A journey through Spain in the years 1786 and 1787 : with particular attention to the agriculture, manufactures, commerce, population, taxes, and revenue of that country and remarks in passing through a part of France

Contiene: "Appendix" con las equivalencias entre la moneda castellana y la inglesa y un indice de nombres geograficos

Planeamiento y políticas de vivienda en el área metropolitana de Madrid durante la democracia (1975-2007)

La tesis analiza la realidad residencial construida en los municipios del Área Metropolitana de Madrid durante la democracia, en términos de localización, cantidad y calidad/cualidad, y su relación con el desarrollo de las políticas de planeamiento y de vivienda. La pregunta central que ha guiado la investigación es la siguiente: ¿cómo han incidido los instrumentos de política de vivienda y de planeamiento urbanístico en el crecimiento residencial de los municipios del Área Metropolitana de Madrid? Se trata de poner en relación dos políticas públicas orientadas por la Administración en sus distintos niveles de actuación: una de carácter territorial, el planeamiento urbanístico -cuya ejecución es de competencia municipal-, y otra de carácter sectorial, las políticas de vivienda -definidas por la Administración Central y Autonómica-. Al considerar la política de vivienda como el resultado de la política financiera, la política fiscal y la política de suelo, se ha observado cómo en España las dos primeras suponen más del 70% de la intervención presupuestaria en vivienda. Esta investigación se ha centrado particularmente en la tercera, la política de suelo, por su vinculación directa con el planeamiento urbanístico, pero sin dejar de tener en cuenta las dos primeras, no sólo por su implicación en el gasto público, sino porque han tenido tanto efecto, o más, en la conformación de la ciudad como ha podido tenerlo el planeamiento. La primera parte de la tesis se centra en el estudio de las políticas, sus objetivos e instrumentos (normativos y de planificación), mientras que en la segunda parte se analiza la realidad construida, por medio de una serie de variables e indicadores relacionados con la producción residencial (suelo y viviendas); en la tercera se presenta la parte de análisis y las conclusiones generales. Al cruzar los objetivos y los instrumentos de ambas políticas se ha podido concluir con una propuesta de periodización evidenciando las ontinuidades, cambios o transformaciones: después de una etapa de transición –de 1975 a 1978, coincide con los años de la transición democrática, en el que se definen las bases de las nuevas políticas-, se han podido diferenciar tres períodos: 1979-1989, 1990-1997 y 1998-2007. El primer período corresponde a los años en los que se fue construyendo todo el aparato institucional regulador con las nuevas administraciones que surgieron de la democracia. El segundo período, aunque comenzó con la aprobación de la Ley del Suelo de 1990 como instrumento clave del planeamiento regulador, se caracterizó por el cuestionamiento del modelo intervencionista y por los primeros planteamientos de liberalización. Finalmente, en el tercer período se pusieron las bases normativas de la liberalización del suelo en España, con la reforma de la Ley del Suelo de 1998 y otras medidas “remediales”. Finalmente, se presenta el análisis de los resultados sobre la realidad construida, teniendo como clave de interpretación la periodización propuesta a partir de las políticas, con el propósito de conocer cómo han podido incidir en el crecimiento residencial del AMM. Por tanto, la tesis aborda la inquietud de cuándo, cómo y dónde las políticas públicas han construido ciudad y han generado barrios, pues también trata de analizar los espacios urbanos que han sido el resultado físico de dichas políticas (aspectos de los conjuntos residenciales, el entorno inmediato y su relación con el tejido urbano existente), y no sólo de mostrar cantidades de viviendas construidas. Posteriormente, el estudio se centra en el análisis de las actuaciones públicas sobre suelos destinados a uno de los llamados “usos débiles”, las viviendas protegidas. Éstas se han beneficiado, de una u otra manera, de las ayudas económicas que se incluyen en los planes de vivienda y, por ello, están sujetas a unos parámetros definidos por la normativa vigente en cada caso. Ha interesado realizar una valoración de las mismas a partir de criterios de integración social y funcional, y de equilibrio territorial. ABSTRACT The PhD thesis analyses the residential areas built in the Metropolitan Area of Madrid, in terms of location, quality and quantity, and the relationship to the resulting built environment planning and housing policies. Its cover a period of tree decades since the onset of democracy in Spain in 1975 up to the beginning of the great recession starting 2007. The central question that has guided the research is the following: how the instruments of housing policy and urban planning have influenced the residential growth of the municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Madrid? It is about putting together two different public policies that are also carried out at different levels of government: spacial and urban planning –whose execution is under municipal jurisdiction under principles and guidelines defined at a regional scale; and the sectorial housing policies which are mostly defined by the Nacional and Regional governments and are very interlinked with the wider economic policies of the country. When considering housing policy as the result of financial, fiscal and land policy, it has been noted in Spain that instruments under the first two types of measures (financial and fiscal) account for over 70% of the housing budget intervention. This research has particularly focused on the third, Land Policy, because of its direct link to urban planning. Nevertheless, the research also considers f inancial and f iscal pol icies, not only because of thei r signi f icant level of publ ic spending, but al so because of thei r great impacto n shaping the way the ci ty is bui l t . The first part of the thesis focuses on the study of the policies, objectives and instruments (housing and planning), while the second part analyses the built reality by means of a number of variables and indicators related to the housing production (land and housing). In the third part the analysis and general conclusions are presented. After relating the objectives and instruments of both policies, the thesis concludes with a proposal for periodization showing continuities, changes and transformations: after a transition period – from 1975 to 1978 coinciding with the years of the democratic transition, in which the basis of the new policies were defined- tree periods (1979-1989, 1990- 1997 and 1998-2007) have been d i s t i n g u i s h e d . The first period covers the years in which a new institutional apparatus wa s b u i l t wi t h t h e n e w a r r a n g eme n t s t h a t eme r g e d from democracy. The second period, even though it began with the approval of the Land Act 1990 as key element of the regulatory planning, was characterized by the questioning of public intervention and early approaches to liberalization. Finally, in the third period, the normative basis of liberalization was set up in Spain, with the reform of the Land Act 1998 and other “corrective” measures. At a final point, the analisys of the results on the reality constructed is presented having as a key of interpretation the periodization proposed. This provides tools for interpreting how policies did affect residential growth in the Metropolitan Area of Madrid. Therefore, the thesis addresses the issues of when, how and where public policies have inf luenced and guided the development of resident ial áreas in the región dur ing this t ime f rame. I t is also concerned with analysing those urban spaces that have been the physical result of such policies (aspects of residential complexes, the immediate environment and its relationship with the existing urban infraestructure), going beyond the analisys of statistical data. Subsequently, the study focuses on the analysis of public actions on land for the so-called "weak uses" particularly social housing. These have benefited in one way or another, of financial assistance included in housing plans and, therefore, are subject to some parameters defined by the regulations in force in each case.

