967 resultados para Pharmaceutical Preparations
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Firm's survival and success, which are dependent on its ability to innovate, to create knowledge and to capitalize on inventions and know-how, is in essence directly linked to its R&D process (Dunk and Kilgore 2001). Especially in technology driven industries, such as the pharmaceuticals, there are signicant positive returns to R&D investments through introduction of new or improved products and services (McEvily and Chakravarthy 1999). Technological lead and its transformation to innovative products as fruits of corporate R&D can be seen as monopolistic advantage that helps enterprises to compete in todays market (Lall 1977). This competitive advantage can be derived from corporation's ability to integrate its activities across geographic locations (Porter 1986). According to Boehe (2008) globalization of R&D can executed with different governance forms: R&D internationalization, R&D offshoring or R&D offshore outsourcing. Globalization of R&D is intervened with the changes in global economy of the 21st century. Some studies argue for its influencing factors to be access to vast skilled labor pools and centers of excellence (Bardhan 2006). Other studies indicate the R&D cost differentials between countries to be the major expected benefit (Norwood et al. 2006). Von Zedtwitz and Gassmann (2002) presented benefits as divided to accessing markets and customers or to accessing local science and technology. This study proposes that based on governance form distinct factor derived benefits can be capitalized. To corroborate or refute factors and their relations on R&D globalization governance forms, an empirical study based on expert interviews of pharmaceutical directors was conducted in the People's Republic of China. The market was found to be the major influencing factor. Local requirements and adaptation were corroborated as factors connected with markets. Furthermore, influencing factors, such as labour, centers of excellence, cost, financial incentives were corroborated together with conditional and risk factors. Furthermore this research argues that the globalization of pharmaceutical R&D is dependent on the financial, scientific and operational requirements of the drug discovery stage. And thus establishes the influence of drug discovery's stages continuum on pharmaceutical R&D globalization. Finally, a R&D globalization governance form decision framework is proposed based on the frameworks presented in literature and author's corroborated empirical findings.
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Dans cette tude, la stabilit de prparations intraveineuses de cyclosporine (0.2 et 2.5 mg/mL dans NaCl 0.9% ou dextrose 5%) entreposes dans des seringues de polypropylne, des sacs de polypropylne-polyolfine et des sacs de vinyle actate dthylne a t value. Une mthode HPLC indicatrice de la stabilit base de mthanol a t dveloppe et valide suite a des tudes de dgradation force. Les solutions values ont t prpares de faon aseptique, puis entreposes 25C. La stabilit chimique a t value par HPLC et la stabilit physique a t value par inspection visuelle et aussi par diffusion dynamique de la lumire (DLS). Tous les chantillons sont demeurs stables chimiquement et physiquement dans des sacs de polypropylne-polyolfine (>98% de cyclosporine rcupre aprs 14 jours). Lorsquentreposs dans des seringues de polypropylne, des contaminants ont t extraits des composantes de la seringue. Toutefois, aucune contamination na t observe aprs 10 min de contact entre la prparation de cyclosporine non-dilue et ces mmes seringues. Les prparations de 2.5 mg/mL entreposes dans des sacs de vinyle actate dthylne sont demeurs stables chimiquement et physiquement (>98% de cyclosporine rcupre aprs 14 jours). Toutefois, une adsorption significative a t observe avec les chantillons 0.2 mg/mL entreposs dans des sacs de vinyle actate dthylne (<90% de cyclosporine rcupr aprs 14 jours). Une tude cintique a dmontr une bonne corrlation linaire entre la quantit adsorbe et la racine carre du temps de contact (r2 > 0.97). Un nouveou modle de diffusion a t tabli. En conclusion, les sacs de polypropylne-polyolfine sont le meilleur choix; les seringues de polypropylne prsentent un risque de contamination, mais sont acceptables pour un transfert rapide. Les sacs de vinyle actate dthylne ne peuvent tre recommands cause dun problme dadsorption.
