Leaf application of silicic acid to upland rice and corn

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Rice-Straw Mulch Reduces the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations on Kale, Brassica oleracea var. acephala (Brassicaceae) Plants

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Optimisation of a sample preparation method for the determination of fumonisin B-1 in rice

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Fat-Soluble Bioactive Components in Colored Rice Varieties

Bioactive components in rice vary depending on the variety and growing condition. Fat-soluble components such as gamma-oryzanol, tocopherols, tocotrienols, carotenoids, and fatty acids were analyzed in brown, sugary brown, red, and black rice varieties using established high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and GC methodologies. In addition, these colored rice varieties were further analyzed using a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (LTQ-Orbitrap XL) to identify the [M-H](-) ions of gamma-oryzanol, ranging from m/z 573.3949 to 617.4211. The highest content of tocopherols (alpha-, 1.5; gamma-, 0.5 mg/100 g) and carotenoids (lutein 244; trans-beta carotene 25 mu g/100 g) were observed in black rice; tocotrienols (alpha-, 0.07; gamma-, 0.14 mg/100 g) in red rice, and gamma-oryzanol (115 mg/100 g) in sugary brown rice. In all colored rice varieties, the major fatty acids were palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1n-9), and linoleic (18:2n-6) acids. When the gamma-oryzanol components were further analyzed by LC-MS/MS, 3, 10, 8, and 8 triterpene alcohols or sterol ferulates were identified in brown, sugary brown, red, and black rice varieties, respectively. Such structural identification can lead to the elucidation of biological function of each component at the molecular level. Consumption of colored rice rich in beneficial bioactive compounds may be a useful dietary strategy for achieving optimal health.

SILICON IN ROW AND NITROGEN IN TOPDRESSING FERTILIZATION ON RICE UNDER DRY LAND AND SPRINKLER IRRIGATION CONDITIONS

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of silicon application adjusted with nitrogen fertilization via top-dressing on grain productivity, the silicon contents of the soil, in the plant tissue and nitrogen contents in dry and irrigated conditions. The experimental outlining was from designed blocks with subdivided parcels and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of culture system (dry and irrigated) and the under parcels by the combination of silicon (0 and 100 kg ha(-1)), in magnesium and calcium silicate form (with 23% of SiO2), and four doses of N (urea) via top-dressing (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha(-1)). Silicon application at sowing furrow was a viable technique because it provided significant increase in the content of this element in the root growth of rice. The application of silicon in the sowing furrow did not change the content of the element nor the nitrogen nutrition in rice plants. The nitrogen application reduced the silicon content and increased nitrogen nutrition in rice plants. Silicon application at sowing furrow provided no increase in rice grain yield. When there was no water limitation to nitrogen fertilization enhanced linearly on rice grain yield, whereas under water stress the effect of nitrogen fertilization was limited.

A origem de populações emergentes do patógeno da queima-da-folha (Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA) da Urochloa spp. na Amazônia e seu potencial de adaptação a outros agroecossistemas brasileiros

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas) - FCAV

Leaf gas exchange and yield of three upland rice cultivars

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Agronomic efficiency and grain quality of upland rice cultivars as a function of nitrogen topdressing

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of the particle size of maize, rice, and sorghum in extruded diets for dogs on starch gelatinization, digestibility, and the fecal concentration of fermentation products

The influence of rice, maize, and sorghum raw material particle size in extruded dry dog food on the digestibility of nutrients and energy and the fecal concentration of fermentation products was investigated. Three diets with similar nutrient compositions were formulated, each with 1 starch source. Before incorporation into diets, the cereals were ground into 3 different particle sizes (approximately 300, 450, and 600 mu m); therefore, a total of 9 diets were in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement (3 cereals and 3 particle sizes). Fifty-four beagle dogs (12.0 +/- 0.1 kg BW) were randomly assigned to the diets, with 6 dogs per diet. The digestibility was measured with the chromium oxide method. The data were evaluated with ANOVA considering the carbohydrate source, grinding effect, and interactions. The means were compared with the Tukey test and polynomial contrasts (P < 0.05). With the same grinding procedure, rice was reduced to smaller particles than other cereals. The cereal mean geometric diameter (MGD) was directly related to starch gelatini-zation (SG) during extrusion. For rice diets, the MGD and SG did not change nutrient digestibility (P > 0.05); only GE digestibility was reduced at the largest MGD (P < 0.01). For maize and sorghum diets, the total tract apparent nutrient digestibility was reduced for foods with greater MGD and less SG (P < 0.01). A linear reduction in nutrient digestibility according to cereal particle size was observed for sorghum (r(2) < 0.72; P < 0.01). Higher concentrations of fecal total shortchain fatty acids (SCFA) were observed for sorghum diets (P < 0.05) than for other diets. The rice diets led to the production of feces with less lactate (P < 0.05). The increase in raw material MGD did not influence fecal SCFA for rice diets, but for the dogs fed maize and sorghum foods, an increase in propionate and butyrate concentrations were observed as MGD increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, for dogs fed different particle sizes of the cereal starches in the extruded diets, the digestibility and fecal characteristics were affected, and this effect was ingredient dependent.

