Symptom burden and its relationship to functional performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The aim of this study was to explore symptom burden and its relationship to functional performance in patients with COPD. A descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational survey design was used and a sample of 214 patients with COPD. The sample was recruited from patients attending one of the major teaching hospitals in Dublin. Symptom burden was measured using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS), and the functional performance was measured using the Functional Performance Inventory-Short Form (FPISF). Findings revealed that participants experienced a median of 13 symptoms. The most burdensome symptoms were shortness of breath, lack of energy, difficulty sleeping, worrying, dry mouth, feeling nervous, feeling irritable, and feeling sad. Participants with very severe COPD had the greatest symptom burden, followed by those with severe COPD, moderate COPD, and mild COPD. Symptom burden was higher for the psychological symptoms compared to the physical symptoms. Participants with mild COPD had the highest functional performance, followed by those with moderate COPD, very severe COPD, and severe COPD. Twenty symptoms were negatively correlated with overall functional performance, indicating that high symptom burden for those symptoms was associated with low overall functional performance. Moderate, negative, statistically significant correlations were found between the total symptom burden and overall functional performance, physical symptom burden and overall functional performance and psychological symptom burden and overall functional performance. A negative linear relationship was found between total symptom burden and overall functional performance among all stages of COPD except the mild group. No relationship was found between total symptom burden and overall functional performance for the moderate group. Healthcare professionals need to broaden the clinical and research assessment of physical and psychological symptoms in COPD; alleviating the burden of these symptoms may promote improved functional performance.

NEIGHBORHOOD PERCEPTION OF SAFETY AND THE MOBILITY GAP BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN OLD AGE

Background and Objectives: Mobility limitations are a prevalent issue in older adult populations, and an important determinant of disability and mortality. Neighborhood conditions are key determinants of mobility and perception of safety may be one such determinant. Women have more mobility limitations than men, a phenomenon known as the gender mobility gap. The objective of this work was to validate a measure of perception of safety, examine the relationship between neighborhood perception of safety and mobility limitations in seniors, and explore if these effects vary by gender. Methods: This study was cross-sectional, using questionnaire data collected from community-dwelling older adults from four sites in Canada, Colombia, and Brazil. The exposure variable was the neighborhood aggregated Perception of Safety (PoS) scale, derived from the Physical and Social Disorder (PSD) scale by Sampson and Raudenbush. Its construct validity was verified using factor analyses and correlation with similar measures. The Mobility Assessment Tool – short form (MAT-sf), a video-based measure validated cross-culturally in the studied populations, was used to assess mobility limitations. Based on theoretical models, covariates were included in the analysis, both at the neighborhood level (SES, social capital, and built environment) and the individual level (age, gender, education, income, chronic illnesses, depression, cognitive function, BMI, and social participation). Multilevel modeling was used in order to account for neighborhood clustering. Gender specific analyses were carried out. SAS and M-plus were used in this study. Results: PoS was validated across all sites. It loaded in a single factor, after excluding two items, with a Cronbach α value of approximately 0.86. Mobility limitations were present in 22.08% of the sample, 16.32% among men and 27.41% among women. Neighborhood perception of safety was significantly associated with mobility limitations when controlling for all covariates, with an OR of 0.84 (CI 95%: 0.73-0.96), indicating lower odds of having mobility limitations as neighborhood perception of safety improves. Gender did not affect this relationship despite women being more likely to have mobility limitations and live in neighborhoods with poor perception of safety. Conclusion: Neighborhood perception of safety affected the prevalence of mobility limitations in older adults in the studied population.

