Kuukautiskokemuksen kulttuurinen rakentuminen suomalaisten, vuosina 1959-1977 syntyneiden naisten kuukautiselämäkerroissa

Tutkimuksen kohteena on kuukautiskokemuksen kulttuurinen rakentuminen suomalaisten, vuosina 1959-1977 syntyneiden naisten kuukautiselämäkerroissa. Tutkin millaisia kuukautiskokemuksia naisilla on sekä miten ja suhteessa keneen tai mihin nämä kokemukset muotoutuvat. Tarkastelen myös millaisia kulttuurisia käsityksiä kuukautisista naisten kokemukset ilmentävät. Ymmärrän kuukautiskokemuksen tutkimuksessani elämänkulkuun liittyvänä historiallisena prosessina, jonka kautta ihmisestä tulee subjekti, joka sosiaalisena yksilönä kiinnittyy häntä ympäröivään kulttuuriin, kieleen ja maailmaan. Tarkastelen mikrohistorian näkökulmasta yksilön tapaa hahmottaa henkilökohtaista kuukautiskokemusta suhteessa omaan kokemushistoriaansa ja sen sosiokulttuurisen ympäristön historiaan, jossa hän elää. Haastattelemani naiset ymmärtävät kuukautiset sekä fysiologisena ruumiin toimintona että kokemuksellisena tapahtumana. Vaikka lääketieteellinen tietämys kuukautisista on lisääntynyt 1900-luvun aikana nopeasti, ei kuukautisten fysiologinen tunteminen ole edelleenkään kaikille naisille kovin merkityksellinen asia. Fysiologisesti kuukautiset ovat naisille merkki ruumiin normaalista toiminnasta ja hedelmällisessä iästä olemisesta. Naisten kuukautiskokemus ei ole yksi, vaan se muuttuu niin kutsuttujen avainkokemusten kohdalla samanaikaisesti kun yksilölle muotoutuu uusi sosiaalinen rooli, jonka myötä häneen kohdistuvat sosiaaliset odotukset muuttuvat. Avoimissa teemahaastatteluissa tuotetuissa kuukautiselämäkerroissa haastateltavat nimesivät kuukautiselämän avainkokemuksiksi ensimmäiset kuukautiset, kuukautisten kanssa sinuiksi tulon, raskaudet ja imetyksen, lapset tehty mitäs nyt -vaiheen sekä vaihdevuosien tulon tiedostamisen. Naiselle on tärkeää pystyä läpi kuukautiselämän säilyttämään itsenäisen, aktiivisen toimijan rooli, ja tähän hän tarvitsee tietoa ja toimintaohjeita jokaisen uuden avainkokemuksen kohdalla. Naisen kuukautiskokemuksen muotoutumiseen vaikuttavat useat merkittävät sekä yksityisen että julkisen alueen toiset. Nainen vertaa kuukautiskokemustaan näihin toisiin, saa heiltä tietoa kuukautisista ja elää kuukautisarkea heidän tai niiden kanssa. Kuukautiselämäkerroissa häpeän tunne läpäisee koko elämänkaaren. Kulttuurisesti kuukautisten tulee olla näkymättömät, huomaamattomiksi kätketyt. Vaikka kuukautisiin liittyvä nolouden ja häpeän tunne on syvällä kulttuurisessa kokemusmaailmassa ja naisen kuukautiskokemukseen vaikuttavat kulttuuriset tekijät ovat historiallisesti hyvin hitaasti muuttuvia, on kulttuurisessa ilmapiirissä havaittavissa jonkin asteista muutosta avoimempaan suuntaan.

Impacto do acordo de cooperação do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq) com a National Academy of Sciences - (NAS)

In the beginning of the 1960's, the university education in chemistry, in Brasil, represented only a professional preparation, with no official post-graduate teaching and research, as yet. The name Federal University Rio de Janeiro, evolved, since January 30, 1959, from University of Brazil, RJ, to Federal University of Guanabara, which, on August 20, 1965, became the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. With the Resolution nº 4, of the University direction, the first Institute of Chemistry was created, to include the Centers of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and the Medical Sciences. The strictu sensu's system was established only in 1961.

La población infantil de Barcelona (1898-1961): una evaluación de su estado nutricional a partir de estadísticas antropométricas

En los ejercicios de evaluación de la denominada “penalización urbana”, la mortalidad infantil y juvenil suele ser uno o de los indicadores más habituales. Disponer de indicadores relativos a sus condiciones de salud es más difícil. Una opción son los datos antropométricos. Este tipo de información abunda para las poblaciones adultas –especialmente las masculinas enroladas en los ejércitos- pero es más escasa para las infantiles. El propósito de este trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de las condiciones de salud de este grupo de la población barcelonesa durante algo más de la primera mitad del siglo XX, a partir del estudio de un conjunto de 9 estadísticas antropométricas publicadas entre 1900 y 1961. A través de una reconstrucción estadística, mediante el empleo de las Tablas de Crecimiento de la población infantil española elaboradas por M. Hernández, E Sánchez y B.Sobradillo en 1995, se han estandarizado las tallas y comparado los Indices de Masa Corporal calculados a partir de las medidas publicadas. Los principales resultados son: a) La presencia de diferentes pautas en las trayectorias seculares de crecimiento de niños y niñas. El crecimiento de las tallas entre los niños fue de 1,09 cm por decenio entre 1898 y 1945 y de 1,40 entre 1945 y 1961. Mientras que en el caso de las niñas entre 1898 y 1945 fue de 0,14 cm por decenio para aumentar a 2,18 entre 1945 y 1981. b) Las diferencias sociales en los indicadores antropométricos persisten a lo largo del periodo estudiado c) Los porcentajes de población infantil con probable malnutrición se situaron en torno al 24 por ciento para las generaciones nacidas entre 1885 y 1940, para ir descendiendo de forma irreversible en las nacidas a partir de 1950. De este modo en la década años setenta del siglo XX no parece existir evidencia de tal estado en la población infantil barcelonesa.