Seismicity and seismic risk in Spain = Sismicite et risque sismique en Espagne

The spanish seismic norm has a direct application in building construction but it recomends specific studies in the case of important public works such us large dams or bridges. For this reason, and to establish specifical criteria in its field of activity, the Dirección General de Obras Hidráulicas of the spanish Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Urbanismo commissioned us a seismotectonical and seismic risk study applicable to Spain, materialized on a series of maps of inmediate and direct use. In this paper we explain the methodology pursued to obtain these maps. It has required, firstly, investigations with the aim to improve the seismic information corresponding to the historical or preinstrumental period, that allowed more precise cuantifications. Secondly, these data have been processed by probabilistic methods, using de intensity as foundamental parameter. The corresponding maps have been developed. Finally, other maps of seismic accelerations have been compiled. La normative sismorresistent espagnole á une application directe dans 1'edification, mais elle recommend la realitation des etudes especifiques dans le cas des travaux publics importants telles que ponts ou barrages. Pour cette raison et pour etablir des criteres especifiques dans son camp dáctivité, la Direccion General de Obras Hidraulicas du Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Urbanismo espagnol a commande un etude sismotectonique et de risque sismique applicable a l'Espagne, materialise en une serie de cartes de utilization directe et inmediate. Dans cette communication on explique la methodologie a suivre pour la realization de cettes cartes. Celá a fait necessaire, d'abord, des recherches pour amelliorer l'information concernant le periode historique ou preinstrumental, ce qui permet des cuantifications plus precises. En second lieu ces faits ont ête traités avec des methodes probabilistes, employant l'intensité come parametre fondamental. En consequence nous avons developpe des cartes d'intensite et d'acceleration sismique.