Voorspellende Waarde van psychosociale Factoren op het Resultaat van een Multidisciplinaire Behandeling van Verzuimende Werknemers met Somatisch Onvoldoende verklaarde Lichamelijke Klachten (SOLK)

Het doel van dit onderzoek is te onderzoeken welke psychosociale determinanten een voorspellende waarde hebben voor het resultaat vier maanden na deelname aan een multidisciplinair behandelprogramma gebaseerd op Cognitief Gedragsmatige Therapie (CGT) voor verzuimende werknemers met Somatisch Onvoldoende verklaarde Lichamelijke Klachten (SOLK). Het onderzoek betreft een within-subject quasi-experiment van een retrospectieve selecte steekproef (n=1685) met twee meetmomenten: tijdens baseline en vier maanden na start interventie. De hoofdmaat voor het bepalen van behandelsucces is het percentage werkhervatting en de verschilscore op de Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). De potentiële voorspellende variabelen zijn leeftijd, verzuimduur distress, klachteninterferentie, werkgerelateerde stressoren, vermijding, perfectionisme en een belastende thuissituatie (als gevolg van kleine dagelijkse irritaties en levensgebeurtenissen) Uit de analyse blijken alleen de variabelen verzuimduur en klachteninterferentie een klein negatief verband te hebben met het te bereiken resultaat wat betreft werkhervattingspercentage en SF-36 verschilscore. Deze twee determinanten voorspellen het werkhervattingspercentage bij gedeeltelijk verzuim voor 2.7% en bij volledig verzuim voor 11.9%. Overige onderzochte psychosociale variabelen blijken geen evidente voorspellende waarde te hebben op de uitkomst van de behandeling. De verschilscore op de VAR-schalen heeft slechts een beperkte samenhang met het werkhervattingspercentage.

De Relatie tussen Angst- en Stemmingsklachten en Self-disclosure: het Effect van Emotie-inhibitie en Mindfulness

Angst- en stemmingsklachten worden geassocieerd met verminderde self-disclosure. Met self-disclosure wordt zelfonthulling van ervaren emoties bedoeld. Dit speelt een rol bij zelfacceptatie en zelfinzicht, en is belangrijk bij gesprekstherapie. Deze studie onderzocht of emotie-inhibitie de negatieve relatie tussen angst- en stemmingsklachten en self-diclosure verklaart, en of de relatie gunstig te beïnvloeden is door mindfulness. Het effect van mindfulness op deze relatie was nog niet eerder onderzocht. Deelnemers waren 99 vrouwen van 24 t/m 74 jaar (M = 44.60, SD = 10.55) en 26 mannen van 26 t/m 77 jaar (M = 48.27, SD = 12.68), afkomstig uit de normale Nederlands populatie. Het onderzoeksontwerp betrof een cross-sectioneel online vragenlijstonderzoek, waarbij gebruik gemaakt werd van de Symptom Checklist (Arrindel & Ettema, 1986), Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale (Snell, Miller, & Belk, 1988), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) en Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire – Short Form (Bohlmeijer, Ten Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof, & Baer, 2011). Resultaten tonen, conform bestaande literatuur, dat angst- en stemmingsklachten negatief samenhangen met self-disclosure. Emotie-inhibitie heeft echter géén mediatie-effect en mindfulness heeft géén moderatie-effect op de negatieve relatie tussen angst- en stemmingsklachten en self-disclosure. Mindfulness heeft wel mediatie-effect op deze relatie. Mindfulness hangt hierbij positief samen met self-disclosure. De relevantie van de bevindingen is vooral praktisch: om mensen met angst- en stemmingsklachten te stimuleren over hun emoties te praten zou mindfulness aangewend kunnen worden.

Tijdsperspectief en Gezondheid in Relatie tot Welbevinden bij kinderloze Ouderen

In hoeverre zijn bepaalde omstandigheden van invloed op iemands welbevinden? En hoe belangrijk is iemands kijk op het leven (tijdsperspectief) daarbij? In dit onderzoek is onderzocht of er een relatie is tussen gezondheidsklachten en negatief affect. Daarnaast is gekeken of er een relatie is tussen een fatalistische kijk en negatief affect. Ook is onderzocht of fatalisme de relatie tussen gezondheidsklachten en negatief affect versterkt. De onderzoeksgroep bestaat uit personen van 40 jaar of ouder, zonder biologische en/of adoptiekinderen. Reden hiervoor is dat in de nabije toekomst een kwart van de ouderen kinderloos zal zijn, maar dat er nog weinig onderzoek is gedaan naar deze groep. Voor deze survey is gebruik gemaakt van 3 gevalideerde, in het Nederlands vertaalde vragenlijsten: de Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), de MOS Short-form General Health Survey (MOS-20) en de Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Deze vragenlijsten zijn, aangevuld met enkele andere vragen, als een samengestelde enquête op internet gezet en deze is door 136 personen, die voldeden aan de criteria, volledig ingevuld. Er zijn significant positieve relaties gevonden tussen gezondheidsklachten en negatief affect en ook tussen fatalisme en negatief affect. Beide relaties zijn reeds eerder in de literatuur gevonden en worden nu bevestigd voor deze specifieke groep van kinderloze ouderen. Er is geen interactie-effect gevonden tussen gezondheidsklachten en fatalisme in hun relatie tot negatief affect. Bij mensen met gezondheidsklachten en/of een fatalistische instelling kunnen gerichte therapieën en steun wellicht leiden tot minder negatief affect.