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Introduction : La force dadhsion l'interface mtal-cramique avec les rsines auto-polymrisantes destines au collage indirect des botiers orthodontiques n'a pas t value ce jour et un protocole clinique bas sur la littrature scientifique est inexistant. Objectifs : 1) Comparer la force de cisaillement maximale entre des botiers mtalliques et des surfaces en porcelaine prpares selon diffrentes mthodes; 2) Suggrer un protocole clinique efficace et prvisible. Matriel et mthodes : Quatre-vingt-dix disques en leucite (6 groupes; n = 15/groupe) ont t prpars selon 6 combinaisons de traitements de surface : mcaniques (+ / - fraisage pour crer les rugosits) et chimiques (acide fluorhydrique, apprt, silane). Des bases en rsine composite Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, California) faites sur mesure ont t colles avec le systme de rsine adhsive auto-polymrisante Sondhi A + B Rapid Set (3M Unitek, Monrovia, California). Les chantillons ont t prservs (H2O/24hrs), thermocycls (500 cycles) et tests en cisaillement (Instron, Norwood, Massachusetts). Des mesures dIndex dadhsif rsiduel (IAR) ont t compiles. Des tests ANOVAs ont t raliss sur les rangs tant donn que les donnes suivaient une distribution anormale et ont t ajusts selon Tukey. Un Kruskall-Wallis, U-Mann Whitney par comparaison paire et une analyse de Weibull ont aussi t raliss. Rsultats : Les mdianes des groupes varient entre 17.0 MPa (- fraisage + acide fluorhydrique) 26.7 MPa (- fraisage + acide fluorhydrique + silane). Le fraisage en surface ne semble pas affecter ladhsion. La combinaison chimique (- fraisage + silane + apprt) a dmontr des forces de cisaillement significativement plus leves que le traitement avec (- fraisage + acide fluorhydrique), p<0,05, tout en possdant des forces similaires au protocole typiquement suggr lacide fluorhydrique suivi dune application de silane, lquivalence de (- fraisage + acide fluorhydrique + silane). Les mesures dIAR sont significativement plus basses dans le groupe (- fraisage + acide fluorhydrique) en comparaison avec celles des 5 autres groupes, avec p<0,05. Malheureusement, ces 5 groupes ont des taux de fracture lvs de 80 100% suite la dcimentation des botiers. Conclusion : Toutes les combinaisons de traitement de surface testes offrent une force dadhsion cliniquement suffisante pour accomplir les mouvements dentaires en orthodontie. Une application de silane suivie dun apprt est forte intressante, car elle est simple appliquer cliniquement tout en permettant une excellente adhsion. Il faut cependant avertir les patients quil y a un risque de fracture des restorations en cramique lorsque vient le moment denlever les broches. Si la priorit est de diminuer le risque dendommager la porcelaine, un mordanage seul lacide hydrofluorique sera suffisant.
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Potentiometric chemical sensors,an important class of electro-chemical sensors are widely used in pharmaceutical analysis because of its inherent advantages.The present study was aimed at fabrication of potentiometric sensors for the drugs mebendazole,pefloxacin,ambroxol,sildenafil citrate,dextro-methorphan and tetracycline.A total of 18 sensors have been developed for the determination of theses drugs.The major step in the fabrication of the sensor was the preparation of the ion association.Two types of sensors viz:PVC membrane sensor and carbon paste electode (CPE) were fabricated.The response characteristics of the different sensors fabricated were studied.Various response parameters studied include response time,selectivity and the effect of pH.The developed sensors were also employed for the determination of the drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and also for the recovery of the drug from urine samples.The selectivity studies reveal that the developed sensors are highly selective to the drug even in prescence of foreign ions.
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White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the deadliest virus among crustaceans ever discovered having several unique and novel features. Recent developments in genomics and proteomics could elucidate the molecular process involved in the WSSV infection and the host pathogen interaction to some extent. Until now no fool proof treatment or prophylactic measure has been made available to control WSSV out breaks in culture system. Even though there are technologies like application of immunostimulants, vaccines, RNAi and several antiviral natural products none of them has been taken to the level of clinical trials. However, there are several management options such as application of bioremediation technologies to maintain the required environmental quality, maintenance of zero water exchange systems coupled with application of probiotics and vaccines which on adoption shall pave way for successful crops amidst the rapid spread of the virus. In this context the present work was undertaken to develop a drug from mangrove plants for protecting shrimp from WSSV.Mangroves belong to those ecosystems that are presently under the threat of destruction, diversion and blatant attack in the name of so called developmental activities. Mangrove plants have unique ecological features as it serves as an ecotone between marine and terrestrial ecosystem and hence possess diversity of metabolites with diverse activities. This prompted them being used as remedial measures for several ailments for ages. Among the mangrove plants Ceriops tagal, belonging to the family Rhizophororaceae was in attention for many years for isolating new metabolites such as triterpenes, phenolic compounds, etc. Even though there were attempts to study various plant extracts to develop anti-viral preparations their activity against WSSV was not investigated as yet.
