USEFUL EXTENSIONS OF THE HENRY REACTION: EXPEDITIOUS ROUTES TO NITROALKANES AND NITROALKENES IN AQUEOUS MEDIA

The products of the Henry nitroaldol reaction from nitromethane and several aldehydes were reduced to the corresponding nitroalkanes with (n-Bu)(3)SnH in water under microwave irradiation (80 degrees C/10 min), or dehydrated to the corresponding nitroalkenes with K2CO3 in water (generally 0-5 degrees C/20 min). Both ``one-pot'' reactions occur in excellent yields across a range of aliphatic and aromatic (including heteroaromatic) substrates. It seems likely that the deoxygenation of the nitroaldols occurs via coordination of an oxygen atom of the nitro group with a tin atom, which facilitates hydride delivery in the transition state. The elimination of water from the nitroaldols in mild base is likely driven by the stability of the conjugated nitroalkene products. The elimination required workup with 2N HCl, which likely displaces a nitroalkane-nitroalkene equilibrium towards the latter. These extensions of the Henry reaction lead to products not easily obtained otherwise.

Scio me vivere: raíces agustinianas de la fenomenología de la vida de Michel Henry

Resumen: El presente trabajo rastrea algunos aspectos de la fenomenología de la vida de Michel Henry en la doctrina de san Agustín. Recorre distintos caminos: de la scientia agustiniana al aparecer/saber, del verbum a la palabra, del cogitare al pensamiento, de la notitia amata a la auto-afección. En la conclusión, retoma la distinción del Obispo de Hipona entre scientia y sapientia como punto de partida para una reflexión sobre la posibilidad de la metafísica.

Creemos porque amamos : la estructura interna del acto de fe en John Henry Newman

El autor nos introduce en la cuestión de los motivos racionales de la fe. Las operaciones llevadas a cabo por la inteligencia y la voluntad en el acto de creer, constituyen el fundamento por el cual la Verdad revelada entabla históricamente el diálogo con el hombre. El tema se halla en el centro de la experiencia religiosa y de la reflexión teológica de Newman, y ha significado un aporte indiscutible a la teología contemporánea.

Antonio Somellera : un testimonio de violencia política en tiempos de Rosas (1838-1840)

La obra publicada hacia fines del siglo XIX por el Comodoro Antonio Somellera (1812-1889) bajo el nombre Recuerdos de una víctima de la Mazorca, es un valiosísimo documento histórico para analizar los hechos e ideas que determinaron muchos de los aspectos de la vida política del momento al que se refiere, el gobierno de Juan Manuel de Rosas en Buenos Aires durante 1838-1840. Allí se expresa cabalmente uno de los elementos más controvertidos de la historia del país: la violencia política, tanto física como discursiva, a que estaban acostumbrados todos los hombres que dirigían, ya sea como gobierno o como oposición, los destinos de la Argentina. A través de un análisis contextualizado y profundo de estas Memorias, el presente trabajo buscará dilucidar algunos de los aspectos estructurales que caracterizaron la realidad política de esos años.

La “experiencia religiosa” forjadora de un lenguaje teológico significativo en John Henry Newman

El autor plantea la cuestión de lo significativo del lenguaje teológico a partir del concepto de experiencia en el pensamiento del cardenal Newman. Su itinerario de fe y conversión, enraizado en un diálogo personal con Dios, le ha dado tanto a su teología como a su predicación, un atractivo que trasciende su época y que puede servir de estímulo actualmente en la comunicación teológica.

Growth response of Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) fingerlings fed raw and boiled Mucuna cochinchinensis seed meal

Feeding trial was conducted in static water to assess the growth of H. longifilis fingerlings fed different I inclusion levels of mucuna seed meal (MSM). Raw and boiled MSM were used in the diets at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% inclusion levels and the performance of fish fed these diets was compared with fish fed a fishmeal-based diet which contained 40% protein. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric A two by five factorial experiment with three replicates using ten fish of average initial weight 1 .46g was carried out. Daily fish ration of five percent body weight was administered two times for eight weeks. The specific growth rate in diets 1 (control) and 6(10% boiled MSM) were similar and significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other dietary groups. The significantly lower growth performance of fish fed diets containing higher inclusion levels of both raw and boiled MSM might be due to incomplete elimination of the antinutritional factors present in MSM by boiling. Other methods of processing MSM to improve its nutritive value should be investigated. (7 page document)

Collecção das Leis do Imperio do Brasil de 1840

Parte 1 - Leis

Collecção das Leis do Imperio do Brazil de 1882

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo

Historia patria : o Brazil de 1831 a 1840

História cronológica do período da Minoridade, com detalhes sobre suas conspirações e lutas.