Perceção da Dor Crónica e Estratégias Adaptativas em Famílias de Doentes Oncológicos

Objetivos: A presente investigação tem como principais objetivos a avaliação da perceção da dor crónica oncológica por parte de doentes e seus familiares, bem como a análise da relação entre a dor crónica percebida e as estratégias de adaptação que as famílias usam para responder à situação de doença e à dor. Metodologia: Este é um estudo descritivo e correlacional, de análise univariada. Na recolha dos dados, utilizámos o Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluyation Scales (FCOPES) para verificar a resposta familiar a momentos de crise, o Social Support Questionnaire - Short Form (SSQ6) para avaliar o suporte social percebido e, por fim, a Escala Visual Analógica (Eva) para determinar a dor percebida pelo doente e pela família. Participantes: A amostra é constituída por 32 familiares de doentes com diagnóstico de cancro acompanhados na Consulta da Dor do IPOCFG, EPE. Os familiares da nossa amostra têm em média de 57 anos de idade, 53,1% são do sexo feminino e é composta por 65,6% de cônjuges. Desta amostra, 28 (87,5%) dos familiares assumem o papel de cuidadores principais e 21 (65,6%) habitam o mesmo lar. Resultados: Verificou-se que as famílias possuem uma resposta familiar a momentos de crise na família e um alto nível de perceção das estratégias de coping. Concluiu-se, ainda, que os familiares estão satisfeitos com o suporte social (M=30,84) que lhes é proporcionado. Relativamente à perceção de dor, os resultados sugerem que os familiares cuidadores pontuam valores mais elevados. Conclusões: A investigação revela que os familiares usam estratégias de coping, não sendo estas influenciadas pelo sexo, idade, cuidador, agregado familiar e classificação de dor. Quanto à perceção da dor fica claro que os familiares compreendem e vivenciam a experiência da dor de uma forma muito semelhante à do próprio doente, registando os homens níveis mais elevados de dor percebida quando comparados com os familiares do género feminino. No entanto, foi possível perceber que o acompanhamento psicológico deveria ser um aditivo importante e parte integrante do tratamento, visto que pode proporcionar ao doente uma melhor qualidade de vida e aos seus familiares.

Qualités psychométriques de la version canadienne-française du Geriatric Anxiety Inventory

Afin de pallier au manque d’outils de dépistage efficaces et adaptés à la population âgée, le Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) et une forme courte (GAI-SF) ont été développés pour évaluer la sévérité des symptômes anxieux chez les aînés. La présente étude cherchait à évaluer les propriétés psychométriques de la version canadienne-française du GAI dans sa forme complète (GAI-FC) et courte (GAI-FC-SF) auprès de la population âgée québécoise francophone. Trois cent trente et une personnes de 65 ans et plus vivant dans la communauté ont participé à cette étude. Les propriétés psychométriques s’avèrent satisfaisantes pour le GAI-FC et le GAI-FC-SF avec, respectivement, une cohérence interne satisfaisante (α = ,94 et ,83), une validité convergente adéquate (r = ,50 à ,86 avec des instruments de mesure évaluant des concepts similaires ou reliés à l’anxiété), une bonne fidélité test-retest (r = ,89 et ,85) ainsi qu’une structure unifactorielle. Les résultats de cette étude appuient l’utilisation du GAI-FC et du GAI-FC-SF pour l’évaluation de l’anxiété chez les aînés québécois. Le GAI-FC-SF semble une alternative intéressante au GAI-FC comme outil de dépistage lorsque le temps disponible pour l’évaluation est limité. Mots-clés: Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, aînés, anxiété, trouble anxieux, instrument d’évaluation.