Dialogue in the crisis of representation : realism and antirealism in the context of the conversation between theologians and quantum physicists in Göttingen 1949-1961

The aim of this study is to analyse the content of the interdisciplinary conversations in Göttingen between 1949 and 1961. The task is to compare models for describing reality presented by quantum physicists and theologians. Descriptions of reality indifferent disciplines are conditioned by the development of the concept of reality in philosophy, physics and theology. Our basic problem is stated in the question: How is it possible for the intramental image to match the external object?Cartesian knowledge presupposes clear and distinct ideas in the mind prior to observation resulting in a true correspondence between the observed object and the cogitative observing subject. The Kantian synthesis between rationalism and empiricism emphasises an extended character of representation. The human mind is not a passive receiver of external information, but is actively construing intramental representations of external reality in the epistemological process. Heidegger's aim was to reach a more primordial mode of understanding reality than what is possible in the Cartesian Subject-Object distinction. In Heidegger's philosophy, ontology as being-in-the-world is prior to knowledge concerning being. Ontology can be grasped only in the totality of being (Dasein), not only as an object of reflection and perception. According to Bohr, quantum mechanics introduces an irreducible loss in representation, which classically understood is a deficiency in knowledge. The conflicting aspects (particle and wave pictures) in our comprehension of physical reality, cannot be completely accommodated into an entire and coherent model of reality. What Bohr rejects is not realism, but the classical Einsteinian version of it. By the use of complementary descriptions, Bohr tries to save a fundamentally realistic position. The fundamental question in Barthian theology is the problem of God as an object of theological discourse. Dialectics is Barth¿s way to express knowledge of God avoiding a speculative theology and a human-centred religious self-consciousness. In Barthian theology, the human capacity for knowledge, independently of revelation, is insufficient to comprehend the being of God. Our knowledge of God is real knowledge in revelation and our words are made to correspond with the divine reality in an analogy of faith. The point of the Bultmannian demythologising programme was to claim the real existence of God beyond our faculties. We cannot simply define God as a human ideal of existence or a focus of values. The theological programme of Bultmann emphasised the notion that we can talk meaningfully of God only insofar as we have existential experience of his intervention. Common to all these twentieth century philosophical, physical and theological positions, is a form of anti-Cartesianism. Consequently, in regard to their epistemology, they can be labelled antirealist. This common insight also made it possible to find a common meeting point between the different disciplines. In this study, the different standpoints from all three areas and the conversations in Göttingen are analysed in the frameworkof realism/antirealism. One of the first tasks in the Göttingen conversations was to analyse the nature of the likeness between the complementary structures inquantum physics introduced by Niels Bohr and the dialectical forms in the Barthian doctrine of God. The reaction against epistemological Cartesianism, metaphysics of substance and deterministic description of reality was the common point of departure for theologians and physicists in the Göttingen discussions. In his complementarity, Bohr anticipated the crossing of traditional epistemic boundaries and the generalisation of epistemological strategies by introducing interpretative procedures across various disciplines.

GIS assessing traditional and modern agricultural land use/land cover change. A case study 1959-2005: Rekijoki, Somero, SW-Finland

Finland’s rural landscape has gone through remarkable changes from the 1950’s, due to agricultural developments. Changed farming practices have influenced especially traditional landscape management, and modifications in the arable land structure and grasslands transitions are notable. The review of the previous studies reveal the importance of the rural landscape composition and structure to species and landscape diversity, whereas including the relevance in presence of the open ditches, size of the field and meadow patches, topology of the natural and agricultural landscape. This land-change study includes applying remote sensed data from two time series and empirical geospatial analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The aims of this retrospective research is to detect agricultural landscape use and land cover change (LULCC) dynamics and discuss the consequences of agricultural intensification to landscape structure covering from the aspects of landscape ecology. Measurements of LULC are derived directly from pre-processed aerial images by a variety of analytical procedures, including statistical methods and image interpretation. The methodological challenges are confronted in the process of landscape classification and combining change detection approaches with landscape indices. Particular importance is paid on detecting agricultural landscape features at a small scale, demanding comprehensive understanding of such agroecosystems. Topological properties of the classified arable land and valley are determined in order to provide insight and emphasize the aspect the field edges in the agricultural landscape as important habitat. Change detection dynamics are presented with change matrix and additional calculations of gain, loss, swap, net change, change rate and tendencies are made. Transition’s possibility is computed following Markov’s probability model and presented with matrix, as well. Thesis’s spatial aspect is revealed with illustrative maps providing knowledge of location of the classified landscape categories and location of the dynamics of the changes occurred. It was assured that in Rekijoki valley’s landscape, remarkable changes in landscape has occurred. Landscape diversity has been strongly influenced by modern agricultural landscape change, as NP of open ditches has decreased and the MPS of the arable plot has decreased. Overall change in the diversity of the landscape is determined with the decrease of SHDI. Valley landscape considered as traditional land use area has experienced major transitional changes, as meadows class has lost almost one third of the area due to afforestation. Also, remarkable transitions have occurred from forest to meadow and arable land to built area. Boundaries measurement between modern and traditional landscape has indicated noticeable proportional increase in arable land-forest edge type and decrease in arable land-meadow edge type. Probability calculations predict higher future changes for traditional landscape, but also for arable land turning into built area.

In memoriam Anu Pylkkänen (1959-2013)

Kirjallisuusarvostelu