Audit report on the Iowa Federal Family Education Loan Program Division, a Division of the Iowa College Student Aid Commission, for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Federal Family Education Loan Program Division, a Division of the Iowa College Student Aid Commission, for the year ended June 30, 2006

Iowa Commission on Volunteer Service, Fiscal Year 2006 Annual Report

Annual Report

Audit report on the Butler County Solid Waste Commission for the year ended June 30, 2007

Audit report on the Butler County Solid Waste Commission for the year ended June 30, 2007

Audit report on the North Iowa Juvenile Detention Services Commission for the year ended June 30, 2007

Audit report on the North Iowa Juvenile Detention Services Commission for the year ended June 30, 2007

Droit public Comparé, Système de droit contemporain et Diversité Culturelle

Les efforts pour créer une Cour pénale internationale au niveau global remontent à la fin du 19e siècle, quand Gustave Moynier- l’un des fondateurs du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge propose la création d’un tribunal d’arbitrage international destiné à pénaliser les violations des lois humanitaires internationales perpétrées durant la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870-71. Quelques années plus tard, la société des Nations reprit la tâche en 1937, en adoptant une convention pour la création d’une Cour pénale internationale, mais cette convention n’entra jamais en vigueur. Suite à l’établissement des tribunaux de Nuremberg et de Tokyo, après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale afin d’améliorer la situation, l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies adopta une résolution en 1948 chargeant la Commission du droit international (CDI) de la tâche de préparer un projet de statut pour la création d’un tribunal pénal international permanent ayant une compétence pour juger le génocide et d’autres crimes de ce genre. En effet, la Cour pénale internationale (CPI) a été créée en 1998, pour que les responsables de génocide, de crime contre l’humanité et des crimes de guerre répondent enfin de leurs actes. C’est-à-dire être jugés devant un tribunal pénal international et que les victimes soient reconnues et réhabilitées pour prévenir la récurrence des graves crimes qu’elles ont subis et pour retenir la main des criminels. Prévu par le Statut de Rome de 17 Juillet 19981 dans son article 5 paragraphe 1er, ces crimes sont classés en quatre types : « Les crimes de guerres ; les crimes contre l’humanité ; les crimes de génocide et le crime d’agression ». Notamment, ce Statut de Rome, organise la compétence de la cour, son mode de fonctionnement, le droit applicable, ainsi que les modalités de coopération entre les Etats parties. Par ailleurs, la Cour pénale internationale est une institution indépendante, ayant une personnalité juridique internationale qui n’appartient pas au système des Nations Unies. Son siège se trouve à la Haye. Cependant, ses dépenses sont assurées par les Etats parties et certaines organisations internationales, des particuliers, les organisations non gouvernementales…

Audit report on the Iowa Federal Family Education Loan Program Division, a Division of the Iowa College Student Aid Commission, for the year ended June 30, 2007

Audit report on the Iowa Federal Family Education Loan Program Division, a Division of the Iowa College Student Aid Commission, for the year ended June 30, 2007

Employment consequences of restrictive permanent contracts: Evidence from Spanish labor market reforms

Temporary employment contracts allowing unrestricted dismissals wereintroduced in Spain in 1984 and quickly came to account for most new jobs.As a result, temporary employment increased from around 10% in themid-eighties to more than 30% in the early nineties. In 1997, however,the Spanish government attempted to reduce the incidence of temporaryemployment by reducing payroll taxes and dismissal costs for permanentcontracts. In this paper, we use individual data from the Spanish LaborForce Survey to estimate the effects of reduced payroll taxes anddismissal costs on the distribution of employment and worker flows. Weexploit the fact that recent reforms apply only to certain demographicgroups to set up a natural experiment research design that can be usedto study the effects of contract regulations. Our results show that thereduction of payroll taxes and dismissal costs increased the employmentof young workers on permanent contracts, although the effects for youngwomen are not always significant. Results for older workers showinsignificant effects. The results suggest a moderately elastic responseof permanent employment to non-wage labor costs for young men. We alsofind positive effects on the transitions from unemployment and temporaryemployment into permanent employment for young and older workers, althoughthe effects for older workers are not always significant. On the otherhand, transitions from permanent employment to non-employment increasedonly for older men, suggesting that the reform had little effect ondismissals.

Award errors and permanent disability benefits in Spain

There is a controversial debate about the effects of permanent disability benefits on labormarket behavior. In this paper we estimate equations for deserving and receiving disabilitybenefits to evaluate the award error as the difference in the probability of receiving anddeserving using survey data from Spain. Our results indicate that individuals aged between55 and 59, self-employers or working in an agricultural sector have a probability of receiving a benefit without deserving it significantly higher than the rest of individuals. We also find evidence of gender discrimination since male have a significantly higher probability of receiving a benefit without deserving it. This seems to confirm that disability benefits are being used as an instrument for exiting the labor market for some individuals approaching the early retirement or those who do not have right to retire early. Taking into account that awarding process depends on Social Security Provincial Department, this means that some departments are applying loosely the disability requirements for granting disability benefits.