Rede Social Pessoal, Qualidade de Vida e Depressão em Idosos

Em Portugal e no Mundo Ocidental a população está a envelhecer, colocando esta nova realidade enormes desafios à sociedade. A sua crescente relevância deve-se sobretudo às consideráveis repercussões a nível pessoal, familiar, sociopolítico e económico e que afetam pessoas de todas as idades e a sociedade como um todo, colocando desafios específicos relativamente às relações interpessoais, à qualidade de vida e à saúde mental na pessoa idosa. Deste modo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a associação entre a qualidade de vida, a depressão e as características das redes sociais pessoais dos idosos. Participaram no estudo 317 indivíduos, sendo 202 do sexo feminino e 115 do sexo masculino, com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, com uma média de 77 anos (DP=7,57). Na recolha de dados recorremos a três instrumentos: Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS Short Form 15), (Yesavage et al., 1983; Almeida & Almeida, 1999); Instrumento de Avaliação de Qualidade de Vida da OMS (WHOQOL), (OMS, 1998; Canavarro et al., 2006); Instrumento de Avaliação das Redes Sociais Pessoais (IARSP – Idosos), (Guadalupe, 2010; Guadalupe & Vicente, 2012). Dos resultados destacamos que as características funcionais da rede social pessoal se diferenciaram de forma estatisticamente significativa entre as subamostras de idosos segundo os níveis de qualidade de vida percebida. Saliente-se que, além da relação significativa entre a depressão e qualidade de vida, em que os idosos com um nível mais baixo de qualidade de vida percebida apresentam maiores níveis de depressão (p<0,001), as características funcionais das redes sociais apresentam uma associação clara com a qualidade de vida (p<0,005) e a maioria com a depressão (p<0,014), o que não acontece com as estruturais e com as relacionais-contextuais. Outros resultados indicam que indivíduos com diferentes níveis de qualidade de vida percebida possuem uma estrutura idêntica da rede social pessoal. Ao nível da análise da associação entre as variáveis funcionais da Rede Social Pessoal, Qualidade de Vida e Depressão, o modelo analítico transmite-nos indicadores de investigação e intervenção precisos, o que demonstra a necessidade da continuidade e aprofundamento do presente estudo num âmbito amostral mais alargado e heterogéneo. / In Portugal and in the eastern world, the aging of population creates huge challenges to societies. It's growing relevance is owed to considerable repercussions on the personal, familiar, socio-politic and economic level that affect people of all ages and society as a whole, creating specific challenges regarding interpersonal relationships, quality of life and mental health of the elderly. The current work has the objective of analyzing the association between quality of life, depression and the characteristics of personal social networks of the elderly. 317 individuals have participated in this study, 202 female and 115 male, with age equal or above 65 years old, with an average of 77 years old (DP=7,57). We used three assessment instruments to collect data: Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS Short Form 15), (Yesavage et al., 1983; Almeida & Almeida, 1999); WHO’s Quality of Life Evaluation instrument (WHOQOL) (WHO, 1998; Canavarro et al., 2006); Personal Social Network Analysis Tool (IARSP-Elderly),(Guadalupe, 2010; Guadalupe & Vicente, 2012). The results show that the functional personal network characteristics are significantly different according to their level of quality of life. It should also be noted that not only there is a significant association between depression and quality of life, in which elderly people with a lower quality of life level show higher levels of depression (p<0,001), there is also a clear association between the functional social network characteristics and quality of life (p<0,005), and the majority with depression (p<0,014), which doesn’t happen with structural and relational-contextual social network characteristics. Other results indicate that different levels of quality of life acquire an identical social network structure. On the matter of association between the functional variables of social networks, quality of fife and depression, the analytic model shows precise indicators of research and intervention, which instills us a need to continue and enlarge this study with an wider and more heterogeneous sample.