Drivers in adopting adaptation strategies to face increased water scarcity in agriculture. A case study in Doñana (Spain) and Makueni (Kenya)

La agricultura es uno de los sectores más afectados por el cambio climático. A pesar de haber demostrado a lo largo de la historia una gran capacidad para adaptarse a nuevas situaciones, hoy en día la agricultura se enfrenta a nuevos retos tales como satisfacer un elevado crecimiento en la demanda de alimentos, desarrollar una agricultura sostenible con el medio ambiente y reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El potencial de adaptación debe ser definido en un contexto que incluya el comportamiento humano, ya que éste juega un papel decisivo en la implementación final de las medidas. Por este motivo, y para desarrollar correctamente políticas que busquen influir en el comportamiento de los agricultores para fomentar la adaptación a estas nuevas condiciones, es necesario entender previamente los procesos de toma de decisiones a nivel individual o de explotación, así como los efectos de los factores que determinan las barreras o motivaciones de la implementación de medidas. Esta Tesis doctoral trata de profundizar en el análisis de factores que influyen en la toma de decisiones de los agricultores para adoptar estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático. Este trabajo revisa la literatura actual y desarrolla un marco metodológico a nivel local y regional. Dos casos de estudio a nivel local (Doñana, España y Makueni, Kenia) han sido llevados a cabo con el fin de explorar el comportamiento de los agricultores hacia la adaptación. Estos casos de estudio representan regiones con notables diferencias en climatología, impactos del cambio climático, barreras para la adaptación y niveles de desarrollo e influencia de las instituciones públicas y privadas en la agricultura. Mientras el caso de estudio de Doñana representa un ejemplo de problemas asociados al uso y escasez del agua donde se espera que se agraven en el futuro, el caso de estudio de Makueni ejemplifica una zona fuertemente amenazada por las predicciones de cambio climático, donde adicionalmente la falta de infraestructura y la tecnología juegan un papel crucial para la implementación de la adaptación. El caso de estudio a nivel regional trata de generalizar en África el comportamiento de los agricultores sobre la implementación de medidas. El marco metodológico que se ha seguido en este trabajo abarca una amplia gama de enfoques y métodos para la recolección y análisis de datos. Los métodos utilizados para la toma de datos incluyen la implementación de encuestas, entrevistas, talleres con grupos de interés, grupos focales de discusión, revisión de estudios previos y bases de datos públicas. Los métodos analíticos incluyen métodos estadísticos, análisis multi‐criterio para la toma de decisiones, modelos de optimización de uso del suelo y un índice compuesto calculado a través de indicadores. Los métodos estadísticos se han utilizado con el fin de evaluar la influencia de los factores socio‐económicos y psicológicos sobre la adopción de medidas de adaptación. Dentro de estos métodos se incluyen regresiones logísticas, análisis de componentes principales y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Mientras que el análisis multi‐criterio se ha utilizado con el fin de evaluar las opciones de adaptación de acuerdo a las opiniones de las diferentes partes interesadas, el modelo de optimización ha tenido como fin analizar la combinación óptima de medidas de adaptación. El índice compuesto se ha utilizado para evaluar a nivel regional la implementación de medidas de adaptación en África. En general, los resultados del estudio ponen de relieve la gran importancia de considerar diferentes escalas espaciales a la hora de evaluar la implementación de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático. El comportamiento de los agricultores es diferente entre lugares considerados a una escala local relativamente pequeña, por lo que la generalización de los patrones del comportamiento a escalas regionales o globales resulta relativamente compleja. