Inherent Powers of the High Court under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973

This thesis is shows the result of the research work on the inherent Powers of the High Court in criminal jurisdiction. The criminal justice system in India recognizes inherent powers only of the High Court. The Theory and Philosophy of inherent powers are concerned the Distinction between civil and Criminal laws are of very little consequence. In formulating the research programme the confusion created by the concept of inherent powers and its application by High Court form the central point. How fully the concept is understood, how correctly the power is used, and how far it has enhanced the rationale of the administration of criminal justice, what is its importance and what are the solutions for the inherent power to earn a permanent status in the province of criminal jurisprudence are the themes of this study. The precipitation of new dimensions is the yardstick to acknowledge the inherent powers of the High Court and Supreme Court. It is of instant value in criminal justice system. This study concludes innovativeness provided by the inherent powers has helped the justice administration draw inspiration from the Constitution. A jurisprudence of inherent powers has developed with the weilding of inherent powers of the Supreme Court and the High Court. It is to unravel mystery of jurisprudence caused by the operation of the concept of inherent powers this research work gives emphasis. Its significance is all the more relevant when the power is exercised in the administration of criminal justice. Application or non application of inherent powers in a given case would tell upon the maturity and perfection of the standard of justice

ANALYSIS, MODIFICATION, AND EVALUATION OF THE COLD FLOW PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AS BASE OIL FOR INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS

Poor cold flow properties of vegetable oils are a major problem preventing the usage of many abundantly available vegetable oils as base stocks for industrial lubricants. The major objective of this research is to improve the cold flow properties of vegetable oils by various techniques like additive addition and different chemical modification processes. Conventional procedure for determining pour point is ASTM D97 method. ASTM D97 method is time consuming and reproducibility of pour point temperatures is poor between laboratories. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a fast, accurate and reproducible method to analyze the thermal activities during cooling/heating of oil. In this work coconut oil has been chosen as representative vegetable oil for the analysis and improvement cold flow properties since it is abundantly available in the tropics and has a very high pour point of 24 °C. DSC is used for the analysis of unmodified and modified vegetable oil. The modified oils (with acceptable pour points) were then subjected to different tests for the valuation of important lubricant properties such as viscometric, tribological (friction and wear properties), oxidative and corrosion properties.A commercial polymethacrylate based PPD was added in different percentages and the pour points were determined in each case. Styrenated phenol(SP) was added in different concentration to coconut oil and each solution was subjected to ASTM D97 test and analysis by DSC. Refined coconut oil and other oils like castor oil, sunflower oil and keranja oil were mixed in different proportions and interesterification procedure was carried out. Interesterification of coconut oil with other vegetable oils was not found to be effective in lowering the pour point of coconut oil as the reduction attained was only to the extent of 2 to 3 °C.Chemical modification by acid catalysed condensation reaction with coconut oil castor oil mixture resulted in significant reduction of pour point (from 24 ºC to -3 ºC). Instead of using triacylglycerols, when their fatty acid derivatives (lauric acid- the major fatty acid content of coconut oil and oleic acid- the major fatty acid constituents of monoand poly- unsaturated vegetable oils like olive oil, sunflower oil etc.) were used for the synthesis , the pour point could be brought down to -42 ºC. FTIR and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the ester structure of the product which is fundamental to the biodegradability of vegetable oils. The tribological performance of the synthesised product with a suitable AW/EP additive was comparable to the commercial SAE20W30 oil. The viscometric properties (viscosity and viscosity index) were also (with out additives) comparable to commercial lubricants. The TGA experiment confirmed the better oxidative performance of the product compared to vegetable oils. The sample passed corrosion test as per ASTM D130 method.

Acetalization of ketones on K-10 clay and rare earth exchanged HFAU-Y zeolites: A mild and facile procedure for the synthesis of dimethylacetals

Dimethylacetals of ketones; cyclohexanone, acetophenone, and benzophenone have been prepared by reacting ketones with methanol under mild reaction conditions. Large pore zeolites (H-Y and its rare earth metal, Ce3+, La3+, and RE3+ modified forms), and mesoporous clay (K-10 montmorillonite and its cerium exchanged counterpart) with regular pore structure, silica and silica-alumina have been used as catalysts. Clay catalysts are found to be much more active than zeolites, thanks to slightly bigger pore size. The nature of the pores of the solid acid catalysts determine acetalization efficiency of a particular catalyst. As evidenced by the reaction time studies, the catalyst decay is greater over the zeolites than over the clays. Carrying out the reaction with ketones of different molecular sizes it is shown that K-10 clays and rare earth exchanged H-Y zeolites are promising environmentally friendly catalysts for their use in the production fine chemicals.