Quality of life predictors and normative data

Purpose: Identify predictors and normative data for quality of life (QOL) in a sample of Portuguese adults from general population Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was undertaken with two hundred and fifty-five (N=255) individuals from Portuguese general population (mean age 43yrs, range 25-84yrs; 148 females, 107 males). Participants completed the European Portuguese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life short-form instrument (WHOQOL-Bref) and the European Portuguese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Demographic information was also collected. Results: Portuguese adults reported their QOL as good. The physical, psychological and environmental domains predicted 44% of the variance of QOL. The strongest predictor was the physical domain and the weakest was social relationships. Age, educational level, socioeconomic status and emotional status were significantly correlated with QOL and explained 25% of the variance of QOL. The strongest predictor of QOL was emotional status followed by education and age. QOL was significantly different according to: marital status; living place (mainland or islands); type of cohabitants; occupation; health. Conclusions: The sample of adults from general Portuguese population reported high levels of QOL. The life domain that better explained QOL was the physical domain. Among other variables, emotional status best predicted QOL. Further variables influenced overall QOL. These findings inform our understanding on adults from Portuguese general population QOL

Health and mood among HIV‐positive outpatients attending an ART Clinic of a University Hospital

To evaluate how individuals at different stages of infection with HIV perceive their health status and its association with mood states. With the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in 1996, the quality of life of people living with HIV has improved. However, the literature emphasises the negative effects of the disease on the mental health of individuals suffering from this condition and the high incidence of depression among infected individuals. Although people diagnosed and living with HIV are overwhelmed by emotions, we found that various emotional manifestations are understudied within this group of patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an outpatient unit of a University Hospital (antiretroviral therapy clinic), with a consecutive sample composed of 152 patients. Data were collected through a questionnaire used to assess the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the Short Form (36) Health Survey, and the Profile of Mood States scale. The health status negatively affects the role at the emotional and mental health dimensions. The participants showing a worse health condition than in the previous year had higher levels of tension/anxiety, depression/dejection, fatigue/inertia and confusion/bewilderment. The stage of disease and the profile of mood state emerged as independent phenomena. The results of this study indicate that nurses worldwide should be aware of the emotional aspects (negative emotions strongly impact health) related to the subjective perception of a worsening health status, regardless of the stage of the disease.

Is quality of life measurement likely to be a proxy for health needs assessment in patients with coronary artery disease?

BACKGROUND: The identification of patients' health needs is pivotal in optimising the quality of health care, increasing patient satisfaction and directing resource allocation. Health needs are complex and not so easily evaluated as health-related quality of life (HRQL), which is becoming increasingly accepted as a means of providing a more global, patient-orientated assessment of the outcome of health care interventions than the simple medical model. The potential of HRQL as a surrogate measure of healthcare needs has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES AND METHOD: A generic (Short Form-12; SF-12) and a disease-specific questionnaire (Seattle Angina Questionnaire; SAQ) were tested for their potential to predict health needs in patients with acute coronary disease. A wide range of healthcare needs were determined using a questionnaire specifically developed for this purpose. RESULTS: With the exception of information needs, healthcare needs were highly correlated with health-related quality of life. Patients with limited enjoyment of personal interests, weak financial situation, greater dependency on others to access health services, and dissatisfaction with accommodation reported poorer HRQL (SF-12: p < 0.001; SAQ: p < 0.01). Difficulties with mobility, aids to daily living and activities requiring assistance from someone else were strongly associated with both generic and disease-specific questionnaires (SF-12: r = 0.46-0.55, p < 0.01; SAQ: r = 0.53-0.65, p < 0.001). Variables relating to quality of care and health services were more highly correlated with SAQ components (r = 0.33-0.59) than with SF-12 (r = 0.07-0.33). Overall, the disease-specific Seattle Angina Questionnaire was superior to the generic Short Form-12 in detecting healthcare needs in patients with coronary disease. Receiver-operator curves supported the sensitivity of HRQL tools in detecting health needs. CONCLUSION: Healthcare needs are complex and developing suitable questionnaires to measure these is difficult and time-consuming. Without a satisfactory means of measuring these needs, the extent to which disease impacts on health will continue to be underestimated. Further investigation on larger populations is warranted but HRQL tools appear to be a reasonable proxy for healthcare needs, as they identify the majority of needs in patients with coronary disease, an observation not previously reported in this patient group