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido identificar factores determinantes tanto socioeconómicos como psicológicos y calcular su efecto sobre la adopción de medidas de adaptación. Además han proporcionado una mejor comprensión del distinto papel que desempeñan los cinco tipos de capital (natural, físico, financiero, social y humano) en la implementación de estrategias de adaptación. Con este trabajo se proporciona información de gran interés en los procesos de desarrollo de políticas destinadas a mejorar el apoyo de la sociedad a tomar medidas contra el cambio climático. Por último, en el análisis a nivel regional se desarrolla un índice compuesto que muestra la probabilidad de adoptar medidas de adaptación en las regiones de África y se analizan las causas que determinan dicha probabilidad de adopción de medidas. ABSTRACT Agriculture is and will continue to be one of the sectors most affected by climate change. Despite having demonstrated throughout history a great ability to adapt, agriculture today faces new challenges such as meeting growing food demands, developing sustainable agriculture and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Adaptation policies planned on global, regional or local scales are ultimately implemented in decision‐making processes at the farm or individual level so adaptation potentials have to be set within the context of individual behaviour and regional institutions. Policy instruments can play a formative role in the adoption of such policies by addressing incentives/disincentives that influence farmer’s behaviour. Hence understanding farm‐level decision‐making processes and the influence of determinants of adoption is crucial when designing policies aimed at fostering adoption. This thesis seeks to analyse the factors that influence decision‐making by farmers in relation to the uptake of adaptation options. This work reviews the current knowledge and develops a methodological framework at local and regional level. Whilst the case studies at the local level are conducted with the purpose of exploring farmer’s behaviour towards adaptation the case study at the regional level attempts to up‐scale and generalise theory on adoption of farmlevel adaptation options. The two case studies at the local level (Doñana, Spain and Makueni, Kenya) encompass areas with different; climates, impacts of climate change, adaptation constraints and limits, levels of development, institutional support for agriculture and influence from public and private institutions. Whilst the Doñana Case Study represents an area plagued with water‐usage issues, set to be aggravated further by climate change, Makueni Case study exemplifies an area decidedly threatened by climate change where a lack of infrastructure and technology plays a crucial role in the uptake of adaptation options. The proposed framework is based on a wide range of approaches for collecting and analysing data. The approaches used for data collection include the implementation of surveys, interviews, stakeholder workshops, focus group discussions, a review of previous case studies, and public databases. The analytical methods include statistical approaches, multi criteria analysis for decision‐making, land use optimisation models, and a composite index based on public databases. Statistical approaches are used to assess the influence of socio‐economic and psychological factors on the adoption or support for adaptation measures. The statistical approaches used are logistic regressions, principal component analysis and structural equation modelling. Whilst a multi criteria analysis approach is used to evaluate adaptation options according to the different perspectives of stakeholders, the optimisation model analyses the optimal combination of adaptation options. The composite index is developed to assess adoption of adaptation measures in Africa. Overall, the results of the study highlight the importance of considering various scales when assessing adoption of adaptation measures to climate change. As farmer’s behaviour varies at a local scale there is elevated complexity when generalising behavioural patterns for farmers at regional or global scales. The results identify and estimate the effect of most relevant socioeconomic and psychological factors that influence adoption of adaptation measures to climate change. They also provide a better understanding of the role of the five types of capital (natural, physical, financial, social, and human) on the uptake of farm‐level adaptation options. These assessments of determinants help to explain adoption of climate change measures and provide helpful information in order to design polices aimed at enhancing societal support for adaptation policies. Finally the analysis at the regional level develops a composite index which suggests the likelihood of the regions in Africa to adopt farm‐level adaptation measures and analyses the main causes of this likelihood of adoption.

