Estudio del adverbio conjuntivo hómōs en la novela griega

Adrián Cabedo Nebot y Patricia Infante Ríos (eds.). Contribución presentada al XL Simposio de la Sociedad Española de Lingüística, celebrado en el Centro de Ciencias Históricas y Sociales del CSIC (Madrid) entre el 7 y el 10 de febrero de 2011, con el que dicha Sociedad celebró su 40º aniversario

Prognostic Role of Host Cyclooxygenase and Cytokine Genotypes in a Caucasian Cohort of Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma

11 p.

RCeveierwamide and ceramide 1-phosphate in health and disease

Sphingolipids are essential components of cell membranes, and many of them regulate vital cell functions. In particular, ceramide plays crucial roles in cell signaling processes. Two major actions of ceramides are the promotion of cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis. Phosphorylation of ceramide produces ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P), which has opposite effects to ceramide. C1P is mitogenic and has prosurvival properties. In addition, C1P is an important mediator of inflammatory responses, an action that takes place through stimulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2, and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin formation. All of the former actions are thought to be mediated by intracellularly generated C1P. However, the recent observation that C1P stimulates macrophage chemotaxis implicates specific plasma membrane receptors that are coupled to Gi proteins. Hence, it can be concluded that C1P has dual actions in cells, as it can act as an intracellular second messenger to promote cell survival, or as an extracellular receptor agonist to stimulate cell migration.

Octopamine neurons mediate flight-induced modulation of visual processing in Drosophila melanogaster

Activity-dependent modulation of sensory systems has been documented in many organisms, and is likely to be essential for appropriate processing of information during different behavioral states. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena, and often their functional consequences, remain poorly characterized. I investigated the role of octopamine neurons in the flight-dependent modulation observed in visual interneurons in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The vertical system (VS) cells exhibit a boost in their response to visual motion during flight compared to quiescence. Pharmacological application of octopamine evokes responses in quiescent flies that mimic those observed during flight, and octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes increase in activity during flight. Using genetic tools to manipulate the activity of octopamine neurons, I find that they are both necessary and sufficient for the flight-induced visual boost. This work provides the first evidence that endogenous release of octopamine is involved in state-dependent modulation of visual interneurons in flies. Further, I investigated the role of a single pair of octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes, and found no evidence that chemical synaptic transmission via these neurons is necessary for the flight boost. However, I found some evidence that activation of these neurons may contribute to the flight boost. Wind stimuli alone are sufficient to generate transient increases in the VS cell response to motion vision, but result in no increase in baseline membrane potential. These results suggest that the flight boost originates not from a central command signal during flight, but from mechanosensory stimuli relayed via the octopamine system. Lastly, in an attempt to understand the functional consequences of the flight boost observed in visual interneurons, we measured the effect of inactivating octopamine neurons in freely flying flies. We found that flies whose octopamine neurons we silenced accelerate less than wild-type flies, consistent with the hypothesis that the flight boost we observe in VS cells is indicative of a gain control mechanism mediated by octopamine neurons. Together, this work serves as the basis for a mechanistic and functional understanding of octopaminergic modulation of vision in flying flies.

Molecular neurogenetics of eye development in Drosophila

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster begins to differentiate during the late third larval instar in the eye-antennal imaginal disc. A wave of morphogenesis crosses the disc from posterior to anterior, leaving behind precisely patterned clusters of photoreceptor cells and accessory cells that will constitute the adult ommatidia of the retina. By the analysis of genetically mosaic eyes, it appears that any cell in the eye disc can adopt the characteristics of any one of the different cell types found in the mature eye, including photoreceptor cells and non-neuronal accessory cells such as cone cells. Therefore, cells within the prospective retinal epithelium assume different fates presumably via information present in the environment. The sevenless^+ (sev^+) gene appears to play a role in the expression of one of the possible fates, since the mutant phenotype is the lack of one of the pattern elements, namely, photoreceptor cell R7. The sev^+ gene product had been shown to be required during development of the eye, and had also been shown in genetic mosaics to be autonomous to presumptive R7. As a means of better understanding the pathway instructing the differentiation R7, the gene and its protein product were characterized.