Unmet health needs in patients with coronary heart disease: implications and potential for improvement in caring services

BACKGROUND: Improving the quality of health care services requires tailoring facilities to fulfil patients' needs. Satisfying patients' healthcare needs, listening to patients' opinions and building a closer provider-user partnership are central to the NHS. Few published studies have discussed cardiovascular patients' health needs, but they are not comprehensive and fail to explore the contribution of outcome to needs assessment. METHOD: A comprehensive self-administered health needs assessment (HNA) questionnaire was developed for concomitant use with generic (Short Form-12 and EuroQOL) and specific (Seattle Angina Questionnaire) health-related quality of life (HRQL) instruments on 242 patients admitted to the Acute Cardiac Unit, Nottingham. RESULTS: 38% reported difficulty accessing health facilities, 56% due to transport and 32% required a travelling companion. Mean HRQOL scores were lower in those living alone (P < 0.05) or who reported unsatisfactory accommodation. Dissatisfaction with transport affected patients' ease of access to healthcare facilities (P < 0.001). Younger patients (<65 y) were more likely to be socially isolated (P = 0.01). Women and patients with chronic disease were more likely to be concerned about housework (P < 0.05). Over 65 s (p < 0.05) of higher social classes (p < 0.01) and greater physical needs (p < 0.001) had more social needs, correlating moderately (0.32 < r < 0.63) with all HRQL domains except SAQ-AS. Several HRQL components were highly correlated with the HNA physical score (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients wanted more social (suitable accommodation, companionship, social visits) and physical (help aids, access to healthcare services, house work) support. The construct validity and intra-class reliability of the HNA tool were confirmed. Our results indicate a gap between patients' health needs and available services, highlighting potential areas for improvement in the quality of services

Health-related quality of life in portuguese SLE patients: an outcome measure independent of disease activity and cumulative damage

PURPOSE: To evaluate quality of life in Portuguese patients with Systemic Lupus Erithematosus (SLE) and its correlation with disease activity and cumulative damage. METHODS: We included consecutive SLE patients, fulfilling the 1997 ACR Classification Criteria for SLE and followed at the Rheumatology Department of the University Hospital of Coimbra, Portugal at time of visit to the outpatient clinic. Quality of life was evaluated using the patient self-assessment questionnaire Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36 (SF-36) (validated Portuguese version). The consulting rheumatologist fulfilled the SLE associated indexes for cumulative damage (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics- Damage Index: SLICC/ACR-DI) and disease activity (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index: SLEDAI 2000). Correlation between SLEDAI and SLICC and SF-36 was tested with the Spearman Coefficient. Significant level considered was 0.05. RESULTS: The study included 133 SLE patients (90.2% female, mean age - 40.7 years, mean disease duration - 8.7 years). Most patients presented low disease activity (mean SLEDAI = 4.23) and limited cumulative damage (mean SLICC = 0.76). Despite that, SF-36 mean scores were below 70% in all eight domains of the index. Physical function domains showed lower scores than mental function domains. The QoL in this group of patients is significantly impaired when compared with the reference Portuguese population (p<0.05 in all domains). There was no correlation between clinical activity or cumulative damage and quality of life. CONCLUSION: QoL is significantly compromised in this group of SLE patients, but not related with disease activity or damage. These findings suggest that disease activity, cumulative damage and QoL are independent outcome measures and should all be used to assess the full impact of disease in SLE patients.