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The overall focus of the thesis involves the legal protection for consumers of pharmaceutical products.The work on Legal Protection for Consumers of Pharmaceutical Products is undertaken to study the legal framework that is existing for this purpose and the functioning of regulating mechanism that is envisaged under it. The purpose of the study is to analyse how far these measures are effective in adequately protecting various aspects of consumer interest. Methodology adopted for the study is analytical.The present study revealed that the theory of freedom of contract is only an ideal relevant when the parties are assumed to be on equal footing.In a more complicated social and economic society, it ceased to have any relevance. Many countries in the world enacted legislations to protect the consumers of pharmaceutical products.The meaning of consumers of drugs provided in the law is inclusive and not exhaustive one. The definition of drug as interpreted by the courts is comprehensive enough to take in it not only medicines but also substances. The meaning of the word substances has been widened by the interpretation of the courts so as to include all the things used in treatment.The definition of the word consumer has been liberally interpreted by the courts so as to provide protective net to a large section of the public.The studies subsequent to this report also revealed that there is a shortage of essential drugs necessary to cure local diseases like tuberculosis and malaria where as drugs containing vitamins and other combinations which are more profitable for the manufacturers are produced and marketed in abundance.The study of the provisions in this regard revealed that the duty of the drug controlling authorities is confined to scrutinize the data of the clinical test already conducted by the sponsor of the drug.Study of the clinical trial procedure under the U.S. law revealed that there is a continuous supervision over clinical trials and controls are provided on the treatment use of an investigational productStudy of the clinical trial procedure under the U.S. law revealed that there is a continuous supervision over clinical trials and controls are provided on the treatment use of an investigational product.the study of the provisions of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and the rules framed under it revealed that the law in this regard is comprehensive to protect the consumer provided it is sufficiently supported by adequately equipped enforcement machinery.
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This study proposes to verify the hypothesis relating to labour legislation in the industrial sector.Here there are as many as fifty enacments of the central government alone.These legislations indicating the growth of this branch of law over a period of more than half a centuary cover a wide spectrum of interests of workers both individuals and collective in different areas of employment.However this study relates mainly to a)trade unions act,b)industrial employment c)industrial disputes.
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Multi-component reactions are effective in building complex molecules in a single step in a minimum amount of time and with facile isolation procedures; they have high economy17 and thus have become a powerful synthetic strategy in recent years.810 The multicomponent protocols are even more attractive when carried out in aqueous medium. Water offers several benefits, including control over exothermicity, and the isolation of products can be carried out by single phase separation technique. Pyranopyrazoles are a biologically important class of heterocyclic compounds and in particular dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles play an essential role in promoting biological activity and represent an interesting template in medicinal chemistry. Heterocyclic compounds bearing the 4-H pyran unit have received much attention in recent years as they constitute important precursors for promising drugs.1113 Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles exhibit analgesic,14 anti-cancer,15 anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory16 activity. Furthermore dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles show molluscidal activity17,18 and are used in a screening kit for Chk 1 kinase inhibitor activity.19,20 They also find applications as pharmaceutical ingredients and bio-degradable agrochemicals.2129 Junek and Aigner30 first reported the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives from 3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazolin-5-one and tetracyanoethylene in the presence of triethylamine. Subsequently, a number of synthetic approaches such as the use of triethylamine,31 piperazine,32 piperidine,33 N-methylmorpholine in ethanol,34 microwave irradiation,35,36 solvent-free conditions,3739 cyclodextrins (CDs),40 different bases in water,41 -alumina,42 and l-proline43 have been reported for the synthesis of 6-amino-4-alkyl/aryl-3-methyl- 2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitriles. Recently, tetraethylammonium bromide (TEABr) has emerged as mild, water-tolerant, eco-friendly and inexpensive catalyst. To the best of our knowledge, quaternary ammonium salts, more specifically TEABr, have notbeen used as catalysts for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles, and we decided to investigate the application of TEABr as a catalyst for the synthesis of a series of pyrazole-fused pyran derivatives via multi-component reactions
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Recycling nutrients form sanitary wastes back into agricultural ecosystems offers an option to alleviate soil depletion in regions where the use of mineral fertiliser is limited. Exemplary nutrient and water cycling approaches, including collection, treatment and use of human urine, are established at Valley View University (VVU) in Greater Accra, Ghana. Concerns have been recently raised in regard to fate and impact of pharmaceutical residues in soils and interlinked environment. To evaluate in how far emerging knowledge can be transposed onto VVU, urban and rural environments in Greater Accra, spatial disease occurrence and drug consumption patterns were studied. Malaria has been found to represent the most severe health burden in Ghana, but there is also a high prevalence of infectious diseases. Drugs consumed in great quantities and in respect to their residual loads potentially problematic in the environment belong to therapeutic groups of: antibiotics, analgesics, drugs for diabetes, antimalarials, cardiovascular drugs and anthelmintics. Drug consumption revealed to be highest in urban and lowest in rural areas. At VVU the range of consumed drugs is comparable to urban areas except for the negligible use of diabetes and cardiovascular medication as well as contraceptives.