Matrix based Cryptographic Procedure for Efficient Image Encryption

In this paper we propose a cryptographic transformation based on matrix manipulations for image encryption. Substitution and diffusion operations, based on the matrix, facilitate fast conversion of plaintext and images into ciphertext and cipher images. The paper describes the encryption algorithm, discusses the simulation results and compares with results obtained from Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It is shown that the proposed algorithm is capable of encrypting images eight times faster than AES.

Effects of tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) on the intestinal microbiota of pigs and evaluation of a procedure for quantification of microbial mass in pig faeces

Die Mikrobiota im Gastrointestinaltrakt (GIT) spielt eine bedeutende Rolle beim Fermentationsprozess im Bezug auf die Nährstoffversorgung sowie die Gesundheit des Darms und des gesamten Organismus. Inulin und resistente Stärke (RS) konnten als präbiotisch wirksame Substanzen identifiziert werden und sind jeweils auch in den Knollen der Topinamburpflanze (Helianthus tuberosus) und in Kartoffeln (Solanum tuberosum) enthalten. Da sie ebenfalls energiereiche Futtermittel für Schweine sind, war es das Ziel der ersten beiden Studien, die Auswirkungen der Aufnahme von Topinamburknollen und Kartoffeln auf die intestinale Mikrobiota und Parameter des Immunsystems bei Endmastschweinen zu bestimmen. In der dritten Studie wurde die mikrobielle Biomasse quantitativ mit einem Verfahren zur Isolation von Bakterien in einer Flüssigkeit durch Hochgeschwindigkeits-Zentrifugation erfasst und der bakteriell gebundene Stickstoff (MP-N) mit dem bakteriellen und endogenem Kotstickstoff (BEDN) verglichen. Im ersten Versuch wurden 72 Endmastschweine in einem Freilandhaltungssystem in eine Kontroll- (CT), die mit Kraftfutter entsprechend des Bedarfs der Tiere für ein Leistungsniveau von 700 g täglichem Lebendmassezuwachs versorgt wurde, und eine Versuchsvariante (ET) aufgeteilt. In der Versuchsvariante erhielten die Tiere nur 70% der Kraftfuttermenge der Kontrollvariante, hatten aber Zugang zu einer abgeteilten Fläche, auf der Topinamburknollen angebaut waren. Die freie Aufnahme von Topinamburknollen wurde auf 1•24 kg Trockenmasse (TM)/Tag bestimmt, entsprechend einer Inulinaufnahme von durchschnittlich 800 g/Tag. Während sich die Wachstumsleistung in der Kontrollvariante auf 0•642 ± 0•014 kg/Tag belief, war sie in der Versuchsvariante mit 0•765 ± 0•015 kg/Tag (P=0•000) höher. Die freie Verfügbarkeit von Inulin und Fructo-oligosacchariden (FOS) im GIT der Schweine erhöhte die Keimzahlen der anaeroben Bakterien (P=0•000), Laktobazillen (P=0•046) und Hefen (P=0•000) signifikant und verringerte das Vorkommen von Clostridium perfringens im Schweinekot erheblich von lg 5•24 ± 0•17 kolonie-bildende Einheiten pro g Frischmasse (KbE/ g FM) in der Kontrollvariante auf lg 0•96 ± 0•20 KbE/ g FM in der Versuchsvariante (P=0•000). C-reaktives Protein (CRP) und Antikörper gegen Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) von Escherichia coli J5 ließen keine Unterschiede zwischen den Fütterungsvarianten erkennen. In der zweiten Untersuchung wurden 58 Endmastschweine einer Kontrollvariante (CT), die bedarfsgerecht mit einer Kraftfuttermischung für ein Leistungsniveau von 700 g Tageszunahmen gefüttert wurde, und zwei Versuchsvarianten zugeteilt. Die Versuchsvarianten erhielten eine Menge von 1•2 kg TM gedämpften Kartoffeln (potato treatment, PT) oder gedämpften und einsilierten Kartoffeln (silage treatment, ST) pro Tag und nur 46% bzw. 43% der Menge des Kraftfutters der Kontrollvariante. Die Wachstumsleistung und Schlachtkörperzusammensetzung ließen keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Varianten erkennen. Im PT und ST waren gegenüber dem CT im Kot der pH-Wert sowie die Gehalte von TM, Neutral-Detergenz-Faser (NDF), unverdautem Futterstickstoff (UDN) und teilweise von Säure-Detergenz-Faser (ADF) signifikant niedriger (P=0•000) und die von Ammonium (NH4) und Ammoniumstickstoff (NH4-N) signifikant höher (P=0•000). Das hohe Angebot von hitzebehandelten Kartoffeln führte zu einer erheblichen Verringerung von E. coli (P=0•000), C. perfringens (P=0•000) und Immunoglobulin A gegen LPS von E. coli J5 (P=0•001). Darüber hinaus waren in der ersten Versuchsperiode im ST die aeroben und anaeroben Gesamtkeimzahlen sowie die Laktobazillen und Hefen gegenüber dem PT signifikant erhöht. Die Unterschiede in der Mikrobiota zwischen der Kontroll- und Versuchsvarianten weisen auf die positiven Auswirkungen von Topinamburknollen und hitzebehandelten Kartoffeln auf die Mikrobiota im hinteren Darmabschnitt hin. Das Ziel der dritten Untersuchung war die Modifizierung des Verfahrens zur Isolation von Bakterien in einer Flüssigkeit mittels verschiedener Zentrifugationsschritte, um ein mikrobielles Pellet (MP) zu erhalten, welches die quantitative Abtrennung und Erfassung der Bakterien in Schweinekot ermöglicht. Zusätzlich wurde der BEDN Anteil sowie die Gehalte der Aminozucker Galactosamin, Glucosamin, Mannosamin und Muraminsäure im Kot und im MP bestimmt. Die untersuchten Kotproben stammten von Schweinen eines Phosphor (P) Stoffwechselversuch. Zehn männlich-kastrierte Schweine mit einem durchschnittlichen Lebendgewicht von 51•1 ± 8•5 kg wurden einzeln in Stoffwechselkäfigen gehalten. Die Tiere wurden fünf Fütterungsvarianten zugeteilt, die dem Bedarf der Tiere für ein Leistungsniveau von 700 g Tageszunahmen entsprachen, in den Rationen 2 bis 5 jedoch eine P-Gehalt unter dem Tagesbedarf der Tiere aufwiesen und in den Rationen 3 bis 5 mit abgestuften Gehalten von 50, 100 sowie 200 mg/kg einer experimentellen Phytase ergänz waren. Die Absenkung des P Gehaltes im Futter verringerte den Asche- (P=0•024) und Trockenmassegehalt im Kot (P=0•017) sowie die P Konzentration im MP (P=0•000) signifikant. Die mikrobielle Biomasse im Kot wurde durch die Wiegung des MP auf durchschnittlich 467 g/kg TM bestimmt. Der Stickstoffgehalt im Kot betrug im Mittel 46•1 g/kg TM und der in die Bakterienmasse eingebaute Stickstoffanteil 27•1 g/kg TM bzw. 58% vom Gesamtstickstoffgehalt im Kot. Die BEDN Fraktion wurde auf 73% am Kotstickstoff bestimmt. Der P-Gehalt im Kot sowie der N Gehalt im MP mit durchschnittlichen 10•4 und 57•9 g/kg TM lagen im Bereich von Literaturangaben. Die P Gehalte im MP schwankten in Abhängigkeit von der Zugabe von Phytase signifikant (P=0•000) von 1•8 bis 4•8 g/kg TM. Die Aminozucker wiesen keine signifikanten unterschiede zwischen Fütterungsvarianten auf und lagen im Bereich von Werten von Rinderkot. Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die angewandte Methode zur direkten Quantifizierung der mikrobiellen Biomasse geeignet ist.