Levels of salivary immunoglobulin A under psychological stress and its relationship with rumination and five personality traits in medical students

Background and Objectives: The measurement of salivary immunoglobulin A is a useful and non-invasive method for measuring stress. Personality traits and rumination act as possible mediators in the relationship between psychological stressors and the immune system. This study was aimed to evaluate the levels of salivary IgA under psychological stress and its relationship with rumination and five personality traits in medical students. Methods: In this cross- sectional study, 45 medical students who intended to participate in the final exam were selected by simple random sampling. Two months before the exam, in the basal conditions, the NEO Personality Inventory-Short Form and Emotional Control Questionnaire (ECQ) were completed. Saliva samples were taken from students in both the basal conditions and exam stress conditions. Salivary IgA was measured by an ELISA test. Data was analyzed using paired samples T-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and stepwise regression. Results: A significant reduction of salivary IgA levels was found in exam stress conditions. Also, a significant negative correlation was found between traits of neuroticism and rumination with salivary IgA, as well as a significant positive correlation between of openness to experience and emotional inhibition with salivary IgA. Openness to experience and emotional inhibition may predict a substantial variance (34%) of salivary IgA under exam stress. Conclusions: Salivary IgA is reduced in response to exam stress. In addition, the rumination and personality traits may reduce or increase stress effects on the immune system, particularly the salivary IgA.

L'effet de l'hippothérapie sur le contrôle postural et la motricité d'enfants ayant une déficience motrice cérébrale légère

L'enfant ayant une déficience motrice cérébrale (DMC) légère présente des déficits posturaux qui limitent son intégration sociale. L'hippothérapie est une forme d'intervention utilisant le mouvement du cheval pour stimuler des réajustements posturaux. L’objectif de cette recherche était de quantifier l’effet de 10 semaines d’hippothérapie sur le contrôle postural et la motricité d'enfants ayant une DMC légère. Un devis pré-expérimental à mesures répétées où chaque enfant (n=13) est son propre contrôle a été utilisé. Les critères d’inclusion étaient: être âgés entre 4 et 16 ans et avoir une DMC légère. L’intervention d’une durée de 10 semaines consistait en une séance par semaine d’hippothérapie de 30 minutes, où l'enfant était placé dans différentes positions sur le cheval. La motricité globale, particulièrement la capacité à se tenir debout, marcher, courir et sauter a été mesurée par les dimensions D et E du Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) et la coordination, la vitesse, la force et l’équilibre par le Bruininks-Oseretski Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form (BOT2-SF). La motricité fine a été évaluée par différentes tâches de précision, d’intégration et de dextérité manuelle (BOT2-SF). Les variables biomécaniques évaluant la stabilité posturale en position assise et debout ont été quantifiées par le déplacement du centre de pression (CdeP). Le déplacement des membres supérieurs a été enregistré lors de tâches unilatérales à l'aide d’un système d’analyse tridimensionnelle du mouvement (VICON). Treize sujets (âgés de 7,3 ± 2,7 ans) ont été évalués avant (mesure de base), après l’intervention et à 10 semaines post-intervention (mesure de suivi). La stabilité posturale de l’enfant sur le cheval a été évaluée à l’aide de modules inertiels multiaxiaux fixés sur le cheval et sur l’enfant (tête, tronc) à deux temps pendant l’intervention. À la suite de l’intervention, la motricité globale s’est améliorée significativement (GMFM-88 dimensions; p=0,005 et BOT2-SF total; p=0,006), et spécifiquement au niveau de la force des abdominaux et des membres supérieurs (p=0,012), de l’équilibre (p=0,025) et des activités de précision de la main (p=0,013). Les analyses du contrôle postural sur le cheval montrent une augmentation de la fréquence cumulée dans la direction médiolatérale (M/L) (p=0,033), et une diminution de l’amplitude de la fréquence cumulée en vertical (p=0,007). Ces résultats peuvent s’interpréter comme étant une augmentation de la rapidité d'adaptation dans la direction M/L doublée d'un amortissement du tronc diminué dans l’axe vertical. Le contrôle postural debout statique s'est amélioré (p=0,013) dans l'axe M/L attribuable aux enfants diplégiques de l'étude. Ces résultats se sont maintenus après la fin de l’intervention. Aucune amélioration du déplacement des membres supérieurs n'a été notée. Nos résultats permettent de suggérer l’utilisation de l'hippothérapie, par les professionnels de la réadaptation, comme complément à l'intervention traditionnelle.