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Con la creciente popularidad de las soluciones de IT como factor clave para aumentar la competitividad y la creacin de valor para las empresas, la necesidad de invertir en proyectos de IT se incrementa considerablemente. La limitacin de los recursos como un obstculo para invertir ha obligado a las empresas a buscar metodologas para seleccionar y priorizar proyectos, asegurndose de que las decisiones que se toman son aquellas que van alineadas con las estrategias corporativas para asegurar la creacin de valor y la maximizacin de los beneficios. Esta tesis proporciona los fundamentos para la implementacin del Portafolio de direccin de Proyectos de IT (IT PPM) como una metodologa eficaz para la gestin de proyectos basados en IT, y una herramienta para proporcionar criterios claros para los directores ejecutivos para la toma de decisiones. El documento proporciona la informacin acerca de cmo implementar el IT PPM en siete pasos, el anlisis de los procesos y las funciones necesarias para su ejecucin exitosa. Adems, proporciona diferentes mtodos y criterios para la seleccin y priorizacin de proyectos. Despus de la parte terica donde se describe el IT PPM, la tesis aporta un anlisis del estudio de caso de una empresa farmacutica. La empresa ya cuenta con un departamento de gestin de proyectos, pero se encontr la necesidad de implementar el IT PPM debido a su amplia cobertura de procesos End-to-End en Proyectos de IT, y la manera de asegurar la maximizacin de los beneficios. Con la investigacin terica y el anlisis del estudio de caso, la tesis concluye con una definicin prctica de un modelo aproximado IT PPM como una recomendacin para su implementacin en el Departamento de Gestin de Proyectos.
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Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n
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A nanotecnologia foi introduzida nas reas farmacutica e cosmtica, com o propsito de possibilitar o desenvolvimento de sistemas de veiculao de substncias e para a optimizao das formulaes j existentes. As preparaes de aplicao tpica tm elevada importncia nas perspectivas teraputica e cosmtica, uma vez que a pele apresenta uma rea de aplicao extensa e acessvel, os efeitos sistmicos das substncias a administrar por via tpica encontram-se geralmente reduzidos, exercendo na maioria das vezes um efeito local. Mais, a esta via esto normalmente associadas menos reaces adversas. Todavia, a pele um rgo, dotado de um efeito barreira notvel, que pode comprometer a administrao de molculas farmacolgica/cosmetologicamente activas no alvo. Assim, evidente a necessidade de conhecer a constituio da pele, pois a permeabilidade cutnea de substncias um desafio que s pode ser conseguido atravs da preparao de formulaes capazes de ultrapassar essa mesma barreira. O trabalho exposto aborda sucintamente a nanocosmtica, pois esta tem revelado elevados impactos econmico, social e cientfico. A inexistncia de informao sobre quais os produtos actualmente comercializados, cuja produo tenha por base a nanotecnologia, suscitaram o interesse em desenvolver uma reviso sobre esses mesmos produtos, assim como esclarecer alguns aspectos relacionados com as caractersticas da pele, que justificam o investimento e estudo exaustivo deste tipo de preparaes.