The sev+ gene was cloned by P-element transposon tagging, and was found to encode an 8.2 kb transcript expressed in developing eye discs and adult heads. By raising monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against a sev^+- β-galactosidase fusion protein, the expression of the protein in the eye disc was localized by immuno-electronmicroscopy. The protein localizes to the apical cell membranes and microvilli of cells in the eye disc epithelium. It appears during development at a time coincident with the initial formation of clusters, and in all the developing photoreceptors and accessory cone cells at a time prior to the overt differentiation of R7. This result is consistent with the pluripotency of cells in the eye disc. Its localization in the membranes suggests that it may receive information directing the development of R7. Its localization in the apical membranes and microvilli is away from the bulk of the cell contacts, which have been cited as a likely regions for information presentation and processing. Biochemical characterization of the sev^+ protein will be necessary to describe further its role in development.

Other mutations in Drosophila have eye phenotypes. These were analyzed to find which ones affected the initial patterning of cells in the eye disc, in order to identify other genes, like sev, whose gene products may be involved in generating the pattern. The adult eye phenotypes ranged from severe reduction of the eye, to variable numbers of photoreceptor cells per ommatidium, to sub de defects in the organization of the supporting cells. Developing eye discs from the different strains were screened using a panel of MAbs, which highlight various developmental stages. Two identified matrix elements in and anterior to the furrow, while others identified the developing ommatidia themselves, like the anti-sev MAb. Mutation phenotypes were shown to appear at many stages of development. Some mutations seem to affect the precursor cells, others, the setting up of the pattern, and still others, the maintenance of the pattern. Thus, additional genes have now been identified that may function to support the development of a complex pattern.

Bienestar subjetivo en el ámbito rural

El presente estudio se centra en el concepto de bienestar psicológico subjetivo, componente cualitativo de la calidad de vida y, por lo tanto, de especial relevancia en la intervención socioeducativa. El objetivo principal ha sido la valoración del bienestar subjetivo de la población en el medio rural. Se ha desarrollado en Matallana de Torio, un municipio de León de 1397 habitantes, participando en el mismo 318 personas adultas entre 18 y 86 años. Se analizó la literatura existente para valorar, por un lado, la importancia del concepto de bienestar subjetivo en relación con el de felicidad y con el de calidad de vida. Por otro lado, se exponen las concepciones sobre el medio rural para aproximarnos a una idea común acerca de este concepto tan cercano pero tan poco analizado desde este enfoque. Para llevar a cabo este análisis, se ha optado por una metodología cuantitativa, cuya naturaleza descriptiva, permite obtener resultados generalizables. Se han utilizado las escalas de Ryff, por constituir un instrumento de análisis del bienestar subjetivo contrastado y fiable. Los principales resultados derivados del análisis de datos indican niveles por debajo de la media en las dimensiones analizadas como: autoaceptación, relaciones positivas, autonomía, dominio del entorno, crecimiento personal y propósito en la vida. Este resultado puede estar relacionado con la variable cultural y las limitaciones derivadas de la escasez de servicios socioeducativos que se encuentran las personas en el ámbito rural.

Topics in LIGO-related physics: interferometric speed meters and tidal work

In the quest to develop viable designs for third-generation optical interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, one strategy is to monitor the relative momentum or speed of the test-mass mirrors, rather than monitoring their relative position. The most straightforward design for a speed-meter interferometer that accomplishes this is described and analyzed in Chapter 2. This design (due to Braginsky, Gorodetsky, Khalili, and Thorne) is analogous to a microwave-cavity speed meter conceived by Braginsky and Khalili. A mathematical mapping between the microwave speed meter and the optical interferometric speed meter is developed and used to show (in accord with the speed being a quantum nondemolition observable) that in principle the interferometric speed meter can beat the gravitational-wave standard quantum limit (SQL) by an arbitrarily large amount, over an arbitrarily wide range of frequencies . However, in practice, to reach or beat the SQL, this specific speed meter requires exorbitantly high input light power. The physical reason for this is explored, along with other issues such as constraints on performance due to optical dissipation.