Public School, Zabalgana, Vitoria (2013)

MIRARIEN KUTXA. In collaboration with Alfonso González Gaisán and Francisco Blanco Velasco. Texto en inglés y español.

Bio-climatic Design Handbook: designing public space to reach urban sustainability.

The "Bio-climatic Design Handbook: guidelines for the development of planning regulations" is a tool for urban planning and design professionals planning for the construction of public space taking into account bioclimatic and environmental standards. Based on environmental conditions assessment, urban design guidelines are given. These take into account various scales; from the territory to the microclimatic reality. From these general keys for the design of public space the handbook performs recommendations on specific case studies. The application of bioclimatic techniques in urban design promotes comfort in the public space and the respect for the existing environment, while it influences the energy consumption of buildings that conform this open space. The tool was developed in the context of BIOURB project, where Spain and Portugal cooperate writing this bilingual handbook. The case studies are located in this cross-border region.

How can irrigated agriculture adapt to climate change? Insights from the Guadiana Basin in Spain

Climate change is already affecting many natural systems and human environments worldwide, like the semiarid Guadiana Basin in Spain. This paper illustrates a systematic analysis of climate change adaptation in the Guadiana irrigation farming region. The study applies a solution-oriented diagnostic framework structured along a series of sequential analytical steps. An initial stage integrates economic and hydrologic modeling to evaluate the effects of climate change on the agriculture and water sectors. Next, adaptation measures are identified and prioritized through a stakeholder-based multi-criteria analysis. Finally, a social network analysis identifies key actors and their relationships in climate change adaptation. The study shows that under a severe climate change scenario, water availability could be substantially decreased and drought occurrence will augment. In consequence, farmers will adapt their crops to a lesser amount of water and income gains will diminish, particularly for smallholder farms. Among the various adaptation measures considered, those related to private farming (new crop varieties and modern irrigation technologies) are ranked highest, whereas public-funded hard measures (reservoirs) are lowest and public soft measures (insurance) are ranked middle. In addition, stakeholders highlighted that the most relevant criteria for selecting adaptation plans are environmental protection, financial feasibility and employment creation. Nonetheless, the social network analysis evidenced the need to strengthen the links among the different stakeholder groups to facilitate the implementation of adaptation processes. In sum, the diagnostic framework applied in this research can be considered a valuable tool for guiding and supporting decision making in climate change adaptation and communicating scientific results.

Air quality modeling and mortality impact of fine particles reduction policies in Spain

Background: In recent years, Spain has implemented a number of air quality control measures that are expected to lead to a future reduction in fine particle concentrations and an ensuing positive impact on public health. Objectives: We aimed to assess the impact on mortality attributable to a reduction in fine particle levels in Spain in 2014 in relation to the estimated level for 2007. Methods: To estimate exposure, we constructed fine particle distribution models for Spain for 2007 (reference scenario) and 2014 (projected scenario) with a spatial resolution of 16x16 km2. In a second step, we used the concentration-response functions proposed by cohort studies carried out in Europe (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects and Rome longitudinal cohort) and North America (American Cancer Society cohort, Harvard Six Cities study and Canadian national cohort) to calculate the number of attributable annual deaths corresponding to all causes, all non-accidental causes, ischemic heart disease and lung cancer among persons aged over 25 years (2005-2007 mortality rate data). We examined the effect of the Spanish demographic shift in our analysis using 2007 and 2012 population figures. Results: Our model suggested that there would be a mean overall reduction in fine particle levels of 1mg/m3 by 2014. Taking into account 2007 population data, between 8 and 15 all-cause deaths per 100,000 population could be postponed annually by the expected reduction in fine particle levels. For specific subgroups, estimates varied from 10 to 30 deaths for all non-accidental causes, from 1 to 5 for lung cancer, and from 2 to 6 for ischemic heart disease. The expected burden of preventable mortality would be even higher in the future due to the Spanish population growth. Taking into account the population older than 30 years in 2012, the absolute mortality impact estimate would increase approximately by 18%. Conclusions: Effective implementation of air quality measures in Spain, in a scenario with a short-term projection, would amount to an appreciable decline infine particle concentrations, and this, in turn, would lead to notable health-related benefits. Recent European cohort studies strengthen the evidence of an association between long-term exposure to fine particles and health effects, and could enhance the health impact quantification in Europe. Air quality models can contribute to improved assessment of air pollution health impact estimates, particularly in study areas without air pollution monitoring data.

Social companies as an innovative and sustainable way of solving social problems. A case study from Spain.

In the current context of economic crisis, there is an increasing need for new approaches for solving social problems without relying upon public resources. With this regard, social entrepreneurship has been arising as an important solution to develop social innovations and address social needs. Social entrepreneurs found new ventures that aim at solving social problems. The main purpose of this research is to identify the general profile of the social entrepreneurs and the main features of social companies, such as geographic scope, profit or non-profit approach, collaborative networks, decision making structure, and typologies of customers that benefit from their social actions.