Scientific production on the Mantel-Haenszel procedure as a way of detecting DIF

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

"Refined mapping of a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1 responsible for mouse embryonic death"

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies during the first trimester of embryonic intrauterine development. This kind of human infertility is frequent among the general population since it affects 1 to 5% of women. In half of the cases the etiology remains unelucidated. In the present study, we used interspecific recombinant congenic mouse strains (IRCS) in the aim to identify genes responsible for embryonic lethality. Applying a cartographic approach using a genotype/phenotype association, we identified a minimal QTL region, of about 6 Mb on chromosome 1, responsible for a high rate of embryonic death (,30%). Genetic analysis suggests that the observed phenotype is linked to uterine dysfunction. Transcriptomic analysis of the uterine tissue revealed a preferential deregulation of genes of this region compared to the rest of the genome. Some genes from the QTL region are associated with VEGF signaling, mTOR signaling and ubiquitine/proteasome-protein degradation pathways. This work may contribute to elucidate the molecular basis of a multifactorial and complex human disorder as RSA.

Refined mapping of a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1 responsible for mouse embryonic death

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies during the first trimester of embryonic intrauterine development. This kind of human infertility is frequent among the general population since it affects 1 to 5% of women. In half of the cases the etiology remains unelucidated. In the present study, we used interspecific recombinant congenic mouse strains (IRCS) in the aim to identify genes responsible for embryonic lethality. Applying a cartographic approach using a genotype/phenotype association, we identified a minimal QTL region, of about 6 Mb on chromosome 1, responsible for a high rate of embryonic death (similar to 30%). Genetic analysis suggests that the observed phenotype is linked to uterine dysfunction. Transcriptomic analysis of the uterine tissue revealed a preferential deregulation of genes of this region compared to the rest of the genome. Some genes from the QTL region are associated with VEGF signaling, mTOR signaling and ubiquitine/proteasome-protein degradation pathways. This work may contribute to elucidate the molecular basis of a multifactorial and complex human disorder as RSA.