Chapter 3 proposes a more sophisticated version of a speed meter. This new design requires only a modest input power and appears to be a fully practical candidate for third-generation LIGO. It can beat the SQL (the approximate sensitivity of second-generation LIGO interferometers) over a broad range of frequencies (~ 10 to 100 Hz in practice) by a factor h/h_SQL ~ √W^(SQL)_(circ)/W_circ. Here W_circ is the light power circulating in the interferometer arms and W_SQL ≃ 800 kW is the circulating power required to beat the SQL at 100 Hz (the LIGO-II power). If squeezed vacuum (with a power-squeeze factor e^-2R) is injected into the interferometer's output port, the SQL can be beat with a much reduced laser power: h/h_SQL ~ √W^(SQL)_(circ)/W_circe^-2R. For realistic parameters (e^-2R ≃ 10 and W_circ ≃ 800 to 2000 kW), the SQL can be beat by a factor ~ 3 to 4 from 10 to 100 Hz. [However, as the power increases in these expressions, the speed meter becomes more narrow band; additional power and re-optimization of some parameters are required to maintain the wide band.] By performing frequency-dependent homodyne detection on the output (with the aid of two kilometer-scale filter cavities), one can markedly improve the interferometer's sensitivity at frequencies above 100 Hz.

Chapters 2 and 3 are part of an ongoing effort to develop a practical variant of an interferometric speed meter and to combine the speed meter concept with other ideas to yield a promising third- generation interferometric gravitational-wave detector that entails low laser power.

Chapter 4 is a contribution to the foundations for analyzing sources of gravitational waves for LIGO. Specifically, it presents an analysis of the tidal work done on a self-gravitating body (e.g., a neutron star or black hole) in an external tidal field (e.g., that of a binary companion). The change in the mass-energy of the body as a result of the tidal work, or "tidal heating," is analyzed using the Landau-Lifshitz pseudotensor and the local asymptotic rest frame of the body. It is shown that the work done on the body is gauge invariant, while the body-tidal-field interaction energy contained within the body's local asymptotic rest frame is gauge dependent. This is analogous to Newtonian theory, where the interaction energy is shown to depend on how one localizes gravitational energy, but the work done on the body is independent of that localization. These conclusions play a role in analyses, by others, of the dynamics and stability of the inspiraling neutron-star binaries whose gravitational waves are likely to be seen and studied by LIGO.

Lehen Hezkuntzako ikasleen jarrerak matematikarekiko

Lan honetan Alonsotegiko ikastetxeko 6. mailako ikasleek matematikarekiko dituzten jarrerak aztertu izan dira; konkretuki antsietatea, konfiantza, motibazioa, matematikari esleitutako balioa eta gustua. Matematikarekiko jarrerak aztertu beharreko gaia direla uste dut, eremu afektiboaren osagai izanda eragin zuzena dutelako ikasleen eremu kognitiboan zein lortutako emaitzetan. Jarrerak neurtzeko ikerketa kuantitatiboa eta ikerketa kualitatiboa egin izan dira. Lehenengoa Likert motako 13 item-eko ikasleentzako galdetegiaren bidez egin da eta bigarrena irakaslearen iritzia jasotzera bideratutako galdetegi irekiaren bidez. Emaitzek matematikarekiko jarrera positiboak erakutsi dituzte. Generoaren araberako desberdintasunak daude eta mutilak dira matematikarekiko jarrera positiboagoak erakusten dituztenak.

Development of a new modelling framework to estimate the C footprint from Basque dairy farms

19 p.

A qualificação do lucro da intervenção:responsabilidade civil ou enriquecimento sem causa?