Activación de aldehídos a,b-insaturados mediante aminocatálisis en procesos enantioselectivos. Cicloadiciones (3+2) y reacciones en cascada Michael/Henry

During the research that it is summarized in the present memory, the activation of enals via iminium ion catalysis in different transformations has been studied. Firstly, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between stable azomethine ylides and a,b-unsaturated aldehydes catalyzed by a chiral imidazolidinone derivative has been optimized. Employing this methodology we have synthesized a large range of densely substituted pyrroloisoquinolines and pyrrolophthalazines with good yields and high values of diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Moreover, a mechanistic study has been carried out based on DFT calculations and experimental data which have allowed us to propose that the (3+2) cycloaddition reaction follows a sequential Michael addition/Mannich cyclization pathway. The formation of the iminium ion as a result of the condensation between the a,b-unsaturated aldehyde and the catalyst plays an essential role, regarding both reactivity and stereoselectivity. On the other hand we have developed a methodology to carry out a cascade Michael/Henry reaction followed by a sequential dehydration. Starting from simple substrates (2-nitromethylacrilates and a,b-unsaturated aldehydes) and employing a prolinol-derivative catalyst a series of quiral nitrocyclohexadienes have been synthesized.

Relatorio e synopse dos trabalhos da Camara dos Srs. Deputados : nas sessões do anno de 1882 : acompanhada de differentes documentos, quadros estatisticos e informações : organizados na Secretaria da Camara dos Deputados

Sinopse dos trabalhos da Câmara dos Deputados, em 1882.

The age and growth of the tongue sole Cynoglossus canariensis (Steind 1882)

The geometric mean regression equation for the weight; length relationship of Cynoglossus canariensis was W = 0.0025 L super(3.1770). The Von Bertalanffy constants Woo, Loo, K, and to were 507.5852 g, 47.3683 cm, 0.3333 and 0.1397 for males and 839.0753 g, 54.4720 cm, 0.3062 and 0.1737 for females. Total mortality coefficient Z ranged from 0.6482 and 0.8021

Induced diploid meiogynogenesis in the African clariid catfish Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) (Pisces: Clariidae)

Diploid meiotic gynogenesis was induced in African catfish, Heterobranchus longifilis by injection of 0.5ml/kg ovaprim on the breeders, followed by application of UV light irradiation on the spermatozoa and temperature shocking of activated eggs. Diploidy was restored by shocking haploid activated eggs at 5 degree C for 40 minutes. The normal control spermatozoa did not receive any UV irradiation nor temperature shock, while the haploid control spermatozoa were irradiated, but did not receive cold shock. The percentage hatchability in the treated group was 25%, while in the control it was 53%. Less than 15 fingerlings had morphological aberrations. After two weeks of indoor rearing, the survival percentage of the treated group was 45% in the control experiment. Cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes revealed 25 chromosomes in the haploid embryo and 50 chromosomes each in diploid gynogenesis and normal diploid control

Embryogenesis of Heterobranchus longifilis (Curvier and Valenciennes, 1840)

Studies on development of H. longifilis (Curvier and Valenciennes, 1840) were conducted at a temperature of 25EC ( 1Ec) in aquaria tanks continuous development were monitored with the use of wild Heerbrugy photomacroscope and length of yolk and larva were monitored using Stereo Olympus microscope with ocular micrometer. The division into animal and vegetal poles was observed 22 minutes after activation. The first cleavage occurred 65 minutes after activation while the second division which was perpendicular to the first line of division occurred 74 minutes after activation. This was quickly followed by the third and fourth cleavage at 80th and 82nd minutes after activation respectively. Morular stage was reached at 4 hours 20 minutes with formation of optic bud at 14 hours 35 minutes. (DBO) Developing embryo hatched after 27 hours of activation at a mean length of 6.63 and mean yolk length of 2.17. Yolk size decrease at an average rate of 38.5 % till the 5th day of total absorption. Growth of larvae proceeded faster in tail-anus region than in anus-snout portion of the body. The rate of yolk absorption and larva development (survival) as monitored in this work gives important information in Research and development programme for H. longifilis larva - an important aspect of Research development and implementation of appropriate technologies in small scale fisheries