The mutual agreement procedure and arbitration of double taxation disputes

It is in the interest of most states to eliminate double taxation (i.e. the payment of the same tax in two jurisdictions) of transnational commercial enterprises. Because such disputes involve, on the one hand, the state imposition of taxes, a right universally asserted by all states, and private entities on the other, taxation disputes between such parties are not, on their face, easily susceptible to arbitration. This article analyzes two dispute settlement procedures-the OECD First Model Tax Convention and a similar EU Convention-with the exclusive focus on disputes relating to the imposition of double taxation. It will look at the ways in which state roles may vary under these procedures from assisting in the negotiation process to taking a part similar to, but with important differences from, diplomatic protection on behalf of an affected enterprise. The article will examine the situations under which the settlement procedure is required and/or available, how the procedures are triggered, the obligations and parts played by the parties, the means by which the disputes are resolved (from negotiations to tribunals) and the limitations of the procedures. Are they “taxpayer friendly”? As a result the reader may draw comparisons between the two procedures. Finally, the article will look at the proposed OECD Arbitration Clause which is intended to be incorporated into Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention as well as how these mechanisms relate and/or conflict with bilateral tax treaties and the GATS.

Normalization procedure for the Baptista Depression Scale - Adult Version (EBADEP-A): transferring of norms

Regarding the standardization of psychological assessment instruments, that is, the construction of referential interpretations of a test, we can find different procedures performed both by Classical Test Theory (CTT) and the Theory of Item Response (IRT). Especially in this case (IRT), we can admit one test as a default, so to use its standardization and transfer the cut-off point to another instrument. Based on this information, the present study aimed to provide a cutoff score for the Baptista Depression Scale - Adult Version (EBADEP-A) through procedures of norms-transfer based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale (CES-D). The EBADEP-A presented good distribution and ability to discriminate depressive symptoms, and the sample, consisting of Brazilian College students, received a cutoff score of 32 points. It is emphasized that this is an exploratory and preliminary study, and it is suggested further analyzes to be performed with clinical samples for which results can be corroborated or confronted.

Problemas conceptuales en el aprendizaje de segundas lenguas : la adquisición del present perfect simple para los hablantes de español : un caso paradigmático.

Esta investigación intenta facilitar la comprensión del proceso de aprendizaje de una segunda lengua y los posibles mecanismos del lenguaje involucrados, a partir del problema concreto de la adquisición del 'present perfect simple' en inglés para los hablantes del español.. El trabajo consta de dos partes centrales. La primera, dedicada a los fundamentos teóricos en los que se apoya el estudio, y la segunda, dedicada a un aproximación empírica, en donde se realizan varios estudios con distintos tipos de materiales que ponen a prueba las hipótesis de partida. Se formulan dos tipos de análisis con este fin: dos cuestionarios y tres experimentos. Ambos se centran tareas de reconocimiento y de producción del 'present perfect simple' y de sus usos.. Es necesario comprender que las dificultades de aprendizaje de algunos conocimientos, como el uso del 'present simple', radican en su dimensión conceptual, y no en su complejidad sintáctica o morfológica. Por esta razón, La autora considera indispensable comprender la naturaleza de los problemas de enseñanza de segundas lenguas para poder pensar así una práctica concienzuda de la docencia..

Chambers adult learners' writing guide : word-perfect forms, job applications and e-mails.

Guía práctica dirigida a los adultos para que desarrollen, con un método sencillo y práctico, las habilidades básicas con la escritura, necesarias además, para su vida cotidiana, desde escribir una sencilla nota, a rellenar un formulario o solicitar un trabajo.

The formation of learning sets by the chinchilla in an auditory discrimination procedure

This paper discusses a study conducted to test sound discrimination abilities of the chinchilla.

Evaluating the directional effects of acoustic horn style hearing aids using the QuickSIN procedure

This paper evaluates the directional effects of two hearing devices – an antique London Dome horn style device and a constructed Cupped Hand. The comparisons were made using the Quick SIN (Speech in Noise) adaptive test which measures signal-to-noise ratio loss.

The Developmental Sentence Scoring Procedure

This paper investigates the usefulness of the Developmental Sentence Scoring Procedure (DSS) as a clinical tool in rating the syntactic performance of young children.