O presente estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar que, nas hipóteses em que alguém intervém na esfera jurídica alheia e obtém benefícios econômicos sem causar danos ao titular do direito ou, causando danos, o lucro obtido pelo ofensor é superior aos danos causados, as regras da responsabilidade civil, isoladamente, não são suficientes, à luz do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, enquanto sanção eficaz pela violação de um interesse merecedor de tutela. Isto porque, como a principal função da responsabilidade civil é remover o dano, naquelas hipóteses, não fosse a utilização de um remédio alternativo, o interventor faria seu o lucro da intervenção, no primeiro caso integralmente e, no segundo, no valor equivalente ao saldo entre o lucro obtido e a indenização que tiver que pagar à vítima. A tese pretende demonstrar que o problema do lucro da intervenção não deve ser solucionado por intermédio das regras da responsabilidade civil, devendo, portanto, ser rejeitadas as propostas de solução neste campo, como a interpretação extensiva do parágrafo único, do artigo 944, do Código Civil, as indenizações punitivas e o chamado terceiro método de cálculo da indenização. Como alternativa, propõe-se o enquadramento dogmático do lucro da intervenção no enriquecimento sem causa, outorgando ao titular do direito uma pretensão de restituição do lucro obtido pelo ofensor em razão da indevida ingerência em seus bens ou direitos. Defende-se que a transferência do lucro da intervenção para o titular do direito tem por fundamento a ponderação dos interesses em jogo à luz da Constituição Federal, com especial atenção ao princípio da solidariedade, e da teoria da destinação jurídica dos bens. A tese procura demonstrar, ainda, que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro não exige um efetivo empobrecimento do titular do direito para a configuração do enriquecimento sem causa e que a regra da subsidiariedade não impede a cumulação de ações, de responsabilidade civil para eliminar o dano (e no limite do dano), e de enriquecimento sem causa, para forçar a restituição do saldo positivo que permanecer no patrimônio do ofensor após o pagamento da indenização, se houver. Finalmente, a tese pretende provocar a discussão acerca da quantificação do objeto da restituição, propondo alguns critérios que deverão orientar o aplicador do direito.

Evolução da produção, reservas e dos preços do petróleo, gás natural e biocombustíveis: a importância dos biocombustíveis no cenário mundial

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a indústria do petróleo, gás natural e biocombustíveis no contexto brasileiro e no mundial. Visa também analisar as vantagens e desvantagens dos biocombustíveis e seu possível impacto na indústria do petróleo, assim como os principais indicativos e projeções da indústria do petróleo, como reserva, produção, preço e consumo, através de coleta de dados e geração de gráficos pesquisados e comparados de grandes agências e empresas de energia. Os biocombustíveis podem ser um grande aliado da indústria do petróleo tendo em vista a duração das reservas mundiais de hidrocarbonetos. O uso dos biocombustíveis implicará no desenvolvimento de tecnologias renováveis e de reutilização de materiais antes descartados, trazendo benefício a toda sociedade. A indústria do petróleo é impactada pelas flutuações no mercado internacional e pela demanda, assim como pela manipulação da produção de combustíveis fósseis pelos países produtores. Esses aspectos apresentados interligados criam uma complexa indústria que a presente dissertação se propõe a analisar.

Análisis de la evolución del patrimonio neto de empresas del sector energético a través del estado de cambios en el patrimonio neto.(Período 2011-2013)

Este trabajo trata de analizar el patrimonio neto de empresas del sector energético, a través del Estado de Cambios en el Patrimonio Neto. Se estructura en 4 partes, cada una corresponde a una empresa distinta. El análisis se basa fundamentalmente en dos puntos: - Estudio del Activo, Pasivo y Patrimonio Neto de la empresa a grandes rasgos con la ayuda de gráficos y ratios (ratio de inmovilización, fondo de maniobra y ratio de autonomía financiera), a fin de presentar los principales datos de cada entidad. - Análisis detallado de los cambios acontecidos en el Patrimonio Neto a través del Estado Total de Cambios en el Patrimonio Neto y del Estado de Ingresos y Gastos Reconocidos, en cada uno de los años objeto de estudio, haciendo especial énfasis en la política de aplicación de resultados. Para finalizar, he realizado las conclusiones en las cuales comparo las principales y más importantes magnitudes de cada empresa: total de Activo, Fondo de Maniobra, Autonomía Financiera, evolución del Patrimonio Neto, Resultado del ejercicio y distribución de dividendos.