New agri-environmental policies for the sustainability of mountainous olive farming. Evidences from Andalusia, Spain

La sostenibilidad de los sistemas olivareros situados en zonas de pendiente y montaña (SMOPS) en Andalucía se encuentra actualmente amenazada por las elevadas tasas de abandono que afectan a estos sistemas productivos. Así, la consumación de este proceso de abandono, no sólo pondría en peligro a las propias explotaciones, sino a todo el conjunto de bienes y servicios no productivos y al patrimonio cultural generado por este sistema productivo. En este contexto, la búsqueda de alternativas políticas enfocadas a revertir este proceso se erige como una necesidad categórica en aras de garantizar en el largo plazo la sostenibilidad de los olivares de montaña. Esta tesis pretende hacer frente a esta necesidad a través de la construcción de un marco político alternativo para los SMOPS, que permita la integración simultánea de todas las dimensiones que pueden influir en su desarrollo; esto es: el marco político actual, principalmente determinado por la Política Agraria Común (PAC) de la Unión Europea (UE); las preferencias de la sociedad hacia la oferta de bienes y servicios públicos generados por los SMOPS; y las preferencias y voluntad de innovación hacia nuevos manejos y sistemas de gestión de los agricultores y propietarios de las explotaciones. Para ello, se emplea una metodología de investigación mixta, que abarca la realización de cuatro encuestas (personales y online) llevadas a cabo a los agentes o grupos de interés involucrados directa o indirectamente en la gestión de los SMOPS –ciudadanos, agricultores y propietarios y expertos-; una profunda revisión de las herramientas de política agroambiental actuales y posibles alternativas a las mismas; y el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias metodológicas para dotar de mayor precisión y fiabilidad las estimaciones obtenidas a partir del Método del Experimento de Elección (MEE) en el campo de la valoración medioambiental. En general, los resultados muestran que una estrategia de política agroambiental basada en la combinación de los Contratos Territoriales de Zona Rural (CTZR) y el manejo ecológico supondría una mejora en la sostenibilidad de los sistemas olivareros de montaña andaluces, que, al mismo tiempo, propiciaría una mejor consideración de las necesidades y demandas de los agentes implicados en su gestión. Asimismo, los hallazgos obtenidos en esta investigación demandan un cambio de paradigma en los actuales pagos agroambientales, que han de pasar de una estrategia basada en la implementación de acciones, a otra enfocada al logro de objetivos, la cual, en el caso del olivar, se podría centrar en el aumento del secuestro de carbono en el suelo. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, los resultados han contribuido notablemente a mejorar la fiabilidad y precisión de las conclusiones estimadas a partir del MEE, mediante el diseño de un novedoso proceso iterativo para detectar posibles comportamientos inconsistentes por parte de los entrevistados con respecto a su máxima Disposición al Pago (DAP) para lograr la situación considerada como “óptima” en los olivares ecológicos de montaña andaluces. En líneas generales, el actual marco institucional favorece la puesta en práctica de la mayoría de las estrategias propuestas en esta tesis; sin embargo son necesarios mayores esfuerzos para reconducir los actuales Pagos Agroambientales y Climáticos de la PAC, hacia una estrategia de política agroambiental adaptada a las necesidades y requisitos del territorio en el que se aplica, enfocada al logro de objetivos y que sea capaz de integrar y coordinar al conjunto de agentes y grupos de interés involucrados -directa o indirectamente- en la gestión de los olivares de montaña. En este contexto, se espera que la puesta en práctica de nuevas estructuras y acuerdos de gobernanza territorial juegue un importante papel en el desarrollo de una política agroambiental realmente adaptada a las necesidades de los sistemas olivareros de montaña andaluces. ABSTRACT The long-term sustainability of Andalusian sloping and mountainous olive production systems (SMOPS) is currently threatened by the high abandonment rates that affect these production systems. The effective occurrence of this abandonment process is indeed menacing not only farms themselves, but also the wide array of public goods and services provided by SMOPS and the cultural heritage held by this production system. The search of policy alternatives aimed at tackling this process is thus a central necessity. This thesis aims to undertake this necessity by building an alternative policy framework for SMOPS that simultaneously integrates the several dimensions that are susceptible to influence it, namely: the current policy framework, mainly determined by the European Union’s (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP); the social preferences toward the supply of SMOPS’ public goods and services; and farmers’ preferences and willingness to innovate toward new management practices in their farms. For this purpose, we put into practice a mixed-method strategy that combines four face-to-face and online surveys carried out with SMOPS’ stakeholders -including citizens, farmers and experts-; in-depth analysis of current and alternative agrienvironmental policy (AEP) instruments; and the development of novel methodological approaches to advance toward more reliable Discrete Choice Experiment’s (DCE) outcomes in the field of environmental valuation. Overall, results show that a policy strategy based on the combination of Territorial Management Contracts (TMC) and organic management would further enhance Andalusian SMOPS’ sustainability by simultaneously taking into account stakeholders’ demands and needs. Findings also call for paradigm shift of the current action-oriented design of Agri-Environmental-Climate Schemes (AECS), toward a result-based approach, that in the case of olive orchards should particularly be focused on enhancing soil carbon sequestration. From a methodological perspective, results have contributed to improve the accuracy and feasibility of DCE outcomes by designing a novel and iterative procedure focused in ascertaining respondents’ inconsistent behaviour with respect to their stated maximum WTP for the attainment of an ideal situation to be achieved in organic Andalusian SMOPS. Generally, the present institutional framework favours the implementation of the main policy strategies proposed in this thesis, albeit further efforts are required to better conduct current CAP’s agri-environmental instruments toward a territorially targeted result-oriented strategy capable to integrate and coordinate the whole set of stakeholders involved in the management of SMOPS. In this regard, alternative governance structures and arrangements are expected to play a major role on the process of tackling SMOPS’ agri-environmental policy challenge.

