2 range: 0.78−0.99). Fork length (FL) of walleye pollock and Atka mackerel consumed by Steller sea lions was estimated by applying these regression models to cranial structures recovered from scats (feces) collected between 1998 and 2000 across the range of the Alaskan western stock of Steller sea lions. Experimentally derived digestion correction factors were applied to take into account loss of size due to digestion. Fork lengths of walleye pollock consumed by Steller sea lions ranged from 3.7 to 70.8 cm (mean=39.3 cm, SD=14.3 cm, n=666) and Atka mackerel ranged from 15.3 to 49.6 cm (mean=32.3 cm, SD=5.9 cm, n=1685). Although sample sizes were limited, a greater proportion of juvenile (≤20 cm) walleye pollock were found in samples collected during the summer (June−September) on haul-out sites (64% juveniles, n=11 scats) than on summer rookeries (9% juveniles, n=132 scats) or winter (February−March) haul-out sites (3% juveniles, n=69 scats). Annual changes in the size of Atka mackerel consumed by Steller sea lions corresponded to changes in the length distribution of Atka mackerel resulting from exceptionally strong year classes. Considerable overlap (>51%) in the size of walleye pollock and Atka mackerel taken by Steller sea lions and the sizes of these species caught by the commercial trawl fishery were demonstrated.

Sizes of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) consumed by the eastern stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Southeast Alaska from 1994 to 1999

Lengths of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) consumed by Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were estimated by using allometric regressions applied to seven diagnostic cranial structures recovered from 531 scats collected in Southeast Alaska between 1994 and 1999. Only elements in good and fair condition were selected. Selected structural measurements were corrected for loss of size due to erosion by using experimentally derived condition-specific digestion correction factors. Correcting for digestion increased the estimated length of fish consumed by 23%, and the average mass of fish consumed by 88%. Mean corrected fork length (FL) of pollock consumed was 42.4 ±11.6 cm (range=10.0−78.1 cm, n=909). Adult pollock (FL>45.0 cm) occurred more frequently in scats collected from rookeries along the open ocean coastline of Southeast Alaska during June and July (74% adults, mean FL=48.4 cm) than they did in scats from haul-outs located in inside waters between October and May (51% adults, mean FL=38.4 cm). Overall, the contribution of juvenile pollock (≤20 cm) to the sea lion diet was insignificant; whereas adults contributed 44% to the diet by number and 74% by mass. On average, larger pollock were eaten in summer at rookeries throughout Southeast Alaska than at rookeries in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea. Overall it appears that Steller sea lions are capable of consuming a wide size range of pollock, and the bulk of fish fall between 20 and 60 cm. The use of cranial hard parts other than otoliths and the application of digestion correction factors are fundamental to correctly estimating the sizes of prey consumed by sea lions and determining the extent that these sizes overlap with the sizes of pollock caught by commercial fisheries.

Use of ocean and estuarine habitats by young-of-year bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in the New York Bight

Young-of-year (YOY) blue-fish (Pomatomus saltatrix) along the U.S. east coast are often assumed to use estuaries almost exclusively during the summer. Here we present data from 1995 to 1998 indicating that YOY (30–260 mm FL) also use ocean habitats along the coast of New Jersey. An analysis of historical and recent data on northern and southern ocean beaches (0.1–2 m) and the inner continental shelf (5–27 m) during extensive sampling in New Jersey waters from 1995 to 1998 indicated that multiple cohorts occurred (June–August) in every year. When comparable collections of YOY were made in the ocean and in an adjacent estuary, the abundance was 1–2 orders of magnitude greater on ocean beaches during the summer. The YOY were even more abundant in ocean habitats in the fall (September–October), presumably as a result of YOY leaving estuaries to join the coastal migration south. During 1999 and 2000, YOY bluefish were tagged with internal sequential coded wire microtags in order to refine our under-standing of habitat use and movement. Few (0.04%) of the fish tagged on ocean beaches were recaptured; however, 2.2% of the fish tagged in the estuary were recaptured from 2 to 27 days after tagging. Recaptured fish grew quickly (average 1.37 mm FL/d). On ocean beaches YOY fed on a variety of invertebrates and fishes but their diet changed with size. By approximately 80–100 mm FL, they were piscivorous and fed primarily on engraulids, a pattern similar to that reported in estuaries. Based on distribution, abundance, and feeding, both spring- and summer-spawned cohorts of YOY bluefish commonly use ocean habitats. Therefore, attempts to determine factors affecting recruitment success based solely on estuarine sampling may be inadequate and further examination, especially of the contribution of the summer-spawned cohort in ocean habitats, appears warranted.