The urochloa foliar blight and collar rot pathogen rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA emerged in South America via a host shift from rice

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Physicochemical and structural characteristics of rice starch modified by irradiation

This work evaluated the physicochemical and structural properties of rice starch of the cultivars IAC 202 and IRGA 417 modified by irradiation. Starch samples were irradiated by (60)Co in doses 1, 2 and 5kGy, on a rate of 0.4kGy/h. A control not irradiated was used for comparison. The granule morphology and A-type X-ray diffraction pattern were not altered by irradiation. There was an increase in amylose content, carboxyl content and acidity with irradiation. Gamma radiation did not affect the thermal properties of IAC202, but increased gelatinization temperature of IRGA417, in the higher dose (5kGy). The number of long chains of amylopectin was reduced and short chains were increased for IAC202, whereas for IRGA 417, the opposite was observed, probably due to cross-linking of starch chains. Starches had their physicochemical and structural properties modified by irradiation differently.

Janie Rice Papers - Accession 37 - M12 (22)

The Janie Rice Papers consists of correspondence, newspaper clippings, letters of appreciation, and certificates of awards concerning her career as a teacher at the Winthrop Training School, her work with the Baptist Church in Chester, SC and her establishment of a Janie Carroll Rice scholarship at Winthrop.

BIRD DEPREDATION ON RICE AND OTHER GRAINS IN ARKANSAS

In Arkansas, blackbirds are responsible for appreciable damage to rice, grain sorghum, oats, wheat, rye, and corn. By far, the greatest damage is to rice. As is shown in the following table, the losses to rice producers amounted to an estimated $3,049,055 in 1968, the last year that a survey was made. Nearly two-thirds (63%) of this loss was to standing rice destroyed and to the cost of bird control measure in standing rice. The remaining losses ($2,140,320 ) are to seeding or to efforts to control bird depredations to new seeding, (see Table 1). Blackbird damage to grain sorghum and corn was mostly to standing grain; that to oats, wheat and rye, to seeding, although there is occasional damage to standing grain. Additional problems are caused by blackbirds in feed lots. The total losses to Arkansas agricultural producers due to blackbirds in 1968 was about $3,500,000. Bird damage in a specific locality and on specific crops seems to vary in intensity from year to year. However, surveys during the past ten years suggest a fairly consistent level of total damage state-wide. The damage in 1968-and I believe in 1969—was somewhat lighter than we have come to expect from past exper¬ience. (See table 2.) On a per acre basis the damage in 1968 showed a considerable decline when compared to previous years. A part of this decline is probably a temporary situation. Some of the decline in losses to rice and grain sorghum, however, are due to changes in varieties, such as development of bird-resistant milo, and to changes in cultural methods. Further appreciable reductions due to changes in these factors seem unlikely, (see table 3.) Since rice producers sustain the greatest losses to birds, they have generated the greatest demand for bird control programs. Three species are responsible for most of the damage to rice. They are the red-winged blackbird, common grackle and brown-headed cowbird. These birds have created problems for rice producers since the first successful rice crop was grown near Lonoke, Arkansas, in 1904.

Rice oil as a soybean oil replacement in weanling pig diets

The motivation for including oils in the diets of weanling pigs is to increase dietary energy density to meet the pigs' energy requirements. The purpose of this study was to determine the digestible and metabolizable energy values of semi-refined rice oil (RO) and refined soybean oil (SO) for weanling pigs (Experiment 1), as well as to evaluate how replacing SO with RO in weanling pig diets affects performance, intestinal histology, organ morphometry and the occurrence of diarrhea (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1,21 barrows, averaging 19.63 +/- 0.37 kg body weight (BW), were used in a randomized complete block design experiment, with seven replications per treatment and one pig per experimental unit (metabolism cage). The treatments consisted of a reference diet and two test diets. The test diets were obtained by using 90% of the reference diet and 10% of RO or SO. The experimental period consisted of a 7 days adaptation period, followed by a 5 days collection period of feces and urine. The values of the apparent digestible energy, apparent metabolizable energy and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy of the oils were, respectively, 26.24, 25.78 and 26.01 MJ kg(-1) for RO and 31.74, 31.35 and 31.51 MJ kg(-1) for SO. In Experiment 2, 120 weaned pigs, castrated males and females, averaging 6.74 +/- 0.42 kg BW, were used in a randomized complete block design experiment, with eight replications per treatment and three pigs per experimental unit (pen) to evaluate the effects of five replacement levels of SO with RO in isonutritive weanling pig diets. The treatments were as follows: 4:0 basal diet with 4% of SO; 3:1 basal diet with 3% of SO and 1% of RO; 2:2 basal diet with 2% of SO and 2% of RO; 1:3 basal diet with 1% of SO and 3% of RO; and 0:4 basal diet with 4% of RO. No effects of the replacement levels were observed in the weanling pigs' performance, organ morphometry or in their occurrence of diarrhea. However, a quadratic effect on the villus width and a cubic effect on the villus height:crypt depth ratio were observed in the duodenum. Therefore, if the determined values of energy are used in the feed formulation, refined soybean oil can be replaced with semi-refined rice oil in weanling pig diets without affecting their growth performance. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.