Ab initio study of anharmonicity in high pressure Cmca-4 metallic hydrogen

Hydrogen is the only atom for which the Schr odinger equation is solvable. Consisting only of a proton and an electron, hydrogen is the lightest element and, nevertheless, is far from being simple. Under ambient conditions, it forms diatomic molecules H2 in gas phase, but di erent temperature and pressures lead to a complex phase diagram, which is not completely known yet. Solid hydrogen was rst documented in 1899 [1] and was found to be isolating. At higher pressures, however, hydrogen can be metallized. In 1935 Wigner and Huntington predicted that the metallization pressure would be 25 GPa [2], where molecules would disociate to form a monoatomic metal, as alkali metals that lie below hydrogen in the periodic table. The prediction of the metallization pressure turned out to be wrong: metallic hydrogen has not been found yet, even under a pressure as high as 320 GPa. Nevertheless, extrapolations based on optical measurements suggest that a metallic phase may be attained at 450 GPa [3]. The interest of material scientist in metallic hydrogen can be attributed, at least to a great extent, to Ashcroft, who in 1968 suggested that such a system could be a hightemperature superconductor [4]. The temperature at which this material would exhibit a transition from a superconducting to a non-superconducting state (Tc) was estimated to be around room temperature. The implications of such a statement are very interesting in the eld of astrophysics: in planets that contain a big quantity of hydrogen and whose temperature is below Tc, superconducting hydrogen may be found, specially at the center, where the gravitational pressure is high. This might be the case of Jupiter, whose proportion of hydrogen is about 90%. There are also speculations suggesting that the high magnetic eld of Jupiter is due to persistent currents related to the superconducting phase [5]. Metallization and superconductivity of hydrogen has puzzled scientists for decades, and the community is trying to answer several questions. For instance, what is the structure of hydrogen at very high pressures? Or a more general one: what is the maximum Tc a phonon-mediated superconductor can have [6]? A great experimental e ort has been carried out pursuing metallic hydrogen and trying to answer the questions above; however, the characterization of solid phases of hydrogen is a hard task. Achieving the high pressures needed to get the sought phases requires advanced technologies. Diamond anvil cells (DAC) are commonly used devices. These devices consist of two diamonds with a tip of small area; for this reason, when a force is applied, the pressure exerted is very big. This pressure is uniaxial, but it can be turned into hydrostatic pressure using transmitting media. Nowadays, this method makes it possible to reach pressures higher than 300 GPa, but even at this pressure hydrogen does not show metallic properties. A recently developed technique that is an improvement of DAC can reach pressures as high as 600 GPa [7], so it is a promising step forward in high pressure physics. Another drawback is that the electronic density of the structures is so low that X-ray di raction patterns have low resolution. For these reasons, ab initio studies are an important source of knowledge in this eld, within their limitations. When treating hydrogen, there are many subtleties in the calculations: as the atoms are so light, the ions forming the crystalline lattice have signi cant displacements even when temperatures are very low, and even at T=0 K, due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Thus, the energy corresponding to this zero-point (ZP) motion is signi cant and has to be included in an accurate determination of the most stable phase. This has been done including ZP vibrational energies within the harmonic approximation for a range of pressures and at T=0 K, giving rise to a series of structures that are stable in their respective pressure ranges [8]. Very recently, a treatment of the phases of hydrogen that includes anharmonicity in ZP energies has suggested that relative stability of the phases may change with respect to the calculations within the harmonic approximation [9]. Many of the proposed structures for solid hydrogen have been investigated. Particularly, the Cmca-4 structure, which was found to be the stable one from 385-490 GPa [8], is metallic. Calculations for this structure, within the harmonic approximation for the ionic motion, predict a Tc up to 242 K at 450 GPa [10]. Nonetheless, due to the big ionic displacements, the harmonic approximation may not su ce to describe correctly the system. The aim of this work is to apply a recently developed method to treat anharmonicity, the stochastic self-consistent harmonic approximation (SSCHA) [11], to Cmca-4 metallic hydrogen. This way, we will be able to study the e ects of anharmonicity in the phonon spectrum and to try to understand the changes it may provoque in the value of Tc. The work is structured as follows. First we present the theoretical basis of the calculations: Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the electronic calculations, phonons in the harmonic approximation and the SSCHA. Then we apply these methods to Cmca-4 hydrogen and we discuss the results obtained. In the last chapter we draw some conclusions and propose possible future work.