New QR Survey Methodologies to Analyze User Perception of Service Quality in Public Transport: The Experience of Madrid

Customer Satisfaction Surveys (CSS) have become an important tool for public transport planners, as improvements in the perceived quality of service lead to greater use of public transport and lower traffic pollution. Until now, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) enhancements in public transport have traditionally included fleet management systems based on Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) technologies, which can be used to optimize routing and scheduling, and to feed real-time information into passenger information channels. However, surveys of public transport users could also benefit from the new information technologies. As most customers carry their smartphones when traveling, Quick Response (QR) codes open up the possibility of conducting these surveys at a lower cost.This paper contributes to the limited existing literature by developing the analysis of QR codes applied to CSS in public transport and highlighting their importance in reducing the cost of data collection and processing. The added value of this research is that it provides the first assessment of a real case study in Madrid (Spain) using QR codes for this purpose. This pilot experience was part of a research project analyzing bus service quality in the same case study, so the QR code survey (155 valid questionnaires) was validated using a conventional face-to-face survey (520 valid questionnaires). The results show clearly that, after overcoming a few teething troubles, this QR code application will ultimately provide transport management with a useful tool to reduce survey costs

An integrated assessment of two decades of air pollution policy making in Spain: Impacts, costs and improvements

This paper analyses the effects of policy making for air pollution abatement in Spain between 2000 and 2020 under an integrated assessment approach with the AERIS model for number of pollutants (NOx/NO2, PM10/PM2.5, O3, SO2, NH3 and VOC). The analysis of the effects of air pollution focused on different aspects: compliance with the European limit values of Directive 2008/50/EC for NO2 and PM10 for the Spanish air quality management areas; the evaluation of impacts caused by the deposition of atmospheric sulphur and nitrogen on ecosystems; the exceedance of critical levels of NO2 and SO2 in forest areas; the analysis of O3-induced crop damage for grapes, maize, potato, rice, tobacco, tomato, watermelon and wheat; health impacts caused by human exposure to O3 and PM2.5; and costs on society due to crop losses (O3), disability-related absence of work staff and damage to buildings and public property due to soot-related soiling (PM2.5). In general, air quality policy making has delivered improvements in air quality levels throughout Spain and has mitigated the severity of the impacts on ecosystems, health and vegetation in 2020 as target year. The findings of this work constitute an appropriate diagnosis for identifying improvement potentials for further mitigation for policy makers and stakeholders in Spain.

Sunlife [Material gráfico] : extra selected : Eduardo Roselló : Valencia Spain ...

Tit. en la etiqueta: "Sunlife / Eduardo Roselló extra selected / Valencia Spain ..."

Blauw kruis Alcira [Material gráfico] : Vda. Daniel Martínez Romero Alcira (Spain) R. E. 298

En ángulo inferior izquierdo impreso : "Producido en España"