Potencial antiinflamatório do extrato aquoso de Echinodorus macrophyllus e de suas frações em modelo de inflamação aguda

A Echinodorus macrophyllus (Alismataceae), conhecida como chapéu de couro no Brasil, é usada popularmente para tratar doenças reumáticas e inflamatórias. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados os efeitos antiinflamatórios do extrato aquoso de E. macrophyllus (EAEm) e suas frações etanólicas no modelo murino de air pouch. Para a obtenção das frações, 7 g do EAEm foram aplicadas em uma coluna cromatográfica aberta de sílica gel eluída com diferentes concentrações de etanol. Os cromatogramas do EAEm/frações foram obtidos usando um sistema de HPLC. Foram obtidas quatro frações, duas delas com maior rendimento. Resumidamente, a bolha de ar foi induzida pela injeção de 5 mL de ar estéril (s.c) no dorso de camundongos SW machos (25-35 g). Após 3 dias, mas 3 mL de ar estéril foram injetados para manter a bolha. No sexto dia, cada grupo (n = 4) foi tratado intraperitoneal (ip) ou oralmente (v.o) com EAEm (25 ou 250 mg/kg), Fr20 ou Fr40 (2,5, 25, 50 ou 100 mg/kg) e os controles com indometacina (10 mg/kg, v.o.) ou veículo (salina). Uma hora depois, 1 mL de salina ou de carragenina 1% estéril foi injetada dentro da bolha. Após 4 h, a cavidade foi lavada com NaCl 0,9%, EDTA 2 mM (1 mL), para a determinação do número de leucócitos, volume do exsudato e concentração de proteínas. Células do exsudato foram preparadas em citocentrífuga e coradas pelo método do Panótico para a contagem diferencial dos leucócitos. Cortes histológicos coletados dos diferentes grupos foram fixados com formol tamponado 10% (pH 7,4) por 7 dias, corados com HE e analisados em MO. A análise da expressão da iNOS e da COX-2 foi realizada em células do exsudato por RT-PCR. O acúmulo de nitrito (NO2−) no sobrenadante do cultivo de células RAW 264.7 foi determinado usando um ensaio colorimétrico baseado na reação de Griess. Os resultados foram expressos como média EP e comparados usando ANOVA seguido de teste de Dunnet. Os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata. No modelo air pouch, a injeção de carragenina 1% aumentou tanto a migração celular quanto a concentração de proteína no exsudato. Contudo, enquanto o pré-tratamento com a Fr40 aumentou a resposta inflamatória, o pré-tratamento com o EAEm e a Fr20, sobretudo por via i.p., inibiu esta resposta quando comparado ao grupo controle tratado apenas com o veículo. Assim, foram observadas as seguintes razões de inibição da migração de células: EAEm, i.p. a 25 mg/kg (66,44%) e a 250 mg/kg (87,27%) e Fr20 a 2,5 mg/kg (26,89%), 25 mg/kg (60,06%), 50 mg/kg (63,13%) e a 100 mg/kg (77,47%). Em relação à contagem diferencial, o EAEm e a Fr20 afetaram principalmente o número de neutrófilos, inibindo sua migração no exsudato. O EAEm e a Fr20 também reduziram a concentração total de proteínas no exsudato principalmente no tratamento i.p.; EAEm a 25 e 250 mg/kg mostrou 3,33 0,55 e 2,05 0,51 mg/mL, respectivamente, quando comparado aos grupos controles (Indometacina 2.88 0.64 mg/mL; Veículo 5.48 0.88 mg/mL). A Fr20 a 2,5, 25, 50 e 100 mg/kg mostrou 4,788 0,444, 1,417 0,519, 2,474 0,529 e 2,215 0, 361 mg/mL. A análise histológica mostrou infiltrado celular, principalmente composto de leucócitos polimorfonucleares ao longo da derme inflamada de animais tratados com veículo. O tratamento com o EAEm ou Fr20 reduziu a infiltração de leucócitos no tecido inflamado. Além disso, o tratamento com o EAEm e a Fr20 mostrou atividade supressora sobre a expressão de iNOS e COX-2, e mostrou efeitos inibitórios na produção de NO induzida por LPS. Concluindo, todos estes resultados confirmam o potencial antiinflamatório sugerido para esta planta e fornecem uma base para a compreensão de seus mecanismos moleculares de ação. Contudo, outros estudos devem ser realizados para melhor elucidar as vias pelas quais o EAEm e a Fr20 exercem seus efeitos antiinflamatórios. Além disso, estudos fitoquímicos devem ser realizados para identificar os compostos ativos no EAEm e na Fr20.